1947-10-23 — Page 9

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THE CHINA MAIL THURSDAY, OCTOBER 23,7047 a

ENGINEERING PAGE: Continued from Page Eight

We 49

BIG FOUR OF THE AIRPORT

Modern Aids Which Help Pilots To Land Safely In "Pea-Soup" Weather

The four landing alds which work with today are high intensity lights on the ground, the dispersal of fox through the application of heat,

By Robert R. Brunn

their part. While a GCA operator can "talk" the pilot, right in the ground, it is good| to have a margin of safety,

Just after the last 15 mar-

and the electronic thx Of The "Christian Science Monitor" ker flashes, telling him that he Grouted Controlled Approach and the Instrument Landing System.

is 3,500 feet from the runway,, he sees the first of the high intensity light "Tunnel" which" will bring him to the field. The funnel narrows toward the field, and as he reaches it he turns toward its center,

Thick Fog

ז

Įspace, At a distance of 4-1/2 | airliner 30 miles from any What are these four landing nilles from the runway it pro-large city whole airport is #id Developed in a team at vides the pilot with a glide | equipped with "all four." Wen- the Arento, Calif, Landing path to the runway slanted at ther has moved in to bint out Aids Expertinent Station under an angle of three degrees. every landing field in our area. the supervision of the U.S. ILS is entirely visual. A Looking over the pliot's Army, the Navy, the Air Trans-cross-pointer instrument on his shoulder you hear him talking port Association. the Airline dashboard tells the pilot whe-on the, radio with a GCA opera-

The fog is thick and he can Pilot's Association, and the ther he in right or left of the for who has located him exact-sce only three lights at a time, Civil Aeronautics Administra-runway and above or below his ly 30 miles from his field. The but suddenly the fog has dis tion, here they are:

glide path.

ILS requires no GCA operator dells the pilot | appearal. PIDO has done its Į. High intensity lighting. ground personnel and only exactly where he is and directs work. Burning for two White Westinghouse Electric periodle checkup on the trans- him, minule by minute, to the minutes after the plane cross has developed a 3,300,000,000-mitter and other equipment. airport'a approach zone.

ed the outer marker at 4-1/2 candlepower "lighting light"| Cost: $30,000.

When he is within 10 miles miles, the FIDO flames her Funway indicator to cost $300,- 4. Ground Controlled Ap- of the fivid the pilot elects to cleared the first 600 feet of the mo installed at New York's proach or GCA is ut present une LS. That is, he feels unway to a height of 400 feet. Idlewild Airport, high intensity the backlone of Army and that it is his responsibility to

His wheels touch, and again approach and runway lights Navy ale transport operations land the plane. He informs the plane is enveloped in fog.. can be installed for un estimat- in low-ceiling weather. It has the GCA radar man of this and But now 5,000-watt lamps are ed $70,000.

enabled both the Air Transport proceeds to fly by the Shining from either side of tim AL Arcata,

approach Command and the Navy 36

Ar needles before him.

long runway and he knows just lights extend funnel-wise from Transport Service to fly amuz With either ILS or GCA he where he is. The pad of the runway to a dis- ing no-accident, all-weather will know just how far he is With skill he could have timet of 3,000 feet. The lights, schedules since the war's end, from the runway and if he is landed on GCA alone, or on built according to Wright Field GCA monitors a 30-mile aren at the correct altitude. While LS But the presence of the specifications, provide a rela- by the use of a radar scope on he lies the ILS needles, which light funnel on the approach: tively wide beans of 45 degrees. the ground. As the pilot up-¡ keep him on course and at a and the FIDO in cases of ex- The lights are installed 18 on proaches the field he is "talk-slowly descending altitude, the tremely poor visibility

side and are visible to an ed" into the ground by a crew GCA radar man on the ground the landing a "wore thing." approaching pilot at 350 feet of four or five menagon to is following him, too, ready to either nilev of the runway

be cut to one or two through | corrèéct any mistaken. center,

the use of a new slagle-punel When he is 4-1/2 miles from set developed by the Gilson the field an ILS marker flashes, Company.

telling him just that, and so at 3,500 feet out, and at 200 feet from the runway's end. Mean- while, the GCA man may have| assured him that he is flying correctly, "letting down" at the proper glide angle,

The Goal

Tests of these lights made at; that fexxiest field in the coun- try show realization of the goal of three lights in view at all times when daylight visibil- | ity is reduced by fog or rain to 600 feet,

2. FIDO, or "fog, intensive dispersal of," is reaching a high stage of development av Arcata. During the past two years foggy Arcata hos been equipped with 11 different sys- tems for thermal dispersion of low weather ceilings. The fruit of experimentation is new high-pressure gasoline or Diesel oil burner which will

GCA is highly sensitivo. A trained operator can talk a plane to within inches of the ground at the paint of touch down. Cost: $100,000 plus trained personnel on duty hours a day.

