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Reference :-
............him.C.O. 885
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ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
Rat (pouched) (Cri-
cetomys gam-
bianus).
11
Sheep.
"
Tortoise.
29
186
? Hymenolepididae. Probably a
new
Intestine.
genus. G. pore unilateral, female genitalia unilateral. Testes scattered, bilateral.
Mesentery. Gut. Stomach.
Cysticercus tenuicollis.
Moniezia sp. "expansa" group.
1 new genus of Nematodes. Mouth very distinctive, with peculiar chitinous
armature.
Specimens from Dr. J. F. Corson, from Wa, Gold Coast.
Host. Cattle (humped).
J
Horse.
Oribi antelope.
Rat.
Mouse.
Ground squirrel.
Crested crane.
Snake (Colubrine).
"
Site.
Liver.
"}
Abdominal wall. Stomach.
Anus.
Stomach.
J1
*
Intestine.
Under skin. ! site.
Members of Staff on Active Service :—
Specimen.
Schistosoma sp.
Fasciola gigantica.
Dried up, probably Setaria equina.
? Pseudodiscus sp.
? Loa sp. 155 mm. long.
Physaloptera sp.
Physaloptera sp. Physaloptera sp.
Ascaris sp. Porocephalus sp.
Porocephalus sp.
Colonel Sir Ronald Boas, K.C.B., F.R.S., R.A.M.C.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S.
Major W. T. Prout, C.M.G., R.A.M.C.
Lieutenant Warrington Yorke, R.A.M.C. Lieutenant B. Blacklock, R.A.M.C.
The School feels that the special knowledge of these members will be of great service in the various spheres in which their work is conducted.
Research Work: Blackwater Fever.-In my fourth paper on this subject I have published a short note on a case of blackwater fever associated with quartan malaria. The quartan paroxysm occurred at 9 p.m. on the seventh day of the month. Parasites were found. One would expect the next paroxysm at about the same time on the tenth day of the month; but, instead of this, an attack of blackwater occurred about 10.30 p.m. No parasites were found. The question arises as to whether this paroxysm was really one of quartan malaria associated with blackwater or whether the occurrence of blackwater at this time was purely accidental. It was not possible to decide this from the data available.
In the absence of Professor Yorke and Dr. B. Blacklock, who have obtained commissions in the Royal Army Medical Corps. I have thought it well to give a short account of the researches recently carried out by them in the expedition of the School to Sierra Leone.
Their first paper is entitled "Notes on the Bionomics of Glossina palpalis in Sierra Leone, with Special Reference to its Pupal Habitats." "The flies were studied in the Cape Lighthouse Peninsula. It is important to note that the only fresh water on the peninsula, apart from the wells themselves, is the practically insignificant overflow from two or three springa. Glossina palpalis was found in fair numbers all over the peninsula at the beginning of the dry season-December and January and their observations lead the authors to conclude that this fly may occur quite independently of fresh water and at least a quarter of a mile from sea water. They made most interesting observations on the breeding grounds of the fly. Although the fly itself may be found in considerable numbers in mangrove swamps, the flies do not breed there. The main breeding ground of the flies was at the base of oil palms, about one yard from the trunk. The pupe were found chiefly in the superficial half- inch of spil, some at a depth of half an inch to three inches, and below six inches none were found. Neither were they found breeding in the debris in the angles between the petioles and the trunk, although Zupitza, in the Cameroons, found pupa in such situations at a height of as much as three-and-a-half metres from the ground,
187
and this observer did not find them on the ground itself. They were not found at the base of other trees which appeared to afford the necessary shade.
Professor Yorke and Dr. Blacklock suggest that stripping the oil palm of the lower petioles would suffice to destroy the breeding grounds on the Cape Lighthouse Peninsula, and consider that this locality would form a suitable one for observing the effects of such an experiment.
Their second paper is entitled The Food of Glossina palpalis in the Cape Lighthouse Peninsula, Sierra Leone." They found that:-
(1) About eight per cent. of the wild Glossina palpalis contained red blood cells, and seven per cent. blood of mammalian origin. This implies that these flies had only recently fed, for rat's blood could not be detected after seventy-two hours in the gut of experimentally fed flies.
(2) Flies will not feed upon blood or other fluids exposed in the open. They will, however, feed on various fluids when presented to them through membranes, and they exhibit a preference for blood, red cells, and hæmoglobin solution; but it is important to note that they will also feed in the same way on sugar, salt, etc., so that the question is raised, which the authors were not able to put to the test, whether Glossina palpalis may not in nature, under certain conditions, feed on other fluids than blood.
