1878-09-14 — Page 7

No. 4742-SEPTEMBER 14, 1878.]

THE CHARACTER OR #

THE CHINA MAIL.

and tributary States, and it is noticeable

classca in European Colonies where the Chi-

berce. (opprobriously for the use of the word are lost in the vorse), and here we have one position at any foreigners speak Chinese, that attempts to "eagle silver," from the bird on the eb- nese elémont is large, having little to to with that the character is generally used to is translated "foreignera," Now, as son of numbers. In the same way, when rate which is as absolutely and obviously Chinese etiquette, being masters of the situ- ation, atid needing in their own territory indicate a less dignified meaning than the last chardster (Kiang) can mean nothing Germans first autored Holy neata, were unassailable as the well-known instance the use of the native language only in a very The word is stated by the same au- bat child or mannikin," the opprobri- they described by the noisy and chattering the "castard apple." I have limited degree in order to gain ends chiefly of thority to mean originally, "number" "one word is applied as a diminutive to almost that name are they known to this day. The mot the expression if used in such a

ousness cannot lie if it alone; for the same Muscovites as the "dumb-ones," and by local importance, seem to regard with a derby one," "change. There is hardly any

above extracts ought to prove conclusively manner that any other meaning than foreign tain indifference the dialectical peccadilloes thing in the definitions to connect the word every possible object. of the Chinese multitudo. What would be with the idea of " tribute, tribes," "for-

Dr. Chalmers Canton Vocabulary says, to overy reasonable mind that the word in was, if there, very skilfully concealed; and thought if the Commissioner of a Mahomedan eigners," or "people," of any description. The Chinese call foreigners with its origin, in its quasi-classical, and its I have frequently heard it applied to for- colloquial use, has nothing whatever com-signers by the people of Swatow, where district in India permitted the fanatical. The examples nearly all refer to the original a little more respect; and in con- plimentary or even polite about it: it is evon "reil bnired" is the contemptnous subject races under him to make use with meanings of the word above indicated.

「tompt 番鬼" impunity of such expressions as "gisour

impossible to deny that in its very best The following words occur in the or infidel dog P For European officials

The Local Cantonese Vocabulary, the senso it betokone an inferiority to China: in term in vogue, in such a way as to leave no doubt in my mind, that the original signifi- upon the mainland it is almost absolutely "The Turkomda chief was found sit, gives no meaning at all under the char- our opinion still more may be said; y eation of the character was not prosont in

韻

that all educated and even moderately in-

(China Review, Vol. VIL, No. 1.) The meaning of this obscuro and quite unolassical word, the exact force of which, locally, when used alone, we measure, after mature consideration, by the word "heathen," when applied by on class of Christians to another, or by the word "Kaflr," when applied by Moslems to other religionists, has long boon a bore of contention in the South of China. Many ingenious attempte have been made to prove that the word is unobjectionable, almost invariably, we fear, by those Chinese who are interested in, or by those, whether Chinese or foreigners, necessary to fight for every inch of ground ting in his tent. He observed to tho Chi-actor, except that of "a town" telligent Cantonese are aware that the word theirs, and that they regarded it as the

93

Impossible; and almost all connection with lonies as separate Governments, viewed from the tributary States are not really daughters hin's English and Chinese Dictionary, the the Empire and the Emperor can only believed among compradores and others of this

betake himself. In Maoa0, again, servants employed at Government House have been heard by the writer to speak of their master as the Great Masao Devil

as it should bé.

LX.

is

tribe for racter to us.

it

They legislate for foreigners and act This Government towards them under the tacit belief that they are onomies. will not allow any other Monarch to use the term Emperor, you might as well have two popes or two suns in the heavens.." Numes and titles are often represented as vain things not worth dispating about; which would he true if no consequon resulted; but if the Grook calls a man a barbarian and then treats him

an enemy;

Students of the northern dialects may

It has thero no

more trouble to the commonwealth then

perhaps entertain a stronger abjection to the word than others, inasmuch as the word is seldom if ever used in the North with reference to foreigners. moaning whatever but "savages," as far as A Fouk the writer is aware, nor has he ever heard it Aky Mypan

Ayoon used with reference to foreigners north of Atak Mypan Fuochow. The word not being classical, it

Beal, Mrs

1

1

J.

