BORNEO.
After Australia this island is the largest in the world. It extends from abou 7 deg. N. to 4 deg. S. latitude, and from 109 deg. to 118 E. longitude. Its length is about 750 miles, its greatest breadth 600 miles, and its average breadth is estimated at 350 miles. Its vast interior consists of almost impenetrable forests, which teem with animal life, but are sparsely populated by man. The soil is fertile, and in some parts near the coast the land is marshy and well adapted for the cultivation of sago. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1526, and they as well as the Spaniards, Dutch, and English formed settlements on different parts of the coast, but none of these were long maintained. The Dutch claim sovereignty over the greater part of the south and west of the island, along the coast of which they maintain establishments; the territories of the British North Borneo Company, the Sultan of Brunei, and the Rajah of Sarawak extend over and along the north and north-eastern coast. The native states are insignificant and in a backward condition. The total population of Borneo is roughly estimated at 3,000,000. The productions are many and varied, and its mineral resources believed to be great. The Chinese, who have been settled in most Bornean towns for generations, conduct all the trading operations. The country generally is in an undeveloped condition. The natives are of the Malayan type, and are, as a rule, indolent and wanting in enterprise.
SARAWAK.
The territory of Sarawak comprises an area of about 40,000 square miles, with a population of about 300,000, composed of various races. It is situated on the north-west coast of the island of Borneo, is intersected by many rivers navigable for a considerable distance inland, and commands about 400 miles of coast line. The sovereignty of the district from Tanjong Datu to the entrance of the Sama- haran river was obtained from the Sultan of Brunei in the year 1842 by Sir James Brooke, who became well known as Rajah Brooke of Sarawak. In 1861, a second cession was obtained, from the Sultan of Brunei, of all the rivers and land from the Samarahan river to Kadurong Point; in 1882 a third cession was obtained of one hundred miles of coast line and all the country and rivers that lie between Kadurong Point and the Baram river, including about three miles of coast on the north-east side of the latter; and in 1885 another cession was obtained of the Trusan river, situated on the north of the mouth of the Brunei river. The present Rajah, H.H. Charles Johnson Brooke, is a nephew of Sir James Brooke, and was born 3rd June, 1829, succeeded 1868, married 1869 to Margaret de Windt. His heir- the Rajah Mudah-Charles Vyner Brooke, was born 26th September, 1874.
The country produces diamonds, gold, silver, antimony, quicksilver, coal, gutta- percha, india-rubber, canes, rattans, camphor, beeswax, birdsnests, sago, pepper and