Their third paper is entitled "The Reservoir of the Human Trypanosome in Sierra Leone." Two cases of trypanosomiasis were examined, the history of which shows that sleeping sickness in Sierra Leone is exceedingly chronic and very difficult to recognize; trypanosomes can only be found occasionally in the peripheral blood; gland puncture in one case was negative. In the other case there were no punctur- able glands.
The authors then consider the question of the reservoir in Sierra Leone, and point out that the conditions there are very different to what they are, for instance, in Rhodesia, where we are dealing with, sleeping sickness due to Trypanosoma rhodesiense. In this case the disease in man runs an acute course, so that man cannot act as a reservoir for any length of time, whereas the antelope infected with the same trypanosome are tolerant of the infection and so, constitute the real reservoir. In Sierra Leone, however, owing, to the chronic nature of the disease, man forms the constant reservoir, and, further, owing to the scarcity of game in the Colony and Protectorate, he constitutes a more important reservoir than the antelope.
There is another possible reservoir, however, namely, the domestic stock, and the authors found, more or less accidentally, in an ox which had been in the Protectorate but originally came from French territory, a trypanosome indistinguishable from T. gambiense, so that cattle may act as a reservoir: but the same difficulty arises of ascertaining to what extent they do so as in the case of man, namely, owing to the extreme difficulty of detecting the infection from its chronic nature.
Their fourth paper is entitled "Notes on Certain Animal Parasites of Domestic Stock in Sierra Leone." One hundred and forty-three cattle were examined, and Of thirty-four cattle examined in the trypanosomes were found in nineteen. slaughter-house in Freetown fourteen out of thirty-four (41 per cent.) were found infected. As the authors point out, the infection was probably much higher than this, as only a single blood film was examined. T. congolense and T. vivar were the About five per cent. of the animals were suffering parasites most commonly found. from Piroplasma bigeminum and about twenty per cent, to thirty per cent. from Theileria mutans.
They also record the results of an examination of 400 Glossina palpalis.caught at the Cape Lighthouse Peninsula. Trypanosomes were found in twenty-one; of these the proboscis was involved in fifteen, and they conclude that these infections were T. vivax. The gut and proboscis was infected in four, from which it was con- cluded that the infection was Ï': congolense. The gut alone was infected in two; the conclusion was drawn that the infection is therefore either T. congolenes or T. gam- biente group.
FI..
Their fifth paper is entitled "Ankylostomiasis in Dogs in Sierra Leone:” Seven dogs were examined, and all were found heavily infected with ankylostomIS. Infection was due to Ancylostoma caninum, Ercolani, 1859, and Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Looss, 1911.
}
Ankylostomiasis in man is also common in Sierra Leone, but whether Ancylos- toma ceylanicum, which has been recorded for man elsewhere, occurs in Sierra Leone in man the authors had not the opportunity of determining.
Page 390Page 391
188
Publications. The following is a summary of the papers contributed by the staff of the School. They are referred to in detail in the various reports appended :- Stephens, J. W. W.-Studies in Blackwater Fever, IV. Note on a case of Quartan Malaria associated with Blackwater Fever. Annals of Tropical Medicine
One chart. and Parasitology, Vol. IX., No. 3, pp. 429-433. Yorke, W., & Blacklock, B.-Notes on the Bionomics of Glossina palpalis in Sierra Annals of Tropical Leone, with Special Reference to its Pupal Habitats. Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. IX., No. 3, pp. 340-362. Six plates and
"
*
"
"
one map.
& Blacklock, B.-Food of Glossina palpalis in the Cape Lighthouse Penin- sula, Sierra Leone. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. IX., No. 3, pp. 363-380.
& Blacklock, B.-The Reservoir of Human Trypanosome in Sierra Leone. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. IX., No. 3, pp. 383-390.
& Blacklock, B.-Notes on Certain Animal Parasites of Domestic Stock in Sierra Leone. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, pp. 413-420.
& Blacklock, B.-Ankylostomiasis in Dogs in Sierra Leone. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. IX, No. 3, pp. 425-428. Fantham, H. B.-Some Insect Flagellates introduced into Vertebrates.
11
#1
Proceed- ings of Cambridge Philosophical Society, XVIII., pp. 39-50. With one plate.
Further Experimental Researches on Insect Flagellates introduced into Vertebrates. Proceedings of Cambridge Philosophical Society, XVIII., pp. 137-148.
