1928-06-18 — Page 8

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NASA DAARAATIACE SUNTHA

TEXTOISINAA

A CHINESE ART.

WOOD-ENGRAVING IN OLDEN DAYS.

THE TECHNICIANS.

THE CHINA MAIL,

OVER-INSURED.

FRIENDLY SOCIETY FINED IN WALES.

tera "boils and blains from his bands with excruciating effect. of upon a representative group Egyptians, God the Father mean- while looking over a ribben of cloud to direct operations."

A CHILD'S CASE. Another feature, notably in early French book-illustrations, was the Merthyr Tydfil,- The stipen- decorated initial letter at the be-diary recently gave his decision ginning of a section. Here the in a case which is regarded as of most baroque and fantastic conceits considerable importance to insur- wore worked into the outline of ance societies. The proceedings the letter. Designer and wood antter, as usual, were separate

persons.

Wood-engraving or woodcutting is the craft of so acoring lines on wood that the design thus made stands in relief and can be trans

were brought by the Industrial ferred by ink to paper. Until

Assurance Commissioners against the City of Glasgow Friendly about 50 years ago most illustration

Society, whom they summoned of books was done by wood-engray-

Famous Designers.

for an alleged offence under the ing but since then photography

Due to the ravages of the Black Friendly Societies Act by Insur- and process engraving on metal have entirely displaced it. So Death and the incidence of war, ing the life of a child under 10 that nowadays what wood-engrav- death became the Inspiration of a years of age for an amount in ex- Ing is done lives as a new and, in-great part of art and literature in ceas of the maximum allowed.

The grotesque Mr. Harker was for the Com- George dependent art and not as one part the 15th century, in the division of a certain work, cuts of the "danse macabre" which missioners, and Sir namely the publication of books were immensely popular, represent-Jones (instructed by Messrs. ed all types of persons dancing Niven Macniven and Co., Glas- and newspapers.

with their dead selves, morbid, ang-gow, and Messrs. Kingsley Wood, The most ex- Williams, and Co., London) for ular skeletons. cellent work of this kind was that the defendant society. done by Hans Holbein, who, how ever, took the stark and terrible element out of the danse, by intro- ducing a hundred clever touches of a more human kind.

The development of photography, by the way, is probably behind movements in art most modern insofar as the development has caused a reluctance to regard the world of the senses as the ultimate world of truth or complate truth and replaced a visual perception 2 mental con- of things with ception Wood-engravera, Jike other artists, at first strove to com-

One of the most famous of de- signers for wood cuts and perhaps the greatest draughtsman that art has known, was Durer, about whom the camera but soon Mr. Douglas Bliss has written one Act incidental to this particular |

pete with found that the popular taste was

queer.

of

of his best chapters.

It

in

The brosecution eantended that the insurance which had been effected on a child at Mey- of a certain sum at the end of a thyr providing for the payment period of years, or-for the return of 90 per cent of the premiums paid if the child died in the mean- time, constituted a breach of the The child was still insurance. The whole for the more exact and speedier of Mr. Bliss's book, it should be alive, but the policy lapsed owing to the father being unable to con- and cheaper reproductions

said, is written in a style which tinue the premiums, and the de- photography. Wood-engraving thereupon fell into disrepute. But sustains interest in the subject, fendant society, it was stated, modern art began when it was and which is free from dry tech-had eventually offered to return

preoccupations.

Is half of the premiums. nical

Sir George Jones submitted realised that urt did not necessarily illustrated with 120 reproductiona consist in imitation of nature, and has an extensive bibliography that no risk and no gambling but perhaps in creation, with na- It is not merely historical but in-were involved by this kind of ture merely as a background, or in

fresh and troduces

confident policy, and that the repayment on the artist's

Of Durer's premium account, if death occur- self-expression in

eriticisma throughout. pictorial language. Artists are

first big woocut series-the red meanwhile, was purely sub- ordinate. There were hundreds now found approaching their work

Apesalypse-Mr. Bliss says:- armed with "a priori" theories of

They (the Apocalypse drawings) of thousands of such policies in art, assuming reason to be a test are the best known of his worka, existence, and he argued that of beauty rather than feeling, M. and far too much rhetoric has al- they were not insurances within Eric Gill, for instance, believes in ready. been outpoured about the the scope of Section 62, which an art which insists on the severest imagination which devised the de- did not deal with endowment, be- thus tween which and a death insur- intellectuality to the exclusion of

signs. People who write all sensuous elements, even though seem to be grossly ignorant of the ance there was an entire distinc-

and tion. the result looks at first rather art that preceded Durer,

Provisional Clause. 1 Endowed with new fail to Bec the artist

соп- In giving his decision, the utterance, woodcutting has com-relation to his age, his

a certain sum menced, largely since the war, to temporaries, and his predecessors, stipendiary said the policy pur- revive in popularity.

saw nothing in the preternatural ported to secure A wood-engraver himself, Mr. Durer invented no new motives, payable at the expiration of a fix- The framers, how- Douglas Percy Bliss has begun the saw nothing in the pretenatural cd period.

Heever, had reckoned on the possibi- unseen before him. modern bibliography of the sub-world jeet by writing "A History of had the clearest, bitterest vision of lity of the insured person dying Wood-engraving," which has just things as they are, but was no seer, before the specified period was He inherited the reached, and in order, no doubt, been published by, J. M, Dent and mystic, or poet..