1

Mouro, Mr Morley, Morion &

W.H.

Joseph

1 Noble, Edwfüsi

1 bk,

Farke, D..

1

Parkin, J. A.

1

1

CAP- hell, Sir Bushnell, Sami.C. Butcher, J. B. Certor, W. S Cassipini, E. Chaing Loong

& Cu. Church, H. E. 1 Cenghoon, Mra 7

Pembroke, Frank B Powell, James

Rayden,

W

Rito, Molencia Hoole, John

who have already committed themselves by which affects their position, whether in

nège envoy: Those dogs of↓ are practice to the vich they advocate. As the eyes of officials, servants, or traders;

obauge," or a time."

is supercilious and disrespectful. The con-appropriate expression. for foreigners of all nationalities. An ingenious suggestion has everybody knows, until recently Europeans and a native servant who should von not of Tungusic extraction; they are the

The Local Foochow Dictionary, the Aceit of this people is such, that just as the

Emperor and his advisers ignore whenever been made that of late years the word for had their principal modern intercourse with tara to betray his want of respect by slaves of the Turkomans: yet they all receive China at Canton, and this intercourse was making wanton use of such a word as fan, an Imperial Princess in marriage; why then defines the word as "outside coun- it is possible the very existence of Europeans has actually becoms confounded by pidgin- in every state paper; just as they struggle English speaking Chinese with the English carried on under great restriction. Friend- would after a warning probably receive his should the Turkomans alone be refused one? tries," ly communication with the authorities was dismissal. The future respectability of Co- True, I know that the princesses given to

In the Chinese Preface to Mr T'aw Tat- to keep up the rapidly vanishing notion that word foreign, and that it is generally be- conceived alone, and that all foreigners class that we speak, of ourselves and our the city and surrounding country was a Chinese standpoint, depends in no emali of the Emperor; nor would I question their jealously cut off. low foreigners had any degree upon the spirit in which questions of genuineness; but the fact of my request word j, west, is need to signify "foreign" must be tributary,notions by the way not belongings as fan.

As far as I am personally concerned, I knowledge of the language. Their man- this sort are regarded. For a small colony boing so often refused shames me before my or "European." The author evidently knew more ridionlous than the somewhat analo- ners; moreover, wers strange to the core where the head soldier" is the general term follow tributaries," Here we have a chief that the word in a preface would be held gous claims of the Sultan of Turkey, so bould have any objections to the base of thir as a rule do the local oflloials, great and term entirely with reference to the manner monious and obsequious Cantonese, and had for the representative of the King or Queen, unworthy of even a sham Chinese woman:

objentionable. In the body of his dictionary petty, take pleasure when they can safely in which it was used. To violently taboo doubtless lost, in the intercourse with the and, in the mildest interpretation of the word, and this contemned chief alludes to the the words # appear amongst tho de- do so, in ukenponing tho foraga official this character in the, colony. af. Hongkong unsongenial native, the very small amount" outlandishmen" that for her subjecte, of grade to which English, German or Ame-it is too much to hope that neighbouring

de a nation of hounds. This, too, is &nitions of the word "barbarian," "savage."on every possible occasion; and eo do the would be an undertaking fraught with rican manners could ever lay claim. Na-Provincial Governments will entertain a feel- which the more respectable cha He translates the words "barbario, foreign, people, mimicking their superiors, assume, even the most successful result could by any

whim independent, a tone, a style, and airs turally enough, therefore, the Cantonese ing of esprit de corps or equality. Of course is used, not the character applied rude" by the word; impartially adding, which are soon metamorphosed into respect means be held to justify.. To gently dia gave them the most contemptuous name of nothing would be gained by a hasty and which they could think, which was Jan ill-judged reid upon the established habits Teong: but, possibly, this anecdote way. In another part of his work he trans-terests purtatl

