112
war,
dynasty before its downfall. In the Russo-Japanese war (1904-5), the theatre of which was Manchuria, China and her Manchu Emperor
were treated as a negligible quantity; and the result of the
war was that in northern Manchuria the Russians remained in possession of the railway zone, while in Southern Manchuria Japanese influence became dominant. The dividing line between the Russian and Japanese spheres was drawn at Ch'ang-ch'un, a
station on the Manchurian railway. During the war Chang Tso-lin, a brigand chief, fought on the side of Japan; and after the he and his Hunghutze were taken into the service of the Chinese Government. He received quick promotion on account of his bravery and was appointed Military Governor of Feng-tien in 1911. This position he still holds and he has used it in such a manner as tobecome the Generalissimo of all Manchuria. Since the spring of 1922 Manchuria has been completely independent of China; and though recently Marshal Chang Tso-lin was seriously challenged, there has been settled government in Manchuria for a number of years, during which the power of the Hukden Government has steadily increased.
Japan and Russia are still facing each other in Manchuria, as they did at the beginning of this century; out there is now a fresh element, which did not exist during the Russo-Japanese war, namely the military dictatorship of Marshal thang Tso-lin. Therefore, the comparative quiet of Manchuria for the last few It is, however, years does not rest on any solid foundation. certain that China continues to be a negligible quantity in Manchuria. and further that the deposed Manchu Emperor has
no voice whatever in Manchurian affairs,
11.
China proper within the Great Wall has also, as on several previous occasions in its history, broken to pieces, the largest and at present the most cohesive fragment being composed of the five provinces -- Anhui, Chekiang, Kiang-su, Kiang-si and Pukien ruled by Marshal Sun Ch'uan-fang with Nanking as his capital. There seems to be little doubt that
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Marshal