-
-
9.79 5.r5 9o7,463
Establishments
-
-
-
13.18
ro.56
rr. 86
Wages (workers)
8.37
1 2 .3 I
ro.3 2
5.5o
4.96
5· 2 3
Money and banking
Total deposits
18 .75
24. 26
2 1.47
1 5 . 5 l
$13 r, 206m
Total loans
18 .85
34· 2 5
2 6.3 2
15 .62
24.78
20 .II
$r83 ,95 2 m
Money supply, Mr
rr. 3 2
r3 .93
1 2 .62
8.3 0
5. 89
7.o9
$ 24,r 24m
Money supply, M:z:
17.15
18 .88
r8 .or
13. 96
ro.50
1 2 .22
$9 6,862 m
Public finance
Revenue
21 .22
ro.5 0
1 2 .67
rr.58
$ 2 r ,03 6m
Expenditure
rr. 24
22 .36
16.67
8. 22
r3. 73
ro.94
$r 8,44 2m
�
-.
�
r7.34
r3.59
('(:)
('\ ('(:)
Source: Cheng, J. Y. S. (ed.), Hong Kong in the I980s, p. 84. \..N
\..N
'--.)
3 3 8 Appendices
AP PEND IX 9
Stock Exchange Index and Turnover, 1 970-1 980
Hang Seng Index of Share Prices
Total Value of Stock Exchange Turnover
35 °
($m)
1 970
212
5 ,989
1 97 1
341
1 4,793
1 972
843
43,758
1 973
434
48,2 1 7
1 974
1 71
11 ,246
1 975
1 ,496
1 976
448
2, 348
4o4
1 ,205
1978
496
7,250
1 979
879
1 2,609
1 980
1 ,474
42, 1 74
1
977
Source: Cheng, J. Y. S. (ed. ), Hong Kong in the 1980s, p. 72.
APPENDIX I O
JOINT DECLARATION
OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
AND
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE QUESTION OF HONG KONG
The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China have reviewed with satisfaction the friendly relations existing between the two Governments and peoples in recent years and agreed that a proper negotiated settlement of the question of Hong Kong, which is left over from the past, is conducive to the maintenance of the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and to the further strengthening and development of the relations between the two countries on a new basis. To this end, they have, after talks between the delegations of the two Governments, agreed to declare as follows:
1. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that to recover the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong) is the common aspiration of the entire Chinese people, and that it has decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1 997•
2. The Government of the United Kingdom declares that it will restore Hong Kong to the
People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1 997.
The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that the basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong are as follows :
Upholding national unity and territorial integrity and taking account of the history of
Appendices 3 3 9
(2)
Hong Kong and its realities, the People's Republic of China has decided to establish, in accordance with the provisions of Article 3 r of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be directly under the authority of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government.
(4)
(3) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The laws currently in force in Hong Kong will remain basically unchanged.
Th� Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive will be appointed by the Central People's Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations to be held locally. Principal officials will be nominated by the chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for appointment by the Central People's Government. Chinese and foreign nationals previously working in the public and police services in the government departments of Hong Kong may remain in employment. British and other foreign nationals may also be employed to serve as advisers or hold certain public posts in government departments of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
) The current social and economic systems in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and so will the life-style. Rights and freedoms, including those of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of travel, of movement, of correspondence, of strike, of choice of occupation, of academic research and of religious belief will be ensured by law in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Private property, ownership of enterprises, legitimate right of inheritance and foreign investment will be protected by law.
) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory.
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of an international financial centre, and its markets for foreign exchange, gold, securities and futures will continue. There will be free flow of capital. The Hong Kong dollar will continue to circulate and remain freely convertible.
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will have independent finances. The Central People's Government will not levy taxes on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may establish mutually beneficial economic relations with the United Kingdom and other countries, whose economic interests in Hong Kong will be given due regard.
(ro) Using the name of "Hong Kong, China", the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may on its own maintain and develop economic and cultural relations and conclude · relevant agreements with states, regions and relevant international organisations.
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may on its own issue travel documents for entry into and exit from Hong Kong.
( r r) The maintenance of public order in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will 'be the responsibility of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administra tive Region.
