30
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
1 21
3
Reference :-
885/26
mmimmimCo
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON
ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC-
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO |
2
(2) Vegetable Oils,
Castor oil-mainly expressed in United Kingdom from imported Indian seed. Coconut oil-from Ceylon, Straits, India, and Philippines.
Cotton-seed oil-from United States of America and expressed in United Kingdom
from Egyptian and Indian cotton-seed.
Ground-nut oil-expressed in the United Kingdom usually from mixed decorticated
(Nigeria) and undecorticated (Gambia) ground-nuts.
Linseed oil expressed in United Kingdom from imported linseed. Palm oil-from West Africa, chiefly Nigeria and Sierra Leone.
Palm-kernel oil-expressed in United Kingdom.
Rape oil expressed in United Kingdom. Sesame oil-expressed in United Kingdom.
Soya oil-expressed in United Kingdom.
Olive oil-from Italy, Spain, and France.
Neutral lard* Oleo oil
Premier jus
Stearine
(3) Animal and Fish Oils.
mainly from the United States of America and the Argentine.
Tallow from Australia, New Zealand, Argentine and to smaller extent from China,
United States of America, Uruguay, &c.
Whale oil from Falkland Islands and Southern Ocean Whale Fisheries, from Fish oil Norway, Japan, Cape, and Newfoundland.
3. The use of the various oils may be given in the form of a table :—
:
Castor oil
Coconut oil
Cotton-seed oil
Ground-nut oil
::
Whether used for
Margarine.
Other Edible Purporea.
Soap and Glycerine.
Other Technical Purposes.
Yeu
Yes, as a lubricant, espe- cially for air-craft engines
and
Yes, lubricants, cutting
and for dyeing
medicinal purposes.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes, as a lubricant.
Yes
Yer,
Yes
especially fish
compounds for high-speed
frying.
Yes
Yes
Yea
Тев
Yes
Yea
tools and steel hardening.
Yes, for paint, varnish,
linoleum.
Yes, in tin plate manufac- ture and for candles and lubricants.
Linseed oil
Palm oil
Palm-kernel oil
Yea
Yeg
Yea
Rape oil
Yes
Yes
Yes
(By Dutch
Yes, for burning and lubri-
canta.
firme)
Sesame oil
YUB
Yes
Yes
Soya oil
Yu8
YeB
Yes
Yes
Yes, in woollen_manufacture,
Neutral lard
Yes
Yod
Oleo oil:..
Yes
Yes
Premier jus
YUB
Yes
Stearine
Beef and Mutton
Yes
Yes
Tallow
Yea
Yea
Whale oil
Yes
Yea
Yes
Yes, candles and lubricants. Yes, lubricants.
Fish oil...
Yes
Yed
Yes, as lubricant and for
Baddlery.
Olive oil
• Neutral lard is a high-quality lard obtained from the belly of the pig. Premier jus is the fresh fat obtained from the heart, caul, and kidneys of cattle and sheep expressed at a temperature of 100° to 120° F.
When Premier jus is submitted to hydraulic pressure, a soft buttery fat is expressed, which is known as "Oleo" or "Oleo Oil." The residue left is known as "Stearine" (beef or mutton).
3
4. For making table margarine, before the War the only large British manufacturers, the Maypole Company, used vegetable oils almost exclusively. The approximate com- position of such margarine is :-
Hard oils (palm Kernel oil or coconut oil)
Soft oils (cotton seed oil or ground-nut oil) Salt...
Water
per cent.
64
19
2:0
15.0
100.00
As, however, these amounts are for refined oil; and, in the process of refining, not only the free fatty acids are removed but about an equal quantity of oil, 100 tons of margarine may be reckoned as requiring about 100 tons of unrefined oil,
The proportion of hard oil to soft oil used varies with the season from 3:1 to 4:1- being of course greater in hot weather.
The Dutch manufacturers and the smaller British manufacturers (who before the War mainly made non-table margarine) use more or less animal fats to supplement the hard oil and make the margarine firmer. About 15% of animal fats-mainly premier jus and neutral lard-may be taken as the minimum required by such firms.
Palm kernel oil and coconut oil are interchangeable for margarine making, though it
is desirable that there should be a mixture of the two-and they are also interchangeable for aoap-making, in which industry they are normally used for tablet and toilet soaps.
5. For soap-making, linseed oil, whale oil, fish oil, and cotton seed oil are used for making soft soap (i.e. potash + fatty acid). For making hard soap (i.e. soda + fatty acid), linseed oil, whale oil, and fish oil have first to be chemically treated and "hardened" by hydrogenisation and their use for this purpose is thus limited by the hydrogenising plant available. The hardening plant available in the United Kingdom is now (June 1918) capable of dealing with 2,750 tons a week of whale oil, which requires less treatment than linseed oil. When hydrogenized, whale oil and fish oil are for hard soap making practically interchangeable with tallow and the three are used especially for bar soaps. Cotton seed oil and similar soft oils are used mainly for tablet soaps. Palm oil stands between the tallows and the soft oils and its use facilitates substitution of one for the other.
6. The proportion of oil and cake produced from the various seeds or kernels differs greatly. Thus the percentage of crude oil obtained generally in the United Kingdom may be given as :—ˆ
Castor seed
Copra...
Cotton seed (undecorticated). Ground-nuts (say shelled 40)
Linseed
Palm kernels
Rape seed
Sesame
Soya beans
unabelled 30%)
43 64
18
35
331
44
331
40
12
7. The food value of the cakes (in digestible food units) varies from 68.6 for undecorticated cotton cake, 90.5 for palm kernel cake, 102-6 for coconut cake, to 120 for linseed, 122-3 for soya bean cake, and 145-2 for ground-nut cake.
8. As regards the effect of the conclusion of hostilities on shipping, it is difficult even now (November 1918) to form any very accurate estimate. Presumably one of the immediate results will be an appreciable increase in the efficiency of shipping through the abandonment of the system of convoys and circuitous ocean routes. The Navy will soon be able to dispense with numerous colliers and other cargo boats as well as with liners which have been used as auxiliary cruisers, hospital ships etc.
passenger The latter will at first (after refitting) be needed as transports for returning oversea troops-but presumably when returning from Australia, New Zealand or South Africa, if not from America, they will be used to bring to the United Kingdom, or France, such cargo as they have hold accommodation for. Then the new ship-building will, submarine losses having ceaser], rapidly increase the available tonnage.
20294
43