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added to the private claims amounted to about 2,800,000/; and the balance, 2.200,000 was remitted by proportionate deductions from the future payments. This was done without any conditions being imposed. At this point, the American Minister at Peking, Mr. W. W. Rockhill, a persona gratissima with the Chinese Ministers, induced the Chinese Government to continue to issue the American quota of the indemnity without deduction: and to pay that portion which was not claimed by the United States Government to a Commission of Education for the purpose of ending Chinese students to American universities. With the money so freed (about 75,000 a year), 400 Chinese students are provided with full scholarships in American universities, each receiving the amount of the university fees and a sum of about 1702. a year for his or her personal expenses. This fund is entirely under Chinese control. The Boxer indemnity also contributes towards the Tsing Hua College near Peking. This college was opened in 1911 by the Chinese Government with the assistance of a staff of American teachers. In 1913. there were 624 students, about two-fifths of whom were in the upper school, and the remainder in the preparatory school. The object of the Tsing Hua College is to prepare students for a further course of study in the United States of America. The college is independent of foreign control, but Dr. Tenney, Chinese secretary of the United States Legation, is an honorary member of the governing body. The college has been a most successful experiment.
Besides the "Indemnity" scholars, about 100 of the Chinese students in the United States of America are supported by Various provinces in China; and there are about 1.500 private students. The China Club of Seattle, in co-operation with the University of Washington and certain commercial and manufacturing firms, has inaugurated a scheme by which each firm will receive one Chinese student or more, and provide his tuition charges at the University and 600 dollars a year for his maintenance.
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When to these factors are added the powerful contribution of American missionary establishments in China, which, as Sir J. Jordan says, can always count upon receiving money for any new enterprise they may think desirable," some idea may be formed of the influence which America can exert in China through these channels. The following list of prominent alumni of St. John's College Shanghai (American) is significant: Wellington Koo, Chinese Minister in London: Alfred Sze. Chinese Minister in Washington W. W. Yen, formerly Chinese Minister in Berlin; Dr. Y. T. Tsur, formerly president of the Tsing Hua College: Z. T. K. Woo, superintendent of the Hanyang Iron and Steel Works: S. C. Chu, general secretary of the Shanghai-Nanking Railway: Dr. H. L. Yen, secretary of the Beard of Foreign Affairs: David Z. T. Yui, general secretary of the YM.C.A.: Yen Fu-ch'ing, dean of the medical faculty, Vale College, Changsha: W. Y. Hu, justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals, Peking.
The Rockefeller Foundation is giving a great impetus to medical education in China. The commission which visited the country in 1915. has recommended the opening of medical schools, the training of Chinese men and women for hosnital work, and a system of pensions to allow missionaries on furlough in America to study medicine. This will all be financed by the Rockefeller Institute. Five scholarships A medical of 300 dollars each have already been established for Chinese nurses. institute has been erected in Peking at a cost of 6,000,000 dollars and amply endowed. Clearly, it will be difficult for Great Britain to compete with such munificence.
France. The Société franco-chinoise d'Education (see Sir J. Jordan's despatch No. 40 of the 23rd January, 1920), was founded in 1914 to take the place of a former society of the same nature founded in 1911, which had already sent 200 students to France in 1912. The executive powers of the society are exercised by a Peking committee and a provincial committee, each consisting of French and Chinese members. The society maintains two schools in Peking, schools at Tien-tsin and Chengtu; and language courses at Pao Ting Fr and Shanghai. These schools prepare students for a further course in France. In 1919 (January--September) the society sent 300 students or artisans to France. These Chinese students must possess at least 300 dollars, and must count on having an income of 600 dollars to 1.000 dollars a year. However, the society makes arrangements for them to live in France as cheaply as possible. The most advanced are then placed in the technical schools: but usually they do one year's course in a factory. The least advanced are placed in a lycée or college to perfect their French. A journal in Chinese is published in Paris for their benefit. Other reports announce further projects on the part of the French. Mr. H. B. Morse (see China Association's letter of the 7th October, 1920).
