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Coal....
Kerosene oil*
Timber
Cigarettes
Tobacco
Paper
Dyes
Wheat
Sugar
Fish and fish products
Per cent.
2.5
ོམ ོཚ
3'2
3.6
5'4
3:1
2.9
+
Principally trom-
Japan, French Indo-China, Hong
Kong.
U.S.A., Dutch Indies, Hong Kong. U.S.A.. Japan, Russia.
U.S.A., Great Britain, Hong Kong. U.S.A., Hong Kong, Japan, Great
Britain.
Japan, Norway, Sweden.
Netherlands,
Germany,
Hong
Kong, U.S.A., Japan, Great Britain.
Canada, U.S.A.
5:3
5'0
Hong Kong, Dutch Indies, Japan,
1'2
Philippine Islands. Japan, Hong Kong.
(b.) Of Chinese produce imported through the maritime customs (valued at 91 16 million Haikwan taels, excluding re-exports) nearly half the value consisted of raw cotton.
(c.) Of Chinese produce imported through the native customs (valued at 77:27 million Haikwan taels) no exact details can be given, but the produce consisted mainly of foodstuffs.
Exports.
24.-(a.) Of Chinese produce exported and re-exported to foreign countries through the maritime customs (valued at 276 45 million Haikwan taels) the greater part was shipped:-
British Empire (including Hong Kong)
United States of America (including Philippine Islands)
Japan (including Formosa and Corea) France (including French Indo-China) Holland (including Dutch East Indies) Germany
----
11
Per cent.
27-2
25'7
19'5
14.5
2'6 2.6
The value of the most important items shipped to foreign countries through the Maritime Customs was 276 45 million Haikwan tacls, and the shipments to Chinese ports 327-9 million Haikwan taels, a total of 6043 million Haikwan taels.
The following are the principal classes of goods shipped through the Maritime Customs to foreign countries and to Chinese ports:-
Per cent.
Cotton yarn
17.4
Cotton textiles
6.5
Raw cotton
6'1
Silk and silk products
14:0
Cigarettes
14.8
Skins and furs
1.7
Flour
4.0
Tea ....
3:0
Principally to-
Chinese ports, principally Tien-
tsin and Yangtse ports.
Ditto, ditto.
Japan and U.S.A.
France, U.S.A., Hong Kong, Japan, Great Britain, British India, Italy.
All China and Hong Kong, Straits
Settlements, Japan.
Hong Kong, U.S.A., Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Europe. All China and Hong Kong.
Great Britain, Chinese ports,
Egypt, U.S.A., Russia, Britishi India.
7
(b.) Of Chinese produce shipped to Chinese ports through the native customs (valued at 28'67 million Haikwan taels) no exact details can be given, but it consisted mainly of Chinese factory products.
25.
As regards the route by which Chinese imports arrive in Shanghai, they come almost entirely via the Yangtse river. Only an inconsiderable amount comes down the Whangpoo (Wusung) river from the interior. Shallow canals, of which the through draft not more than 5 feet, connect up all parts of the southern delta. The Yangtse river is, however, the main feeder to and from the interior of China. By crossing the Yangtse at Chinkiang the Northern Delta, and even Chihli Province, may be reached by canal. The majority of the small inland waterways of the central China plain are not at present suitable for high speed power driver barges on account of the congestion of traffic, tortuosity of the creeks, low bridges, shallowness, and the damage to banks caused by the wash.
26. For essential supplies of food-stuffs and raw materials Shanghai depends to a preponderating extent upon water transport, either up or down the Yangtse river, although a limited amount of garden and dairy produce from the interior enters through the native customs down the Whangpoo (Wusung) river.
Hankow.
27. Hankow is 600 miles distant from Shanghai upon the Yangtse River, practically in the centre of China, and is the principal port (Shanghai excepted) for the Yangtse Valley, which drains 760,000 square miles of territory and holds a population of about 200,000,000 people. The fact that the incomplete railway between Peking and Canton has to cross the river at this point lends it additional importance in the eyes of the Chinese. Opposite Hankow, on the south bank of the river, is the town of Wu-chang, the terminus of the railway originally intended to reach Canton, but which now extends little beyond Changsha; the uncompleted gap between that town and the rail-head striking north from Canton is about 250 miles. 28. Industries.--Hankow is the centre of a considerable number of Chinese and a few foreign mining and manufacturing enterprises. In the three towns of Wu-chang, Hankow and Hangyang, there are 56 Chinese-owned factories and six others financed by joint. Chinese and foreign capital. Many of these are cotton cloth mills, besides cotton spinning, weaving and silk and hemp manufactories. Perhaps the most important individual concern from the present point of view, with the exception of the Arsenal, which is referred to later, is the Hangyang iron and steel works. These were, in favourable circumstances, capable of producing over 118,000 tons of martin iron, 32,000 tons of foundry iron, 20,000 tons of railway steel, 41,000 tons of mild steel. They had, however, not been capable of being worked at a profit under Chinese management, and they have, on more than one occasion, received substantial loans from the Japanese Ministry of Finance. The Japanese Government having insufficient supplies of pig iron and iron ore, obtain both from the Hanyehping mines and works, a fact which should be remembered in any restrictive action which may be considered in regard to these works. Minor factories include flour mills, bean mills, paper mills, sock-making concerns, egg factories, tobacco and matches. There are altogether 19 native banks in the town, the number having been increased from 10 before the war to 19 in 1919. Antimony, lead and zinc are crushed by machinery on the Wu-chang side and exported. Several miles below the foreign concessions, the Asiatic Petroleum Company, a British concern, have oil tanks for storing oil in bulk. The total capacity of these tanks is 5,000 tons. The Standard Oil Company, also, have considerable storage plant.
29. Trade. Hankow is primarily an export port. In 1925 the total trade, import and export, in China amounted to 2,370 million Haikwan taels, and of this figure Hankow enjoyed 289 million Haikwan taels.* Net foreign imports into Hankow amounted to 69 million Haikwan taels, and net Chinese imports to 64 million Haikwan taels, while exports amounted to 155 million Haikwan taels. The principal goods imported and exported were as follows:-
Vegetable oils
3:3
Hong Kong, Europe, Japan,
U.S.A.
Eggs and egg products
2.9
Great Britain, Japan, U.S.A.
Rice....
2'6
North and South China.
Seeds and seedcake
1-7
Japan, Hong Kong, Europe, &c.
* This figure may seem trifling. The reason of its comparative smallness is that the distributing centre for kerosene oil for the Shanghai hinterland is Chinkiang and not Shanghai.
* These figures include Chinese and Foreign trade.
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