Dobove the now do however, the characters and even subserviency whenever their in-urage. its asc, and let respect for an and

that independence.. The great nation be rather a spontaneous (F) Foreigners at first would be little of the population. A great deal, however, also refer to them: more probably to a hurt at this, as they would not understand might be done through the influence of the nomadic race living in tente. In modera lates the words "foreign offisera" by the natural qualities of the common people are irresistible growth in the Chinese mind; than not bad, and they are often open to generous something rudely forced upon it willy very much of the language, let alone its schools and courts, the post office and the nice distinations. And so things went on other public offices, where such a word as Chinese the characters refer in no characters Mr Tam is not quoted impulses: the oficial and especially the willy" from without, would in all probability

airable means.“ HRABRET A. GILES. fan should be rigidly tabooed. When the way to Tibet. The Dictionary of Kang Hiby any means. as an authority, but to show literary body is unfortunately in a clear secure the same end by infinitely more de Meanwhile the classical abaracter, interests of the Chinaman are touched, his connects the word in a very slight de- the bent of thought in composers of vat majority of onses -80 suspicious and even

another class.

malignant that the best impulses of the • A difficult question would of comse arize on also a very objectionable word, was made wits are soon sharpened, and small fines or

The Vocabulary of Mr Kwong Totun-fuk, people are zipped in the bud, and the use of in official documents. The word, reprimands judicionely administered would gree with any tribe or race of men. used by both Confulus and Menolus, was go a long way towards suppressing the use of A highly esteemed and weighty foreign translates the word "savages" by the char- influence of the miturity of broadminded to what obamater, in the absence of the peo-

plo at large would be able to put in ila piños. hardly so course as the unclassical word fan, this word. It would not be diffoult to in- authority at Canton is of opinion that the ob-acters 4 Foreigner" he translates loials almost entirely nullilied. and in fact was used in a sort of unctuously fliet a small fine upon anyone who should jectionable modern character is used by A. Both thene persona,

POST OFFICE NOTICE.- compassionate and condescending way, with post up, after warning, advertisements or contraction for or above described,

Unclaimed Correspondencej^ a shade of contempt bound up within notices containing the character, and to

Sept. 18, 1878.-5. it, just as we to this day speak com reject for correction petitions handed and that the real meaning is therefore not will be noticed, curtail the word to its fullest

Lets, Fapan. Lata. Pays, miseratingly of heathens" or "pagane," into the Courts in which it appeared. It savage," but "tributary," or "border extent, thus testifying that the character is

1 Look, Thomas 1 meaning in many cases those who are not is of no avail to talk about such petitions tribes, That the present opprobrious terra really a modern one, used in a special sense, Paid has gradually formed itself from the two The following extracts from the Chinese

1 regi. Lone, 3. English, or, at ali events, not Christian. or being written by ignorant men

Recorder of forty years ago will shew the

Richard 1 European,--Europe being to almost, sorities are almost invariably engaged to do other characters is very possible, though no exactly what China is to the various races such work, and none but practised hands native diotionery with which we are ac-opinion of our ante-Treaty countrymen upon of China. After the second war, however, can draw up a petition. It will hardly be quainted hints in any way that such is the the question.

is difficult to und many instances of its use Barrus, Moars, 1 we got rid of the cffensive word', as far as believed that the naturalisation certificates case, and Cantonese and Foochow scholars (Page 137, year 1834.)

in ofleial papers Paper No. 64 in Mr

G. A. 2 official documents were concerned. Previ-issued by the Singapore Government diteen proteas entire ignorance of the raison d'être

stance of its use by a high functionary. Bossolo, L. 2 ously to this even the Namhoi magistrate years ago direct the holder to present his of its origin. At the time when tributaries