At the Sons, Ltd. (42/.)

con- whole stock of conventional sub-not to discourage business, they had inserted a clause providing clusion of his book he expresses jects and their treatment from the for the contingency in the follow- this opinion about the future of late Middlee Age, and what he ing terms: "In case of death be- the wood-cut:-"There is no doubt added was not so much personal as fore the endowment is payable, 90 that the modern woodcut, has come derived from new reservoirs of per cent. of the contributions will to stay and is certain to develop. idens, from the Italy of the Rebe returned."

visited, and It was contended on behalf of The public have become aware naissance, which he through illustrated books and the which was visiting Germany per the dafence, added the magis annual exhibitions of two recently sonified in such artists as Jacopotrate, that this was subsidiary to Durer takes the old the main purpose of the policy, formed societies of the existence de' Barbari. of what they consider a new form stock-in-trade of religious art and that there was no contract of new asurance, and that the repay- of art; in fact, there is a danger of brings to hear upon it.the the woodcut becoming fashion-plastic conception, gives it body,ment of a portion of the contri- greater na-butions or premiums, if made, able....Before very

long the solidity, richness,

same time would be a mere act of grace on The novelty will ссаве and sound turalism, and at the criliciam develop, Indeed, who loses something of the old sweet- the part of the society.

well document, however, must be and simplicity knows but that some day original ness

His version looked at as a whole, and the ques- were whether engravers may be able to support as of the old terror. themselves by the sale of their of the Vision of St. John istions to consider

stronger and clearer than any that the society incurred a legal obli- work."

preceded him, the bizarre details gation to pay a sum of money on the death of a child, and whe- are not Bo much symbolically as The exact origin of woodcutting laterally realised by his powerful ther the sum was in excess of the maximum permitted by the is not known but the art or craft hand, his knowledge of the super-Friendly Societies Act, which in is one of the oldest In the Bri- ficies of nature. It remained for the case of a child over 6 and tish Muscum is a Chinese manu- Duror to give the old tradition its under 10 was £15. script printed with woodblocks, final expression; and, although an "I hold," he concluded, "that dated A.D. 868 and representing artist of the Transition, Janus this policy is in part an insur Buddha discoursing. Before the like, looking both ways, he speaks ance on death, and that the City discovery of the manufacture of here as a representative of the of Glasgow Friendly Society, by paper, woodblocks were used in Gothic tradition and is It's last contracting to pay on the death Europe for printing

of the child the sum of £23 99, 9d., cloths authentic voice. with, designs. One such block, There were many other German has committed an offence under Societies Act, found a few years ago, in Burwood designers, Cranach, Altdorfer, the Friendly gundy, probably belongs to the year Bargimair, etc., and then cama 1896. I impose a penalty of £5." The magistrate agreed to state 1370 and shows a centurion in that new tunic and three soldiers "designed ting, the herbal books with their a case for appeal.

Chinese Manuscript.

as

chance for wood cut-

in outline without any shading of illustrations of plants and veget any intricacies of costumes." The ables, appearing in the 16th and discovery how to make paper at the 17th centuries. But at last the end of the 14th century was fol- rival craft of copper plate etching an express train, Arthur, Ladyman, lowed by the use of woodcuts for swept the field, and woodcutting in illustration. For a while cuts of the 18th century came to be used saints were printed on paper and for only the humblest, purposes, sold to pilgrims on devotional tours, such as bill-heads, wallpapers and Designs were also printed on the funeral cards, backs of playing cards.

be

Before throwing himself under 64, an Amersham (Bucks) cricket- er, wrote a note requesting the following inscription should

tombstone: placed on his

In memory of Arthur Foster Lady- man, 趄 Member of Amersham Then arose Thomas Bewick (born Cricket Club, 1921-1927. Run out In the middle of the 16th cen- 1758) who was the first great 64. A verdict of suicide. during tury came the first use of wood exponent of the new method of temporary insanity was returned blocks for the illustration of books, using a graver on the cross section at the Inquest.

The explanatory words as well as of boxwood. With him white

the picture were cut on the block lines were crossed but never.black

mach as modern, advertisers have and wood-engraving became," s

is

both letters and drawing of a was essential, a much quicker.and the exponents of wood-designing standard advertisement engraved less laborious.craft. He did many and wood-cutting-

"It is time that we all got more ona metal block. Thereafter vignettes, exhilating a detailed, wood-block illustration became keen, unsympathetic observation reasonable. Wood-engraving frequent in Italy, Spain, the especially of the old and infirm and a craft deTmanding at least as Netherlands and France. For other helpless victims of circum-'much concentration as any other. years the woodcut prints made in atances and th

Nothing is more ridiculous than to Europe had the depressing Byzan Mr. Bliss discusses contemporary see beginners, windfed with cur tine uniformity of features and wood-engraving only in France rent cant, violently stabbing of box- lack of expression. Conventional and England. The Japanese the beautiful pieces trees and other forms filled the workers he hardly mentions. He wood. What the art needs pictures and there was an entire thinks the French are less careful to-day is a number of de- disregard of many factors in than the English as craftsmen, signers of distinction willing to modern engraving, such as per- The discipline of designing on give at least as much pains to spective and studied effects of wood has been removed. A fetish learning their craft as an etcher light" and shade. The naive, for large masses of black in de- does, and capable of executing Ingenuous outlook of the medieval signs has come over the art; "most designs at least ne skiifully as one mind is seen in the Illustrations exhibitions of modern woodcuts whom the old commercials would of the German bibles in the 15th are gloomy as funerali. Many have called a capable lad...To century. In those dealing with of the woodcuts honoured for their us it seems that we must get back to the ten plagues of the Egyptians, strength, are merely violent. And to greyness in our engravings, "the locusts are few but notably so Mr. Blias concludes his uniform-greyness areated by positive white Wicked and come, whizzing down ly interesting book with this rather lines made with gravers and other 1ke aeroplanes" or Moses cat-Impatient delivered message to tools.”

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