On the Natural Occurrence of Herpetomonads (Leptomonads) in Mice. Parisitology, VIII., pp. 128-132. With seven text figures.
Insect Flagellates and the Evolution of Disease, with Remarks on the Importance of Comparative Methods in the Study of Protozoology. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, IX., pp. 335-348. Spirochata bronchialis, Castellani, 1907, together with Remarks on the (Being the First Report of the Spirochetes of the Human Mouth. Thirty-first Expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to Khartoum, 1913.) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, IX,, pp. 391-412.
189
Research.-Several broods of the yellow fever mosquito (Stegomyia fasciata, Fabr.) and one series of the allied species (Stegomyia sugens, Wied.) have been suc- cessfully reared in the laboratory from eggs obtained in Sierra Leone. Those of the former were brought over by Professor Yorke and Dr. Blacklock on their return in April last, and those of the latter were sent by Dr. A. Bacot. The living material thus obtained proved of much value for demonstration purposes in class.
A descriptive account of the morphological characters of a series of dipterous larvæ, taken by Professor Yorke and Dr. Blacklock from a case of myiasis in an or in Sierra Leone, is in the course of preparation,
Identification of Insects, Ticks, etc., of Medical and Economic Importance.-- Very considerable time has been devoted to this work, and also to the preparation The and mounting of much of the material thus acquired for teaching purposes. number of specimens sent in was far greater than usual, owing more especially to the presentation by Dr. J. Schwetz of a collection of some 5,000 insects from the Belgian Congo. The determinations also included a few interesting collections of ticks taken from Army remounts imported into this country from South America. The examples received were almost entirely referable to the species Boophilus australis, Fuller, an important agent in the transmission of Texas fever or redwater in these regions.
The following gentlemen have presented material to this institution :—
Major Browse, Indian Medical Service, Culicidæ, Flanders.
Dr. A. A. Clark, Culicidæ, Tabanidæ, Estridæ, from Brazil.
Messrs. Lever Brothers, Culicidæ, Tabanidæ, Glossina, Ixodoidea (collected
by Dr. Abrassart, Belgian Congo).
Dr. R. Macfarlane, Culicidæ, Tabanidæ, and Muscidæ, from Portuguese
East Africa.
Mr. A. W. N. Pillers, Estridæ, Anoplura, Muscidæ, etc., Liverpool.
Dr. J. Schwetz, Culicidæ, Tabanidæ, Glossina, etc., from Belgian Congo. Mr. B. Whettham, ticks, Liverpool.
We are also greatly indebted to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology (per Mr. G.A. K. Marshall) for the gift of a valuable series of named mosquitoes. Many of the species present were previously unrepresented in the School collections.
A tabulated statement of the material identified and reported upon is hereto appended:-
I have, &c.,
J. W. W STEPHENS, Professor of Tropical Medicine.
The Secretary,
Incorporated Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
B10, Exchange Buildings,
Liverpool.
Enclosure 2 in No. 131.
Species. Varieties. Specimens.
Culicidae (mosquitoes)
72
3
4,144
Culicoides (sand flies)
3
18
Tabanida (horse flies).
50
2
896
Muscidae (other than tsetse flies)
22
Glossina (tsetse flies)
7
227 2,216
Estrids (bot flies)
6
Aphaniptera (fleas)
2
18
21
Anoplura and Mallophaga (lice)
2
Ixodoidea (ticks)
12
30 750
Acarina (mites)
1
2
Total
177
6
8,322
I have, &c.,
ROBERT NEWSTEAD,
Professor of Entomology.
Department of Medical and General Economic Entomology,
31st October, 1915.
SIB,
I HAVE the honour to submit herewith a report of the work of this department for the half-year ending 31st October, 1915. During the whole of this period I was serving in His Majesty's Forces in France and Belgium as specialist in entomology, devising measures for the suppression of flies and advising the military authorities as to the most suitable methods to be adopted. The places visited include a large number of field ambulances, casualty clearing stations, advanced dressing stations, the trenches, various towns along the front, farms and other billets, and also the lines In my absence the Lecturer in Entomology, Mr. H. F. of communication and bases. Carter, was in sole charge of the teaching and other work. His report is appended
below:-
Students (1) The summer course of instruction in Medical and Economic Entomology for Colonial officers and others was held in June. One student attended. (2) The usual course (autumn term) for the diploma in Tropical Medicine is now proceeding. Five students are in attendance.
(9) Lectures and demonstrations have also been given to the undergraduates in the Veterinary Department of the University.
The Secretary
Incorporated Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
B10, Exchange Buildings,
Liverpool.