Wade's Documentary Series is a good int or hedge-states" wore first established, was in the habit of "instructing" (the papers to the Red-haired official there was probably but little difference in

This paper, however, is over 100 years old; #barbarian eye", in plass of ad- at the port in China to which he may material and esthetical civilention feetween

the word seems to refer to territory rather Bridges, Col than men; and, even where the idea of dressing H. M. Plenipotentiary in respectful

the Middle Kingdom and its tributaries, and terms. The colloquial use of the word fan

the words or would contain in

"men" comes in, the words "strange-coloured," and the prohibition had, however, become general in the South:

them nothing more objectionable than the

given to sustatu enter China, show that at the certainly in Foochew, Amoy, and Canton

ring of political inferiority or subserviency,

very least nothing complimentary was neat. but more especially in Canton, where vari

There are, however, other instances of the ous modifications of the werd were manu-No one can reasonably soutend that this At the same time it is important to notice

that the examples quoted in the Pui Manif the Turk calls you a dog and then treats factured to suit ocasions of special con.

One of the Manchu generals a year or two Wan-Fu tend to leave out from the com- you as such; and if the thinese call you a official use of the word; for example, in descension or disgust. For instance 'lő fún,

"old: amívilized," was and is, ego had the haughtiness to make use of the position of the character the radical tributary, and they deny yon all reciprocity the letters addressed to Queen Victoria by Doring, Geo.

of right: under such circumstances names the High Authorities in 1830, the termi Devlin, H. expressionmán in a proclamation which

and titles become of consequence."

, meaning "foreign" ships, accurs. Engel, Edu though contraptuous, rather a friendly way of speaking to a fomigner, just as we might he had issued warning his soldiers not to

(Page 60, year 1846.)

Here in Canton no matter where the the style adopted in this instance by Com-Brane, Mr rudely say old candles to a stray Rus-herry the Cantonese people. This man was

he is sure to have missioner Lin is the same as that adopted Ferreri, C. sian, orold piggy-wiggy" to u Bolitary a snob. He reminded the troops that they deliberate arrangement of this sort would foreigner may go Jow, to whom in our patronising English had received His Majesty's gracious orders be quite in accordance with the genius of vollies of vite epithets heaped upon him. by the-Kwang Si authorities in addressing Flagg, Wm. S. 3.

As the Fox, Madam.. the Chinese written language, which, by the... Fun kwei, fan kwei po, fan kwei tsui, the tributary King of Annan. style we were willing to shew a rough to keep guard amongst the (ma) “sayages"

Queen is begged not to prevaricate," and French, Capt. The term was classical

John friendship. On the other hand the word of the South. may be modified in the contrary direction enough, as it formerly meant the eavagestition of an offensive radical sach as and others two vile to be repeated are the

Grier, T. J. These malignant feel she was addressed in very respectful terms. by adding the word kroat, or "imp," taste. The whole nation is undoubtedly in- gauge the amount of contempt which the and as such they cannot be too strongly Emperor's sway, it will not bo pretended that

writer wishes to attach to his subject. For reprobated.

In Bonney's Cautioess Vocabulary, pub- very offensive combination, although its clined to be supercilious and cowardly upos instance, in speaking of "rebel" Mahore angs have of late been very fully developed actual significance in any given instangs these points, and the Manchus in almost dans, even the Emperor does not think it by the gentry and people of Craton.ched in 1804, the ad is used to Info Whore 1 may not be more malicious than Dr Johnson's every part of the Empire make themselves

out of China, are stigmatized as savage vation or qualification. celebrated" wrm of endement amongst | osnuxious by their petty and cayalier treat-beneath him to use the character al; yet / Those who are so unfortunate as to be born express the idea foreign" without obser- Jack, J. English entiora Amongst the Cantonese ment of the Chinese, who, on the other hand, if any Pekingese inn-keeper were to ven-

beasts ur cruel demons.