3 40 Appendices
(12) The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong and the elaboration of them in Annex I to this Joint Declaration will be stipulated, in a Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, by the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, and they will remain unchanged for 50 years.
The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that, during the transitional period between the date of the entry into force of this Joint Declaration and 30 June 1997, the Government of the United Kingdom will be responsible for the administration of Hong Kong with the object of maintaining and preserving its economic prosperity and social stability; and that the Government of the People's Republic of China will give its cooperation in this connection.
The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that, in order to ensure a smooth transfer of government in 1997, and with a view to the effective implementation of this Joint Declaration, a Sino-British Joint Liaison Group will be set up when this Joint Declaration enters into force; and that it will be established and will function in accordance with the provisions of Annex II to this Joint Declaration. u
The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that land leases in Hong Kong and other related matters will be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Annex III to this Joint Declaration.
The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China agree to implement the preceding declarations and the Annexes to this Joint Declaration.
This Joint Declaration is subject to ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the
exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place in Beijing before 30 June 198 5. This Joint Declaration and its Annexes shall be equally binding.
Done in duplicate at Beijing on both texts being equally authentic.
For the
Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1984 in the English and Chinese languages,
For the Government of the
People's Republic of China
The text of the Joint Declaration is accompanied by three Annexes, an Exchange of Memoranda between the British and Chinese Governments, and a passage of Explanatory Notes. Annex I deals with the setting up of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (SAR), and also with the enactment at that time of the Basic Law for the SAR. This Annex, in its detailed points and in its detailed application, contains the crux of the whole matter of Hong Kong's future. It is about the implementation and interpretation of the Annex that discussion has been going on ever since it was announced. Wide-ranging consultations with all parties concerned and the hearing of opinions from everyone concerned who has wished to voice one have been undertaken.
Annex II deals with the setting up of the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group whose delib erations are important in assisting the process of defining meticulously, and to the satisfac-
Appendices 3 4 r
tion of all concerned, the Basic Law. The Basic Law was finally approved by the Chinese National People's Congress in Beijing in early April 1990.
Annex III deals with land leases, the subject which first brought the 1997 question into public prominence.
The Memoranda outline issues of nationality for Hong Kong citizens after 1997, while the Explanatory Notes further elaborate the whole matter.
APPEND IX I I
Governors of Hong Kong
Captain Charles Elliot Sir Henry Pottinger
Sir John D avis
Sir George Bonham Sir John Bowring
Sir Hercules Robinson William Mercer
Sir Richard Macdonnell Sir Arthur Kennedy
Sir John Pope Hennessy William Marsh
Sir George Bowen William Marsh
Major-General W. G. Cameron Sir William Des Voeux
Major-Genera! Digby Barker Sir William Robinson
Major-General W. Black Sir Henry Blake
Henry May
Sir Matthew Nathan Sir Frederick Lugard Sir Henry May
Sir Reginald Stubbs Sir Cecil Clementi Sir William Peel
Sir Andrew Caldecott Sir Geoffry Northcote
Lieutenant-General E. Norton Sir Mark Young
Sir Alexander Grantham Sir Robert Black
Sir David Trench
Sir Murray MacLehose Sir Edward Youde
Sir David Akers-Jones Sir David Wilson
(Administrator) (Administrator) (First Governor)
(Administered)
(Administered)
(Administered) (Administered)
(Administered) (Administered) (Administered)
(Administered)
(Administered)
January - August 1841 August 1841 -June 1843
June 1843 - May 1 844
May 1844 - March 1848
March 1848 - April 18 54
April 1854 - May 18 59
September 1859 - March 1865
March 18 65 - March 1866
March 18 66 - April 1872
April 1872 - March 1877
April 1877 - March 1882
March 1882- March 18 83
March 18 83 - December 1885
December 188 5 - April 18 87
April - October 18 87 October 1887 - May 1891
May - December 1891 December 1891 -January 1898
February - November 1898 November 1898 - November 1903
November 1903 - July 1904
July 1904 - April 1907
July 1907 - March 1912
July 19 12- February 1919
September 1919 - October 1925
November 1925 - February 1930
May 1930- May 193 5
December 193 5 - April 1937
November 1937- May 1 940
August 1940 - March 1941
September 1941 - May 1947
July 1947 - December 1957
January 1958 - March 1964
April 1964- October 1971
November 1971 - April 1982
May 1982 - December 1986
December 1986- April 1987
April 1987 -
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Arlington, L. C., Through the Dragon 's Eyes (London, Constable, 193 1).
