SHANGHAI.
335
The revenue for 1881 was estimate at Tls. 106,467, exclusive of the balance from 1879, and the expenditure at Tls. 109,187.
The Foreign population has considerably decreased from what it was at one time. The census of 1865 gave the number of foreign residents in the three Settlements as 2,757, army and navy (British) 1,851, shipping 981, a total of 5,589. By the census of 1880 there were in the Settlements north of the Yang-king-pang a total of 2,197 foreigners, 1,168 in the English division and 1,029 in Hongkew and Po tung; of these 1,171 were males, 502 females, and 524 children. The proportion of different nationalities was 1,044 (or about one-half) British, 285 Portuguese, 230 American, 190 German, 76 Spanish, 41 French, 32 Danish, 57 of various other European nationalities, 168 Japanese, and 74 Manilamen and other Asiatics. While the adult European male population has decreased since the cen-us of 1870 by 110, the number of women and children has increased by 641, that is they have nearly trebled in ten rears. The French Concession contains 350 foreigners, the greater proportion being French and the remainder mostly from other European Continental countries. These figures do not include the population afloat, which may be estimated at 1,000 or over. Although the Chinese have no right of residence within the Foreign Settle- ment, and indeed were expressly prohibited by the original Land Regulations, some twenty thousand sought refuge within the boundaries from the rebels in 1854, and when the city was besieged by the Taipings in 1860 there were, it is said, at least four hundred thousand natives within the Settlements. As they found some amenities from squeezing" when under the protection of foreig ers, and foreigners themselves being able to obtain a much higher rental for their land, ad finding native house property a very profitable inv stinent, no opp sition was made to their residence. 1865 there were in the three Settlements 146,000. The numbers by tle new census (June, 1880) were:-In the British Settlement 68,652, in Hongkew 25,323, in Foreign Hongs in both Settlements 5,218, in villages and huts 2,541, in shipping and boats 6,078, total 107,812. The native population of the French Concession is 34,000, and the boat population about 5,000, say a total for the three Settlements and afloat of 147,000. Nearly two-thirds are adult males. A large proportion are natives of Chekiang and Kwangtung, those in the direct employ of foreigners being almost exclusively from these provinces. The population of the native city is supposed to be about 125,000. The large congregation of natives in the Settlements is kept in admirable order by a Police force of 30 foreigners and 135 natiyes for the north of the Yang-king-pang, and 37 foreigners and 33 natives for the French Concession. Considering that the natives have to be tried by their own authorities, and that bribery doubtless works its effects in Shanghai as elsewhere in China, the organization and efficiency of this small force is highly creditable. In few places is life and property more secure.
In
The climate of Shanghai is generally allowed to be fairly healthy. The death rate amongst foreigners ashore and afloat had decreased from 34.3 per 1,000 in 1870 to 23 per 1,000 in 1876, a rate which compares favourably with that of large towns in Europe. It rose to 28.3 in 1877 and to 31.3 in 1878, but fell again to 26 per 1,000 in 1880. Of the deaths amongst foreigners during 1877, 16 were owing to a partial outbreak of cholera, and there was the same number from that cause in 1878, but only one case among residents. There were only two deaths from the disease in 1880. If we exclude non-residents the rate was 19 per 1,000 in 1876, 23 in 1877, 24 in 1878, 21.5 in 1879, and 21.6 in 1880; amongst adult residents 16.14 per 1,000 in 1879 and 24.57 in 1880. The Health Officer in his last report says, "out of the seventy- five deaths registered, there were but nine which can in any sense be termed climatic." The thermometer ranges from 25 deg. to 100 deg. Fahrenheit, the mean of eight years having been 59.2 deg.; winter being 39.1, spring 50.9, summer 78.2, and autumn 62.6. Shanghai approaches nearest to Rome in mean temperature, while the winter temperature of London and Shanghai are almost identical. In the months of October and November there is generally dry, clear, and charming weather, equal to what can be found in any other part of the world; but when the winter has fairly set in the north-east wins are extremely cold and biting. The heat