In Baldwin's Foochow Manual, published Juster, Alejandro 1 regd, themselves of whatever rank or station, pass on the compliment to foreigners with turo to use such a word as a shop-aign in (Page 325, year 1842.)

in 1871, the word "foreign" is translated there is, eron now, absolutely no way of interest.

order to obtain the custom of the numerous

The term Fan kwoci. This opprobrious speaking of foreigners in colloquial use 8x- We give a few quotations here for the Poking Meulema, he would probably have

Bym for foreigner, and we may almost In Dr. Liter's Cantonese Dictionary, pub. oept by using the word fun. The nearest consideration of those persons who are his inu pulled about his ears. Similarly, in epithet has become in this country a syuo-by the characters and approach to this state of affairs in English content to submit to daily slights at the old times the word England, was in expect erelong to see it entered in our lished in 1877, the following appear amongst colloquial is perhaps the nae of the word hands of flippant and ungenerous race ra-

A respectabletion of barbarous tribes in the West and eigner in China," "nigger," which is frequently employed ther the take the trouble to resent it mild- official documents contemptuously written dictionaries and defined a "term for a for-the definitions of the word fin. Designa- without any supersilious intent, but whichly but firmly on every possible occasion.

To omit so respectable a radical as

"Wild tribes in Kausu, Sechuen, native gentleman said: "Fan was a term North," Dr Williams: fin, the tracks of a first, and finally, would be quite given to the patty grovelling island savages, Yunnan and Formosa (Wude);" "A nogentleman pi colour" would, if he could help it, tolerate ia bie presence without

living in the southern ccean. Who would have argued that the term wild beast: an ancient tribe of Mongols near in accordance with Chinese notions. May: When foreigners first came to the shores of non-Chinese, foreigners." "F

their blue eyes and red hair, ahould be officially tolerated in America be- Kokonor, [still called Si-fán or western at the present day, in making use of

, a foreign gentleman, Brisbane savage," their unintelligible tals, do, all cause the people employed it without intend-savages; aborigines of the country in the the sound fun, the abaracter is most com- ing insult? The Chinese have many virtues, South, now applied to any uncivilized people,monly written in order to distinguish astonished the people, who exclaimed Keri, Sir." It is but fair to add, however,

it from the same character pronounced p'un, kwe" This explanation is Feally that ir. Eitel distinguishes between the Cashmere but amongst their vices are those of petty and in contempt along the Southern coasts to cowardice, and overweening superciliousness. Europeans and other foreigners, and meaning one of the Canton magistrasies. illustrative of Chinese contempt for other vulgar and the classical uses of the word.

The weaknesses of human nature it is longe nations. The term is, however, the only This explains their delight in shrieking out the native savages or people, the name Tar-That it is an indignity to curtail or alter a the words fün kai when at safe distance

character is conclusively proved by the fact one in common use among the people in this generous to pardon, Malignant traits in Charger from the moody foreigner; and the same fan. the eight tribes of Miaotsz.†

etc., region to denote foreigners, and although it national character, which tend to keep up Charlton, ss,

an ill-feeling between different races should Chocola bullying spirit is manifested in the treat- Dr Morrison: A low word denoting Foreign, that such characters as

It is believed that such city of Aberdeen contemptuous allusion to foreigners is always Commissary generals, or of prisoners at the bar by i- tribute to China, the Celestial Empire. name they represent, un ordinary subject tained any particular respect for us, they firmly resented by those whose duty it is Corana ment of prisoners of war by sucotestul

Foreign kings pay are thus written out of respect to the may be in many cases used without any

memory of the respective Emperors whose intended dierespect, yet, if the people enter be enppressed.

to deal officially with the Chinese at the Countess of Errol 5 The conclusion to whiols we arrive is this.