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Belcher, Capt. E., Voyage Around the World (London, Henry Coburn, 1 843).
J.
Bird, I. L., The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither (Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press reprint, 1967).
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Chang, H. P., Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (Harvard, Harvard University Press, 19 64).
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Cree, E., The Voyages of Edward H. Cree, R.N. as Related in his Private Journals I 83 7-56,
ed. Michael Levien (Exeter, Webb and Bower, 1981).
Crisswell, C., The Taipans: Hong Kong's Merchant Princes (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1981).
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Harris, P., Hong Kong: A Study in Bureaucratic Politics (Hong Kong, Heinemann Asia, 1978).
Hayes, J., The Hong Kong Region I 850-I9II (Connecticut, Archon Books, 1977) . Hong Kong Government, Annual Reports (Hong Kong, Government Printer) .
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GL OS SARY
Amah Bazaar Cangue
Cash
A female Chinese servant
Area where local people live and trade
Portuguese canga, a yoke (Chinese chia). A square wooden frame fastened on the neck as punishment for minor offences . Prevented lying down or feeding
1
From Tamil kasu. Small copper coin with central hole
Catty
Malay kati. A weight of I /3
pounds
Coolie Co-hong
Comprador
Cumshaw Factory Godown Hong Havildar
Hoppo Junk
Kowtow Laisee
Lorcha Mandarin
Matshed Nullah Praya Ricksha
Sampan Shroff Tael
Taipan Typhoon Yamen
Hindi kuli, one of an aboriginal tribe of Gujarat. A workman
The group of Chinese merchants at Guangzhou with the theoretical monopoly of trade with foreigners
Portuguese comprar, to buy. A Chinese agent used by Western businesses to buy, sell, and negotiate with Chinese
Chinese gan xie, 'grateful thanks'. A gift of money for services rendered A warehouse and place of business
Malay gadang, a warehouse or storehouse
Chinese hong, a row or series. A commercial undertaking, a business Arabic hawalah, ' charge' plus the Persian dar, 'holding'. Via the Indian army, a sergeant
Chinese hubu, meaning Ministry of Revenue. The head of the Maritime Customs in early trading days
Javanese jong. Chinese riverine and coastal sailing vessels, of various types and sizes
The three kneelings and nine knockings of the head on the ground in respect Chinese li shi, in Cantonese pronunciation, money offered as a token of goodwill, generally at Lunar New Year
Portuguese. A ship of European design with Chinese rigging
Portuguese mandar, to command. A Chinese official. Also the northern pronunciation of the Chinese language
Structure of rattan matting on a skeleton of bamboo Hindi nala, a brook or ravine. An artificial watercourse Portuguese praia, a seashore road, an embankment
Abbreviation of Japanese jinricksha; jin, 'man', rick from riki, 'power',
sha, 'vehicle'. A hooded passenger vehicle pulled by a man Chinese sam, 'three', ban, 'plank'. A small boat, usually sculled Arabic saraf. A clerk receiving or dispensing money
Probably from Hindi tola, a weight, via Portuguese. An ounce (liang) of silver. But the weight varied from place to place
Chinese tai, 'big', ban, 'manager' or 'boss'. The head of a business From the Chinese tai fung meaning big wind
Official and private residence of a Chinese magistrate in office
AC KNO WLE DG EMENTS
The traditional paragraph or two of author's acknowl edgements are the only place where due, and in my case, heartfelt thanks can be offered publicly to those who, in one way and another, bear the responsibility of helping the author achieve the volume in which their names appear. Inherent in those paragraphs there is almost always an inescapable hint of the invidious, for it is never possible to mention every helping hand, and to choose from among them seems almost churlish. I know very well that those who are not mentioned below - a numerous throng - will individually be aware that I am grateful for their help, but that slender reward is regrettably all that I can publicly offer.