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states that the French Government have invited 600 Chinese students to France and have offered to defray all their expenses. According to the British Engineering Standards Association, the French have a scheme for training 5,000 to 6.000 Chinese in France during the next few years, 800 already having arrived in French colleges. The Association also states that Italy is considering a similar policy. Newspaper reports have estimated that there are as many as 2,000 Chinese students now ir France; and even a casual visitor to Paris cannot help being struck by the considerable number of young Chinese to be seen about the city *
By the Treaty of Versailles, article 134, Germany renounced in favour of the French and Chinese Governments conjointly the property of the German school situated in the French concession in Shanghai. This article in itself gave a considerable impetus to the cause of French education for Chinese; so we find a supplementary vote of 300,000 fr. in the 1920 budget assigned to the Shanghai school (see W 814/814/17, memorandum on French policy with regard to propaganda in foreign countries). The Daily Mail" of the 20th January, 1921, states that the French Government's contribution is 30,000 dollars (3.000Z), that the school will be jointly controlled by the Chinese and French Governments, both of which will provide for its annual maintenance expenses, estimated at 130,000 dollars (13.0007.). The "North China Herald" of the 4th December, 1920, further states that French manufacturers have allotted a sum of 2.000.000 fr. towards this school. So reports are contradictory as to the amount and origin of this endowment. With a staff of a dozen professors from the French universities and a similar number of Chinese instructors it is hoped to make this new institution a preparatory school for the French universities.
Besides the vote for the Shanghai school, a sum of 1,072.625 fr. is allotted in the 1920 budget for propaganda in China (as compared with 115,000 fr. for Japan). The sums appropriated for propaganda in the Far East in 1919 and 1918 respectively were 1,000,000 fr. and 215,000 fr.
But still more significant was M. Painlevé's mission to Peking in the autumn of last year.
Though M. Painlevé was nominally adviser to the Government Technical Board on the Standardisation of Railways, his main interest was evidently in education. His mission ended with the conclusion of an agreement by which the Chinese Government is to provide an annual subsidy of 4,0007. for the Institute des Hautes Études chinoises in Paris; they will also furnish a sum of 20.0007. a year for the creation of a branch of the university of Paris in one of the Chinese universities on the condition that the French Government supplies a similar amount. The President of China has given to France three copies of a reproduction of the four great Chinese classics.
During his stay at Peking. M. Painlevé made the following statement ("Far Eastern Review," August 1920): "Already there exists in Paris an institute for advanced Chinese study, but it will be necessary for us to develop it in such a way that the youth of China shall come to it for study in increasing numbers. We purpose to make the curriculum at this institute so interesting that the powerful attraction which it will exercise on the minds of our young Asiatic friends will he simply irresistible. This course of study, which will comprise all the technical courses of our advanced commercial schools, will include, in addition, the study of English. since this language seems to be considered a necessary finishing touch to the equip ment of every Chinese intellectual. Moreover, we intend to do something which has never occurred before to those at the head of any foreign institution of learning to teach. likewise, the history of Chinese culture in order to keep the students in touch with their own civilisation. Unlike other nations, we do not wish our Chinese students to lose the sentiment of their own nationality and become for ever Frenchified: we wish that they may remain Chinese, vet arrive, notwithstanding this. at a real realisation of the superiority which they gain by making themselves nart of two civilisations, the oriental and the occidental.
So much for Paris. In China, our task will be far more arduous, because practically everything there tending to the attainment of the end which we have set ourselves must either be created ont of the whole cloth or recreated. Our first task will be to establish at the universities of Peking. Canton and Shanghai, courses in
It is not without significance that twenty girl students are also being sent over by the Chinese Government to Paris. They will study medicine, law, science and art, and when they have graduated, they will return to China to found girls' schools and colleges on European lines. There are about four Chinese girl students in London, and two or three in Edinburgh.-(" Daily Mail." February 2 and 8, 1921.)
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