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Topographical Account of Chusan.
JUNE,
hilly nucleus, (so to speak), which the pass out of Ma aou crosses, that it is separated from the other inland valley of Chaebo. Its fields are extensive and fertile; it carries on some little trade; and its shores produce some salt. There are a number of small tributary valleys. The landing is easy for Chinese boats when the tide is not very low. It is moderately wooded in some parts.
10. Kaouseě (1) is an inland valley, nearly surrounded by hills, but opening towards the northwest into the valley of Pĭhtseuen. Its fields are few, and do not produce very abundantly. What the character of the higher ground on the hill sides is, must be learned from personal experience. Its direct communication with Yungtung is over the Tungkaou ling.
11. Kanlan(干磾or 橄欖) appears to be a small valley
compared with most of the others; it is wider however inland, than on its seaward face. There appears to be a nucleus of hills north of Yungtung, south of Ma aou, and between the two inland valleys of Chaeho and Kaouseě, on the west and east. The pass through this nucleus is from Ma aou, very gradually rising for a long distance, under the name of () Pingshih ling, "the low stone pass,” till it reaches the summit of Changtsing ling, when it descends into Chaeho, and reascends the Chaeho ling, north of the town of Tinghae. A branch from the Pingshih ling leads off eastward into Kanlan. There is also a pass directly from Ma aou, not far from the seashore.
12. Ma aou () is a very extensive valley lying nearly due
north from the town of Tinghae. The character of the hilly coun- try lying between Yungtung and Ma aou has just been alluded to. This hilly country presents little besides barren granite and grass, except near the banks of a stream which runs parallel with the Pingshih ling road nearly all the way till it reaches the elevation of the Changising ling. At the southern extremity of Ma aou, the hill sides are well clothed with wood, chiefly firs and cedars. The valley is almost unbroken by hills, the land very flat, producing good crops, the water deep, and, as the chief point of intercourse with the large island Taeshan (4), the place possesses some trade, and a very large village.
13. Seaousha has communication with Ma aou through a gap in the hill near the sea, and over a hill-pass near its southern limits. It communicates with Tasha both by a hill-pass and a sea-side road. With the inland valley Chaeho, and with Singkong, it communicates by hill passes; communication with Tszewei also exists, that valley