It is especially pleasing to acknowledge the large
contribution of Martyn Gregory and his wife (formerly Partricia Harland) whose generous loan of so many transparencies and prints of Hong Kong as it has been depicted by a variety of artists both professional and amateur over the decades, and which have passed through their hands at their London gallery, has greatly enriched the illustration of this volume. Their generosity is deeply appreciated. For similar reasons I would like to thank Alice Piccus of Christies Swire (Hong Kong) Limited, Frank Castle of the Asian Collector Ltd., Hong Kong, Margaret Lee, Assistant Archivist, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd. (and the Bank itself), and C.L.A. Haviland, Group Archivist of John Swire & Sons Ltd., London, for their efforts in locating transparencies and prints which have added more visual information to the book. My old friend Freda Wadsworth helped in obtaining reproduc tions of paintings in the British Government Collection in London, and Patrick Conner assisted uncomplainingly with bibliographical chores. Lam Ka-ping helped with Chinese language.
Last, and very important, I want to thank my editors at Oxford University Press, who for reasons of pub lishers' protocol cannot be named, for patient, pro longed, intelligent application to the task of editing the manuscript. The results of editorial labours are generally only appreciable by other professionals
but they are an integral part of whatever merit the book has.
Naturally, errors and shortcomings are attributable solely to the author himself.
Photographs and illustrations were supplied by, or reproduced by kind permission of the following: The Asian Collector Ltd., Hong Kong 9, r or, r o 5, r 5 5, r 7 5;
Frank Fischbeck 9r, r r 4, rr8 , 214, 23 3; Government
Information Services, Hong Kong r4, 68, 76, 109, rr 9,
r 20, r30, 145, 183 , 201, 220, 234, 268, 270, 28 2, 283,
286, 287, 291, 297, 299 ( foot) , 3 00, 301, 302, 31 5;
Martyn Gregory 45, 56, 57, 6r, r oo, r8 o; Penelope Harland 246; the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd. 99, ro2, 137, 210, 224, 232, 238,
239 (top), 239 ( foot) , 240, 241, 263 (top); Illustrated London News 29, 79, Sr; Merchant Company Educa tion Board, Edinburgh, Scotland 199; National Portrait Gallery, London r9, 189, 203 ; Elyse Parkin, Hong Kong Heritage (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1979) 215; Public Record Office, London 236; Public
Records Office, Hong Kong 133, 185, 217, 23 1, 299 (top); Punch r9r; Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, The Life of Christ by Chinese Artists (London, 1940) rr5 ; South China Morning Post 255 , 260, 263
(foot), 264, 267, 269, 3 r r, 3 23; John Swire & Sons Ltd.
62, 94, 206, 208 ; United Kingdom Government Art Collection, London 28; Urban Council Hong Kong, Museum of Art 33 (top), 33 (foot), 58, r7r, 172; Urban Council Hong Kong, Museum of History r 50, 173, r9 3, 195, 196, 200, 2r r; R.T. Walker Esq. 23 0.
Maps: that on p. 6 is reproduced by kind permission of Kelly and Walsh, Hong Kong; that on p. r3 is re printed by permission of the publishers from Hsin-pao Chang, Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (Cam bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964); the lower plan on p. r 54 is reproduced by kind permission of Hong Kong University Press; the map on p. 258 is reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press. The endpaper maps are reproduced with the permission of the Director of Buildings and Lands, © Hong Kong Government.
INDEX
Numbers in italics refer to plates.