Creswell foreign devil; an opprobrious epithet up-not being of sufficient dignity to permit of would soon find a better term." plied to Europeans by the people of Canton. their full forms being used,

When foreigners first came to China they open ports: and it is to be hoped that, whilst

Devina making every allowance for the peculiarities To these extracts it may be added that Thus, admitting that has a neal descent had to be called something, and the natural of a different civilization, those offiours will Drundleg

savages of Formosa are divided into the iron, it has been. thrice clipped to its course was to enll them by the nearest thing continue to dispute every inch of ground Emily

resembling them. As their manners were

triots in China: The trao physical and in- Erminia ere; their persone, if sailors, certainly dirty; tellectual relation of the foreigner to them-Faiz o

Leader, their appearance weird; and their objects

X. Y. Z. Flensborg doubtful, they were at once called "froutier vase de equally brought home to the Ferntower, B.8. existing to this day in the ordinary Chinese ON THE USE OF THE CHARACTER Freeman Clark savages, or "savage devile," the idea Chinese in the colonies.

FAN BARBARIAN↑

quisitorial magistrates.

pro-

That all but the most ignorant Cantonese, and these chiefly women, are perfectly well aware that the use of the word fan in the

water," and adopt the contracted form, in all cases where less dignity would appear

from the context to be attached to the term.

Monst

Eduard

of Canton, but was none the less ia bad "doemouth," or "man," manages to offspring of none other than base feelings, is reminded that all countries are under the berk, JA

the

China

.

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LI

Home, M

Mr

,

Jackson, Frank-E.

1

1

Kee Shing & Co. 1 Leo, Edward Levis, S Lic Roe Tsuy Lo Yam Ting, Mrs

Ryan,

Bam

Cant.

Wab

Sacconi, P. Sanders, Albert Schulz, W. ∙1 Silverlock, Walter Swinney, F. I Talpey, Cap. Fra Thiel, John F. A Thompson,

Misa F Thornton, Miss J.L

Tai Afal

i Thiel, 0.

1

Topgei, (Chino) 1,

Walsh Jay J1

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Wards 19

Whelton, wel

Willberg, Ch.

Wing Looj Mein, 1

Woodville, E.

1 ragd, Woo Lin Yuen

1

Young, T., Mr I

For Merchant Ships.

Leta. Paps,

2

Laurell

2 & 2 rogd. Leon Crespo

Leonie

Leto Espe

4rg.) Lord Macaulay 6

Macaulay

Ada Mcluere Alexandra

Arabia

1

1 Leucadia

Bunian

Mabol Clark

Brunette

1

1 Magdala

Chale Colet

1

1

Mary Blair

1

Mary Smith

Melbrok

1 Melrose

Milbeok

2

Natherton

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15. 22 Oceanic

2

Nyassa Palestine Parthesd

presence of foreigners is contemptuous is proved by the fact that, at Canton, scarcely or "wild savages," and the present bare-polled shape, before it is consi- rough, as those of all Europeans even now which affects the standing of their compa-Emily Chaplain 1

any male Cantonese, who has any object to gain by behaving respectfully, will muke use of the word when speaking to a foreigner

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other.

Twesomual

Pauline

Poretocluc Philippine Premier

Prebar

Parstid, ..

Rebt. Henderson 10

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Prebar

Foutendy

8 Presnits, 5.4.

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Fusilier Glamis

2

1 Prince Amedeo

Glamorg20, 8.5. 2 ro

4

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Obear, 8.3.

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Strathleven, s... 1 rigů.

#

2 15.

