PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
Reference -
C.O.885
21 PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON
ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
46
When the contents rise to a level three feet from the surface the hut is removed to a new hole and the old one is filled up.
In some instances the pail method with dry carth is used, the contents being emptied in holes and sprayed every day.
On the Gatun works there is a McCall incinerator in action. Men sit on a seat over a large iron dish about 11⁄2 inches deep and deposit their fæces and micturate on it. Underneath the dish is a place where a fire can be lighted. When the dish is full enough, a cover is made to fall over the dish con- verting it into a chamber connected with a chimney. Fire is then placed underneath and the organic material burnt up, the fumes going up the chimney. This latrine had all six to eight lots of two seats. full they were burnt up while the others were in use.
When one or two lots were
117. Buildings.-If in Canal Zone a man wishes to build
a house the following procedure must be gone through :—
(1) Land must be leased from the Commission.
(2) A fee of $5 must be paid and plans of the proposed building submitted to the Divisional Engineer, who may either-
1. Approve.
2. Modify.
3. Make a new one.
(3) Approved plan is sent to the Sanitary Department which states what sanitary arrangements and plumbing have to be installed.
(4) Plan is returned to Divisional Engineer who
returns it to applicant.
(5) Sanitary Inspector of the section watches the building and sees that all requirements are strictly adhered to and carried out.
(6) Certificate must be given by the Sanitary
Authority before the house can be occupied.
118. Recreation.-Recreation and occupation in evenings is catered for by Y.M.C.A., branches of which are in many of the stations, and ladies are admitted. have libraries, billiards, clubs for tenuis, riding, cycling, These institutions reading, chess, &c. Entertainments are also arranged at intervals.
Among the whites
119. Anti-Malarial Measures. inalaria affects chiefly the males of a family; females and
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children often escape. Some women and children have been out two years without suffering from the disease.
120. Clearing.-All the undergrowth for a considerable distance, 200 yards round a settlement or group of houses, is cleared away (trees may be left if desirable). Ornamental bushes and creepers, when not on the ground, are allowed after the work is well in hand and results are being obtained. Around isolated houses the clearing must be done for 100 yards. Grass is grown on the cleared land and is kept short. It has never to be allowed above 6 inches in height, and not that, if possible, as it affords harbourage and protection for the insects.
Clearing is done where practicable by burning. The is sprayed with crude oil or oil and water, left to dry for a day or so and then burnt. If no water be used it can
grass
be burnt at once after spraying.
121. Destruction of Mosquitoes. This method is adopted where other methods cannot be properly employed or where from some cause they have proved ineffectual.
The means employed are—
(1) By a catcher.
(2) By traps.
(3) Destruction of larvæ.
go to
(1) Under varying conditions of weather, which are not quite understood, the mosquitoes in a room will all one part, and in every house around in which there are nosquitoes they will be found in the corresponding parts. There is a short time at dusk and dawn when mosquitoes inside a house try for about a quarter of an hour to get out and then give up their efforts to this end; later, those outside try and get in.
A man, who is supplied with a test tube with a little cotton wool at bottom saturated with chloroform, goes round each labourers' barracks, mess house, &c., every morning. This man does not visit private quarters except on request. The Sanitary Inspectors ask the occupants if they have any mosquitoes in their houses and if they would like the catcher to call. If they acquiesce, the latter is directed to go.
(2) Mosquito Traps.-These are usually placed the
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PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
Reference
TPEPE C.O.885
21 PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON
ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH—NOT TO
48
windows. They have been tried in floors and roofs, but in neither case with such good results as in the windows.
Inner Gauze.
Trap.
Onter Cover.
Section.
On a wooden rectangular frame a semi-circular piece of the wire gauze is fixed by its two ends, one to each side of the frame, and of such a length as to project six inches from the frame at its centre.
The ends are then closed with other pieces of gauze so as to make a chamber which can only be entered through the frame.
A second piece of gauze of the same width, but a little shorter, is doubled and a slit is made along the doubling line one-eighth to a quarter inch wide.
The edges of this are fixed above the edges of the other piece, and the double edges, where the slit was made, project into the previously made gauze chamber but do not reach its wall by one to two inches.
Mosquitoes enter through the slit, and experiment proves that only about 4 per cent. get out again even if left to die. The frame is carefully fitted into the window and every morning the mosquitoes caught are counted, classified, and destroyed.
Anopheles were very largely preponderant in the traps I saw in use. Observations are being made to compare the catch with the velocity and direction of wind, &c.
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At Corosal there are two swamps each 1,000 yards away, one to leeward and one to windward, and the mosquitoes caught must come from one or the other. One swamp is to be thoroughly treated to prevent breeding and any difference in the catch in Corosal noted. If no difference is observed, the other one will be similarly done. If a difference is found the work will be stopped to see result and, later, done again.
(3) Destruction of Mosquito
122. Breeding Places. Larve.
In looking for the anopheles larva, the quickest way is to
stir up the mud with the hand and the larva: then come to the surface, as, apparently, the mud interferes with their breathing.
The following are the methods adopted :-
(1) Filling.
(2) Draining.
(3) Larvicides.
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123.-(1) Filling is done where advisable and where possible, but it is generally expensive. The methods employed are dumping of solid material and the pumping in of water (thick muddy water) which gives a large sediment.
A
124. (2) Draining
(a) Open drains.
(1) Concrete, 3 inches thick. These are made of various shapes, but the V shaped with a slight curve at the bottom instead of a point is the best.
These should have weep holes at intervals, otherwise the material on which they rest gets washed away and cracks result. The edges of these must slope outwards from the drain, with a slight upward inclination to avoid holding any
water.
It is suggested they may be made by putting in a small section of banana when laying the drain as it will last long enough for the concrete to set, and can be easily removed.
2. Stone. If stone is available lay out the pieces to form the drain and then put a thick layer of cement over to hold them altogether.
3. Dug-out Drains.-These must be carefully graded, and the slope of the sides should not be more than 1 in 1. They require frequent cleaning, and except for temporary purposes are more expensive in the end than the cement or stone drains.
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