Aberdeen, Lord, 28
Aberdeen (village), 35 , 62, 65 ; school, 115; pupils in school, 11 6; water supply to, 184; 219
Academy for Performing Arts, opened, 3 04
Acting Governor, decision on ap pointment policy, 134
Admiralty, refuses to move docks, 172
Agincourt, HMS� 5 2
Air Raid Precautions Dept., and the blackout scandal, 252-3
Air travel, expansion of, 23 5; price, speed, comparison with rail, 23 5
Alaska, 73
Albany (residences), 57, 60 Alcock, Rutherford, British Minister
in Beijing, takes Chinese side, 158 -9
Aldrich plan, 1843, 39
Alice Memorial Hospital, 188 , 21 2 Amaral, J. M. F., Governor of
Macau, murder of, 72
America, 6 5, anti-colonial policy
of, 265-6
American Baptist Mission, 40 Anderson, Dr A., 63
Anglo-Chinese College, the, 40, 103
Anglo-French forces, 9 3
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, signed, 209
Anstey, T. C., 77, 83, retires, 90 Anti-kidnap Association, ro8
Ap Lei Chau, temple, 40 Archaeological excavation in Hong
Kong, stone artefacts 6000 BC, pottery c. 3 5 oo BC, bronzes, Yueh fishermen's shelters, rock carv ings, Eastern Han tomb, 3 3 3
Arlington, L. C., and the 'White wash Brigade', 168; 330
1
57
Arrow (lorcha) incident, the, 78-9,
Arts Centre, opened, 3 04 Atkinson, R. L. P., 331
Auden, W. H., on the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, 240; 3 ro
Austin, J. G., 147 Australia, 73
Au Tak, and the first airstrip, 221 Ayres, Dr Phineas, and the Civil
Hospital, 13 2-3 ; arrives in Hong Kong, 153; his reports, 15 3-6; castigates Sanitary Board, 187
Ball, Judge, retires, 136 'Bamboo Ordinance', 48
Banks, first in Hong Kong, a branch of the Oriental, 98; Chartered and Mercantile of India, and Bank of India, Agra and United Services, open, 98, defrauded 95,
108, 271 ; of China, 3 00; Canton Trust, failure of, 3 09; Hang Seng taken over, 3 09; Banco Marino, Macau, 218; Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, 271
Bard, Solomon, 342
Barker, Major-General D., admin- isters government, 1 64; 182, 216
Barker Road, 201
Barnes, Acting Governor, dies, 216 Battle for Hong Kong, casualty list,
336
Baxter, Revd W., 77 Baxter, Miss S. H., 113 -14
Baxter Vernacular Schools, 114, rr8
Beijing, 6, 7; government, 11; 72,
80; British Minister in, 82; Anglo French occupation of, 82
Belcher, Capt. Edward, raises the flag, 26; Voyage A round the World, 26; makes survey, 33
Belilios, E. R., appointed to Legis lative Council, background, 145; presents a school to government, 202
Belilios Girls School, 203 Bellairs, Lieut. W. T., RN, 56
Bell-Irving, J. J., unofficial member of Executive Council, 190
Benes, Eduard, Czechoslovak Pres ident, 247
Bengal, source of tea, 1 1
Bentham, Jeremy, 57
Berger, Capt., and the Hong Kong Regiment at Tai Po Hui, 194
Beveridge Report, the, reflections in Hong Kong, 286
Bias Bay, Japanese troops land at,
254
Bible, The, the Delegates Version, 40
Bird, Isabella� 1 sr , 177, 330 Bird, J. R., 34
Black Hole of Hong Kong, 82 Black, Sir Robert, arrives in Hong
Kong, announces financial auto nomy, 276
Blake Pier, 216
Blake, Sir Henry, arrives in Hong Kong, 193; r95; blames Tan Chung-Jin, . 194; deploys the Hong Kong Volunteers, 194; dis cusses Kowloon city jurisdiction with Li Hongzhang, 194; and land ownership, 196; tours New Territories, 196; ideas on New Territories administration, 198; moves to Mountain Lodge, 200; campaign against rats, 200; and improved sanitation, 200; Post Office begun under, 201; and education, 202; reluctance in forming education policy, 203 - 4; leaves Hong Kong, 205
Blockade, the, 15 2, r 5 7-61; first episode in, 158; in Kennedy's time, 15 9; impact on Hong Kong, 161; ends in Des Voeux's time, 173
Blue Funnel Line, 207 Board of Audit, 68
Board of Chinese Vernacular Pri mary Education, formed, 203 ; its schools fail, 218
Bocca Tigris (Tiger's Mouth), 2; forts taken, 24
Bogue, Supplementary Treaty of, 3 0-1, 42
Bolton, 75