PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
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23 PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON
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Houses.-There were 67,046 inhabited houses in 1911, with an average population of 408 per house; and there were 1871 houses per square mile of area.
Increase of Population.--Since the commencement of the British occupation in 1878, the population has been slowly increasing. The ratio of increase was 1325 per cent. between 1891 and 1901, and 15'65 per cent between 1901 and 1911, chiefly among the Christian population. The males are in excess of the females. It is supposed that the population in ancient times may have been considerably greater than the present number.
Administration.-The Island is divided into six administrative districts, each with its Commissioner and District Medical Officer. Each district is divided into Nahiels under a Mudir. Under th latter are the Muktars, or village headmen; amongst whose duties, as defined by law, is that of giving information of the outbreak of contagious or infectious diseases but not (apparently) that of carrying out sanitary work. The muktars are elected by the villagers every second year, and are assisted by Azas, or village elders.
Municipalities.-Fourteen towns and large villages have been granted local self-government under Municipal Councils, which are elected by the householders every three years, and have general control over their areas, except as regards the police. Their revenues are derived from authorised fees, tolls, and rents: but they appear to have hitherto refused to levy the rates on property to which they are entitled. The revenues were in 1911 (Handbook of Cyprus):-
sea.
Town.
Limassol
Nicosia
Larnaca
Paphos
Revenue. Expenditure.
£
£
4,340
4,288
2,935
3,124
1,670
1,603
1,220
1,065
Geography--Cyprus practically consists of two parallel mountain ranges, running west and east, with a large and com- paratively flat plain, the Mesaoria, lying between them. The mountainous areas occupy quite two-thirds of the whole Island and consist of the usual ridges with valleys between them; and the valleys contain streams which work their way on all sides into the In addition to the Mesaoria Plain, there are smaller flat areas near Limassol and Larnaca and Paphos, and there are also many smaller similar flat areas where many mountain streams debouch into the sea. The highest mountain (Troodos, 6,000 ft.) carries snow for a large part of the year, and consequently feeds streams beyond the rainy season. In addition to such streams, Cyprus possesses five perennial springs which run all the year round and are very valuable for agriculture. The Mesaoria Plain undulates considerably round the central part near Nicosia, but tends to become dead flat at either extremity, that is, near Famagusta on the east and near Morphou on the west.
Rainfall. The Director of Public Works was kind enough to supply me with his detailed returns of rainfall month by month,
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taken in a large number of stations.
It is of course, unnecessary
to reproduce these, but I attach in Appendix I. a meteorological sheet for the year 1911 (figures of which year have been frequently given above), and this will suffice to show the monthly distribution of the rainfall-a very important factor as regards the prevalence of malaria. This chart is roughly similar to those of other years. The bulk of the rainfall occurs during November, December, January, February and March. There may be a little rain in April, May, September and October, but there is usually very little indeed or none at all during June, July and August. This fact is of the highest importance as regards the prevalence of malaria in Cyprus, and also as regards its prevention; and will be considered later (Section 8) in detail. The average rainfall since 1905 is as follows (from the Handbook):-
19-35 inches in 1905-06.
26.64
+3
1906-07,
21.66
17
1907-08.
18-84
1
"1
1908-09.
23.80
13
1909-10.
23:49
1910-11.
31
11
26.94
1911-12.
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"
The average maximum temperature for the last ten years was 10420 Fahrenheit. The average minimum was 310 and the average mean 65 490. The centre of the Mesaoria Plain is ex- tremely hot during July and August-in fact, hotter than any place in the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the adjacent littoral except Khartum; but of course the temperature on the hills is much lower.
The Mosquitoes of Cyprus.-The following list was given to me by the Entomological Department of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; but doubtless many other species will be found when the insects are methodically collected (See also Appendix II).
Mosquitoes recorded from Cyprus:—
Anopheles maculi penn is
Pyretophorus nigrifasciatus Pyretophorus palestinensis Stegomyia fasciata
Theobaldia spathipalpis
Sept.
June.
Sept.
Sanitary Laws.-A list of these, furnished to me by Dr. Cleve- land, is given in Appendix III., and the subject will be referred to again in Sections 13 and 15.
6. Previous Studies of Malaria in Cyprus.-The parasite of malaria was discovered by Laveran in 1880, two years after the commencement of the British occupation of Cyprus. Little work appears however to have been done in the Island in the light of his investigations for more than twenty years, although I read that there was an unpublished report upon the fevers of Cyprus by the former Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Heidenstam, in 1886. Early in the present century, however, Dr. George A. Williamson, M.A., course of M.D., District Medical Officer of Larnaca, received a instruction under me at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and immediately set to work on the subject of malaria in the