JAPAN.
403
the south-western island; Sikoku, “the four states," the southern island; and Yesso, the most northerly and least developed. The former three islands are sub-divided into eight large roads, containing sixty-six provinces, ard the latter (Yesso) is divided into eleven provinces. Administratively, as before mentione, the Empire is divided into fu and ken, each ken containing more than one province.
Education is very general in Japan, and is making greater progress than before the revolution which made Japan a monarchy. In 1871, the Mikado appointed a Board of Public Instruction, which is reported to be very active. The number of elementary schools in 1880 was 25,459, of which 24,281 were public schools and 1,178 private schools. Of Middle Schools there are 31 public and 358 private establishments. There are 98 Normal Schools; and Colleges for special studies, such as Law, Medicine, Mining, Agriculture, and Foreign Languages, have been established, and are carefully fostered by the Government. In order to facilitate the acquirement of foreign languages, the Government of the Mikado engaged many Eurosean pro- fessors, and also sent, at the public expense, a large number of students to America and Europe.
The total value of the foreign trade of Japan was, according to consular reports, as follows in each of the nine years 1872 to 1880:-
1872 18 3
1874
1875
1876
1877
1873
1879
1880
YEARS.
IMPORTS.
EXPORTS.
$26.188.441
$24.294,532
27,444,068
20,660,991
24,223,629
20,001,637
29,167,067
18,014,890
21,087,515
27,669,466
21,692,121
26, 79.4 9
27,372,976 27,419.629
25.900,54 : 3,334,392 32,603,838 36.622,243
Te following table shows the imports and exports of each port for the years 1879 and 18:
PORTS.
Kanagawa
Hiogo.
Osaka
Nagasaki
Niigata
Hakodate
7,847,866
1879.
1880.
IMPORTS,
EXPORTS.
IMPORTS.
EXPORTS.
$23,326,010
$18,880,272
$26,343,108
$18,577,913
7,051,154
5,466,990
547,563
351,172
1,674,652
1,982,027
Nil.
4,459
Nil. 692,515
No returns.
221.704
$32,603,838
$27,372,976
$36.622.243
93,499 1,278,066
5,323.697 471,167 2,297,591 No returns. 749,261
$27 119,629
The two staple articles of import into Japan, in the year 1880 were cotton and woollen fabrics, the former of the value of $13,433,808, and the latter of the value of $4,212,377; the value of mixed cotton and woollen goods was $1,881,770. The two staple articles of export in the year 1879 were raw silk, of the value of £9,962,879, and tea, of the value of 37,497,922. The commercial intercourse of Japan is carried on mainly with two countries, namely, Great Britain and the United States of America, the former absorbing more than two-thirds of the whole.
By treaties made with a number of foreign Goveruments-with the United States in March, 1854; with Great Britain in October, 1854; with Russia and the Netherlands in 1855; with France, in 1858; with Portugal, in 1860; with Prussia and the German Zollverein in 1861; with Switzerland, in 1864; with Italy and Belgium, in 1866; with De uk in 1867; with Sweden and Norway and Spain in 1868; with Austria in 1867 and with China in 1871-the Japanese ports of Kanagawa (Yokohama), Nage Hiogo, Hakodate, Niigata, and the cities of Tokio (formerly called Yedo)