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inevitable. Its modus vivendi will probably be found without a resort to arms but in the last resort, France would find China an enemy very different from what she was in the last war. Instead of the rude and ill-equipped Militia of former years, there is now an army provided with the best modern weapons, and drilled by European and American Officers. Instead of the clumsy war junks of a quarter of a century back, there is now a fleet of corvettes, sloops and Gun-boats built, for the most part, in Europe, armed with heavy cannon, and commanded by officers, many of whom have served an apprenticeship in the English and in other European Navies. The approaches to the chief Cities are now protected by strong and heavily armed Forts and Batteries, well provided, moreover, with torpedoes and submarine mines. In particular, the Forts at the mouth of the river (the river leading to Peking) which repulsed the allied