24

How They Work Now, how are these four landing aids integrated in use? Let's Imagine ourselves in an

Now suppose that the field in weathered in to the ground. In that case, the high-intensity lights and the fox-dispersing | equipment ready to

are

Facts About Petroleum

do

The growing U.S. demand for petrol is met by a larger out- put per barrel of crude ol, ul-

Some interesting facts clear fog of the muggiest concerning the petro- variety to a height of 600 Teeti in-something less-than--four leum industry were though this, of course, entails minutes. Cost. per application: given by a distinguished a proportionate reduction in the $50,

American, Mr. Robert yield of other oil products. For FIDO was used to grent ef- Price Russell, presidented in the US. was only 26 per

example, in 1920 petrol produc fect by the Royal Air Force of the Standard Oil De-cent of the crude oil obtained, and the US. Army Air Force during the war. Millions of velopment Co., when he but by 1940 this had been step- gallons of coatly gasoline were delivered the second ped up to 43 per cent. arned to destroy the English Cadman memorial lec- Improvements in techniques units. The new FIDO atomizes ture before the Institute of oil refining were then denit with. A process known as fluid the fuc-and-takes advantage of Petroleum at the catalytic cracking has been de- of radiant heating as well as Royal Institute,

Weather with low-pressure:

conduction and convection. Cost: $200,000.

ONE OF THE MOST ATTRACTIVE SWISS WATCHES OF TO-DAY!

EBERHARD

LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS (5

Albe-veloped and as a result putrol marle Street, London, can be made today for use in engines, with & compression ratio of from 9.5 to 10 to 1 na against the present average of

| today it was among the leading

a ̈ifttle over 6 to 1.

3. Instrument Landing Sys-W.I. tem. The ILS is an electronic

Mr. Russell paid tribute to beam system projected into the late Lord Cadman for the development and application of our petroleum resources, and A car designed to take full said that the petroleum indus- advantage of these new anti-. try had so completely turned knock petro's would show an to research for, guidance that Improvement in `m.p.g. of 48 per cent. At the present time

el personnel. In his own com cracking units in existence and pany, which is the contral re- 18 additional units are under acarch organization for the design or construction. The Standard Oil Co., research ac- capacity of fluid catalytic crack- tivity began in 1919 with a ing plants installed, under cons group of 26 people, which today struction or on order has reach. had grown to 2,450 technical ed the amazing total of nearly and clerical personnel, all ex- 60 milion tons per year. clusively engaged in research

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employers of technically train there are 38 fluid ́entalytic

and technical problems.

The percentage of the total

world energy supplied by petro-

ratio.

Octane Numbers

Synthesis

+

Another Important refining

Ja hydrocarbon Byn-

the

lem and natural gas increased process from about 16 per cent in 1925 thesis. In this process

fluid catalytic technique is to about 23. per cent in 1938 and is today believed to be directed to the conversion of coal into nearly 30 per cent, Another natural gas and mafor trend bound to influence liquid fuels. From a considera- all research and development in tion of the Investment and the increase in octane number oporating coats, however, it ap- in petrol and the correspond-ears that the synthesis opera- ing rise in engino compression tion based on natural gas finds true economie justification In only a few parts of the world

Apart from the Importance By means of a graph, he of these two processes in pro- showed that there was a steady ducing increased quantities of Increase in octane number un-petrol of 'a high octạng value til the war years, when the they a'so have an important highest octane petrol was re-bearing on the production of acrved for military uses. The lubricating oils. alight decline In 1945 was caus- Small amounts of 'specially ed by a temporary shortage of synthetized chemical compounds tetra-ethy]_lead, but we know are added to alls to Improve now, said Mr. Russell, that the their high temperature stabi stage is set for further riso in ity, to reduce sludge formation

·both octane number and engine}-and-ring sticking, and-to-mini- compression ratio."""

mize bearing corrosion..

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