TURON.
This port is situated about 40 miles south-east of Hué. Turon has a fine harbour capable of giving shelter to any amount of shipping. The trade of the port is entirely in the hands of the Chinese. As no French Custom House exists, statistics are difficult to gather. The exports consist mostly of sugar, silk, betelnuts, and oil; the imports of rice, piece goods, &c. The trade is chiefly with Hongkong. Rice is imported from Haiphong, Hai Duong, and Namdinh. Turon was not, strictly speaking, an open port, until the treaty of 1883 with France. Coal mines have been opened here, but the quality proved rather disappointing, though it is believed that deeper workings would yield better mineral.
QUINHON.
Quinhon was opened to foreign trade upon the conclusion of the treaty between France and Annam, signed in March, 1874. It is situated on the coast of Annam in about lat. 13 deg. 54 min. N., long. 109 deg. 02 min. E. The entrance to the port is obstructed by a bar, which may be crossed, however, by any vessel with a draught not exceeding 16 to 16 feet. The chief article of export is salt. The population and country being very poor, the commercial prospects of the port are not very brilliant. What little trade exists is chiefly with Hongkong and is at present all in the hands of the Chinese. There are no European merchants established in Quinhon. A French Consul and a body of troops are stationed there.
TONQUIN.
Anciently an independent kingdom, but since 1802 a province of Annam, is situated between lat. 19 deg. and 23 deg. N. and long. 102 deg. and 108 deg. 30 min. E., bounded on the north by China, on the west by the Laos country, on the south by Annam, and on the east by the Gulf of Tonquin. The country near the sea is a rich alluvial plain, well watered by numerous rivers, and produces large crops of rice, while sugar, cotton, spices, indigo, silk, and various other articles are raised. It is believed to possess valuable mines of silver, and gold is also known to exist. By the Treaty of Hué, dated the 6th June, 1884, the Annamite Government placed Tonquin under a French Protectorate, and its affairs are in future to be administered under the supervision of French Residents. The country is, however, still in a very disturbed state. Tonquin is divided into seventeen provinces, namely, Quang-yen, Hai-duong, Bac-ninh, Thai-nguyen, Lang-son, Cao-bang, Tuyen-quang, Hong-hoa, Son-tay, Ha-noi, Ninh linh, Hung-yon, Nam dinh, Thanh hoa, Nghćan, Ha-tinh, and Bo-chinh. Hanoi, the capital, is the chief town of the province of the same name, and appears on old maps as Ke-sho. The population is estimated at from 10,000,000 to 12,000,000.
ΠΑΝΟΙ.
Hanoi, the capital of Tonquin, once an independent kingdom, but since 1802 a province of Annam, is situated on the Song-koi, or Red River, 110 miles from its mouth. The city is built close on the river, here al out a mile in width, and, being embowered in trees, presents a pleasing appearance on being approached by water. The citadel orcupies the highest site, and is surrounded by a brick wall twelve feet high and a moat. Five gates give access to it, and in front of each is a redan strongly defended and manned by troops. Three of the five gates have been walled up since the occupation of the citadel by the French in 1882. The Govern- ment buildings and barracks are all inside the citadel. The city is situated between the citadel and the river. The principal streets occupied by Chinese are wide and
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