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were made to clarify and elaborate the Dumbarton Oaks proposals with a view to creating a serviceable and flexible central Organ of international co-operation in the economic and social sphere, adequately empowered to deal effectively with particular problems as they arise. While a number of such problems were mentioned in discussion, agreement was reached that detailed references to particular problems should not be made in the Charter.
43. The purposes of the Organisation have been re-defined and amplified to embrace the promotion of certain positive economic objectives, including higher standards of living, full employment and conditions of economic and social progress and development (Art. 55).
44. Health and the promotion of educational and cultural co-operation are specifically mentioned as falling within the purview of the Organisation.
45. Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co- operation with the Organisation to achieve the social and economic purposes defined in the Charter.
46. Though the Dumbarton Oaks proposals regarding the various specialised inter-governmental agencies were substantially approved (Art. 57), it was not thought appropriate to single out for special mention in the Charter any one of the various international bodies which are already in existence or are in contemplation in the economic and social fields. The provisions relating to specialised agencies are, however, clearly applicable to such bodies as the International Labour Organisation and the Food and Agriculture Organisation.
47. The duty of initiating negotiations betwen states, where appropriate, for the creation of new specialised agencies to carry out the Purposes is specifically laid upon the Organisation (Art. 59).
48. The powers of the Economic and Social Council have been set forth in greater detail than in the Dumbarton Oaks proposals, in order to ensure that this body is in a position to perform effectively the duties imposed upon it in promoting the Purposes of the Organisation and co-ordinating the activities of the specialised agencies. Thus, its right to make recommenda- tions not only to the General Assembly and to the specialised agencies, but also to member Governments, has been specifically laid down, and it has been empowered to follow up its recommendations and those of the General Assembly by arranging to obtain reports from specialised agencies and member states (Arts. 62, 63 and 69).
49. The Economic and Social Council has been given a free hand in setting up Commissions, except that it is mandatory upon it to set up a Commis- sion for the promotion of human rights an object which was widely approved at the Conference (Art. 68).
50. The Council is empowered to arrange for consultation with non- governmental organisations. (Art. 71).
Chapters XI, XII, XIII. Dependent Territories.
51. These Chapters deal with a subject which was not covered by the Dumbarton Oaks Scheme and about which there had been no preliminary international discussions. A working draft was accordingly compiled by the United States Delegation from proposals submitted independently by the Sponsoring Powers, France and Australia, and this was used as the basis of discussion, both with the other Sponsoring Powers and France, and with the full Committee under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister of New Zealand.
II
52. Chapter XI (Arts. 73 and 74) contains a general declaration of Colonial policy accepted by members of the Organisation who have Colonial responsi- bilities. Chapter XII (Arts. 75 to 85) establishes a system of international trusteeship for such territories as may be placed under it by subsequent agree
Chapter XIII (Arts. 86 to 91) deals with the composition, powers and procedure of the Trusteeship Council, one of the Principal Organs of the organisation, whose function is to supervise the administration of terri- tories placed under the international trusteeship system.
ment.
53. The general declaration in Chapter XI is the first comprehensive state- ment of Colonial policy to be included in an international instrument. Its inclusion is due to the initiative of the United Kingdom and Australia, who took the lead in the drafting of this Chapter. The Chapter prescribes the principles of Colonial Administration and lays special emphasis on the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the inhabitants of the terri- tories (whose interests are recognised to be paramount), and on good neigh- bourliness in international relations. It does not empower the United Nations Organisation to intervene in the application of these principles by the Powers concerned. Provision is however made for the regular supply to the Secre- tary-General, for information purposes, of statistical and other material relating to economic, social and educational conditions in Colonial territories.
54. Chapter XII establishes under the authority of the Organisation an International Trusteeship System for the administration of such territories in the following categories as it may later be decided to place under the system:
(a) territories now held under mandate;
(b) territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of the second world war; and
(c) territories voluntarily placed under the system by States responsible for their administration.
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55. The Charter itself places no territories under the system, but provides means for bringing under that system such individual territories in each of the above categories as may be decided upon later. Article 76 lays down the basic objectives of the system, but their detailed application in any territory which may subsequently be brought under the system will be a matter to be worked out more fully in a trusteeship agreement relating specifically to each particular
Such trust territory.' agreement would be made in the first instance by the States directly con- cerned, including the mandatory Power, in the case of existing Mandates other than the Japanese, and would then be approved by the United Nations. The scheme provides for the administration of trust territories to be exercised by one or more States or by the United Nations Organisation itself. Until it has been decided that any particular territory should be brought under the system, and a trusteeship agreement in respect of that territory has been concluded, this Chapter in no way affects the status of any territory belonging to the categories specified in the preceding paragraph.
56. In many ways the trusteeship system established in this Chapter has drawn on the experience of the mandate system of the League of Nations. Some new features are, however, worth comment. Most important of these are the provisions relating to defence. Articles 82 and 83 provide that in any trusteeship agreement either part or all of the trust territory may be designated as a strategic area and that in such strategic areas all the functions of the Organisation shall be exercised by the Security Council. In such strategic areas the basic objectives of the system as set out in Article 76 will apply and the Security Council is required, subject to provisions of the trusteeship.