Tal Watt

Tamar

Tati Austrian

or "tamed." A group of those, well dered contemptuous enough for the foreigner. washed and bedizoned for the occasion, werd In our opinion, as China advanced in who understands the Cantonese or say Chi- exhibited in Hongkong a few months ago. civilization and power, the words and mese dialect. As far as the personal expe- Judging by their dress and ornaments alone, gradually became less respectable, when rience of the writer goes, male Cantonese of it would be impossible to call them anything the better class solom make use of the word but sayages.

she contemplated the 'barbarous tribos on mind that China is a vast circle whose cit fón in any sense which could be referred to

To trace, now, the possible derivation of her frontiers. Irritated by the behaviour eumference is dotted round with barbarian present company. Even when the word is

The question as to the use of fun of foreigners, a modified word was probably tribes. No nation has ever called strangers quad of third persons or countries, a certain the word. The great reference diction-introduced about two centuries ago, at the descending suddenly upon its coasts with barbarian involves two distinct issues,--(1) Globe amount of uneasiness can often be detected ery called the X Plus man time when the government became haughty doubtful objects by very polite names. At the etymological meaning of that character, Great Admiral in the face of the speaker; if he is polite, awas to a large extent identitles with each and exclusive, and when the missionaries first, thon, the Cantonese behaved, if rudely; and (2) its practical import. Of the first wo Gugs, 5.8.

Gylding sort of quaim of onscience; if he is frivolous

The were expelled from China by the Emperor quite naturally. The long noses, hirsute or impudent, a sort of wanton giggle or other the characters and conscious leer. A really polite or good-na former word, of which the original signifio-Yung-ching. Chinese literature being very appearance, and angainly fest of the Euro- may dispose in a few words. There can be the Chiness to non-Chinese nations carried to the Chinese eye, and the iterati possibly with tured man will often endeavour to avoid tion is "screen" or "hedge," appears to conservative, the new word adopted peans were specially prominent peculiarities no doubt but that its original application by Har

the sense of an inferior civilization. Havilah using the word in places where it is really mean in most cases (1) Mediatized frontier with a special signification from the now. difficult to avoid it, such as in the words for States," resembling some of the colonies of despised, was not recognized in the pegan to trace connection between the with that, however, wo are not now con- Hawkesbury now despised word border or island oerned. The point round which public Hei Yai, s.6, tomato," "custard the Roman Empire todor (a) rib try lexicographical literature of the Empire, savages, and the ougnate charactors interest centres to rather the meaning con- Helen

civio rights were granted; or Tributary though extensively made use of by the people,

Hibertian apple" and others,

Any person who has visited San Francisco States, owing homage by right of conquest, and though appearing in puerile books of and meaning respectively a beast's veyed by the use of the word fun as com

monly applied to foreigners and things Bindestan will be pained at the spectacle of ill-manner. The same work describes the travel published in the reign of Kang-hi. foot," and "a bear's paw. At the same time foreign at the present day, ed rowdyism to which the Chiness there Western nomads, of which there are 150It had come to mean "barbarians," "ga-they would reesllest that the strangers who

To put the case inversely, no one hea to have degenerated under a lax republican tribes or clans, inhabiting the country be-vages" pure and simple, and is to this day had crossed thousands of miles of ocean be called a blackguard, though the original government. Though Hongkong in a para- tween the Hwang Ho, Ken Sub and Bze applied to none but foreigners and to the

most contemptible of tribes, such as the were not exactly "border savages" or signification of this term was merely a nem-vi dise of good government compared with Ban ohwan. Their name for cook is Tean

Irigo but speciality from afar, requiring aber of the soal-carrying fraternity, which of Francisco, still the manners of the Chinese there nume for good man is pu. Hence Formosan savages, (4) or the filthy special designation. The popular sound itself is just as honourable a calling as any Jessie Jamieson in the Colony are no criterion of what their they-terin their prince Tanp, and his Mangole between Sz-ch'uan and Thibet, therefore remained, but the character bounds of possibility that fan, originally an Largs

