CO882-(3-4) — Page 503

Construction

of waterclo- sets, baths, and sinks.

Pipes to be placed out- ide house, ventilation .and dis-

Connexion.

Pin closets

and D traps condemnued.

Water Bupply;

waste prevention.

Different

patterns of closets; Aushing and waste-pre- venting cisterns.

Water waste

17. Plate III. shows the method of fixing waterclosets, baths, and sinks in accordance with the principles laid down.

18. Figs. 1 and 2 show two closets with the necessary apparatus and fittings. The pipes from them are carried out, at once, through the wall of the house, and there con. nected to a vertical soil pipe, which is carried up full size (4 inches) to the top of the house, thus serving as a ventilating outlet. This ventilating pipe should be carried up as straight as possible above the highest windows.

If there were windows in the roof it might be necessary to carry it up as shown in the dotted lines, but beuds should be avoided as much as possible. The whole arrangement is disconnected from the town sewer by a syphon trap and ventilating inlet, in the manner already shown in Sheets I. and II. It will not be necessary to provide discon- nexion for each set of closets, one syphon and ventilating inlet may often be made to serve for a whole building, but no branch of any considerable length should be without a ventilating outlet, and no trap or other obstruction to free circulation of air must be interposed between each or any of the outlets and the common inlet.

In Figs. 1 and 2 I have shown the disconnexion effected by a simple syphon and inspection pipe, the latter serving as ventilating inlet.

In Figs. 3, 4, 5 more complete arrangement of a disconnecting manhole is shown.

In all important buildings it will be well to incur the extra expense of the manhole on account of the many advantages possessed by it.

19. The arrangement known as the pan closet, with D traps, should on no account be used.

It is found that hidden accumulation of filth takes place in it, causing a nuisance, no matter how perfect be the arrangement of drains to which it is connected.

20. To provide a continuous supply of water a cistern is fixed in the roof.

Even with

a constant supply this is requisite to meet the occasional interruptions that must from

time to time take place, and also because the mains must not be connected directly to the closet for fear of contamination to the water supply. The water from this cistern must, on no account, be used for any other purpose than for the closets.

21. On the upper storey, one of Tylor's patent closets is shown, a very perfect but expensive arrangement. In it the pan is closed below by a flat valve, which falls down and allows the contents to escape.

On the lower storey a much cheaper, but for most purposes, sufficiently effective arrangement is shown. Here there is no valve at all, but the flush of water from the small cistern above sweeps all before it through the trap, which, in this case, is of stoneware. The mechanism attached to this cistern is so arranged that by pulling the chain for an instant only the whole of its contents, three gallons, is rapidly discharged, thus securing a powerful flush, the effectiveness of which depends more on the rapidity of discharge than on the absolute quantity of water used. To this end the service pipes are made of greater diameter than is usually the practice (1 inches and 1 inches respectively).

22. This cistern also serves as a water waste preventer, for there is an arrangement by prevention. which even if the chain be held down it is impossible to produce a continuous stream of

Overflow

water.

An arrangement, having the same object, is provided in the valve of the Tylor's closet also.

23. A lead trap or "safe" is placed beneath each closet to catch any leakage or over-

pipes are not flow. to be con- nected to drain, but must have

☛inible.

The small overflow pipes from these safes, from baths, and also from cisterns, must on no account be connected with any soil-pipes or drain, but their openings must be placed in the open air so as to be easily visible, for two reasons: Firstly, because by connecting their outlets them to a drain a free passage for sewer gas into the house would be made. These pipes only come into action in the event of some derangement of the mechanism, and consequent leakage. For long periods, therefore, nothing passes through them, and therefore the water evaporates from any syphon or trap, which may be provided, leaving a free passage. for gas. Secondly, if connected to drains, leakage would go on undetected, On the other hand by leaving their mouths exposed, any water issuing from them causes a mess and a nuisance, attention is called to the leakage, and it is remedied.

In my report I have already called attention to the necessity of preventing waste. For this purpose alone.it is absolutely necessary to adopt in all cases this arrangement of waste and overflow pipes.

Improperly

Atted baths

And sinks

24. Fully as much danger to health is caused by improperly arranged baths and sinks as by imperfect closet arrangements,

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE

Reference T

▬▬▬▬▬C.O. 882

4 PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON

ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH--NOT TO

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