Similarly, it is quite within the Lady Penrhyn manners ought from their own standpoint to queen the Jomung Their territory extends- hex Owing to their familiarity with the 8,000 beyond Feking, and they often live). To argue that was moderately was adopted, with the new signification em- offensive word, has within recent years foreigner at Hongkong, the latter causes to a great age, sometimes over a hundred respectab e because it had hundreds of years phasized by the still mors offensive adjunct become a vos et presterea nikii. Dr. Med- little curiosity, and consequently the be years." The 8,000 & would not be an exag-

To a person who realises as well as hears the calls it algir" word for foreign; and haviour of the Chinese appears better than geration if we included in the computation go been applied in the form to media-out, to express their unearthly appearance: Lurat, in his English-Chinese Dictionary, Kestrel at the porte, where the foreigner cannot the Tungans, Osbegs, Tadjike, and Barts, tized states, would be to argue that the word living Chinese language, the idea is precisely Dr. Eitel gives "fureign gentle. move about attracting so little notice. "Ow who, in a more or less mixed state, extead now applied to the savages of Hainan, umool), « paws," "savage," "rude," co., man," in which weuse I myself have actually

""strange," with e suspicion of ing again, to the difference in the admini from the Great Wall to Ehiva. There might be officially used with reference to stration of justice between Hongkong and seems to be little doubt, however, that Tibet Chinese generally, because in elegant com all bound up together in the expression; or heard it used, where no discourtesy could the mainland, the Chinese suddenly become is the country really referred to in this case position it does so refer to this day. Besides, as a Chiness gentleman of culture, educated possibly have been intended. Again, in conscious of greaar rights than they have The and are described in the word was used not as a qualifier of in England, but now residing in Canton, Amoy the word fun is specially used to over formerly ponessed or dreamed of their the same work as Tribes South of Nan-men, but as a descriptive mark of the poll undoubtedly still a faint tinge of the bar tion to Mexican dollars ("English voluntarily stated the other day, there is denote Spanish dollars () in oppost- behaviour is therefore less respectful than hing in Kwang 5 who brought tribute in thetical status of the land. It is the disting burian in the word fen." As the character at the outporta; for they are not yet bred up year A.D. 1080," By the first probably the tion between a British subject from a entered into the combination of

aliver," evidently a corruption of to the idea of repiprocal rights irrespectively Lelos are meant. About 100 examples or colony, and a "colonial-man," if we can for Jof nationality and of social rank. The con

quotations are given, from which it is apa moment imagine this word used in a con- (one of the Canton magistracies), the char- ditions of social intercourse are thus, as com

一無二日民第二 pared with the mainland, szectly reversed. parent that both words really mean inferior temptuous sense, and then further imagine Boter was probably at once altered so as

+ The following note must be held to apply As very few foreigners, in the Colony take

*Prievalsky describes these as the Altice that a "coloniel" has come to refer to any to distinguish barbarous from ite

celestial" siguiegation. Meanwhile the solely to the colony of Hongkong. As a Colt- the tramble, or find it necessary to acquaint and most despicable of the Mongol tribes. The one outside the British Isles, and last of all

colloquial sound bever changed from the sular official, thrown into relation with the highly themselves with the language of the people writer har seen some of them at Peking; fu to mean "a savage,” ..very mixed language in Hongkong, by the ath, sloth, and uncouthness they could only be To revert again to European authorities. very beginning Foreigners have since had educated classes, I should reseat, what is lo way the latter naturally employ their own compared to the tea, Panaches, and other The Fooshow Dictionary (Baldwin) gives more intercourse with the natives, and what these days a most likely contingency, the was at first only an opprobrious word, used disrespectful application of any Chinese words, slang terms without check. Thus it is that Indian tribes met with on the Pacifs Railroad the combination

meaning har behind their backs, has by force of habit either directly or indigotly, to any foreign za the word ên has grown into sută regular | track.

By to be als20m Tawradisable. The diel † Farzges of Kwong Bi

beries," It conlly" means "violent" or now become the usual expremios. So for cs.

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