66.r
Some analogies exist today. It is, forrexample, against the laws of SaudirArabia to allow the import and salerof whisky, which in the UnitedrKingdom is freely on sale. Somerpeople in Britain consider alcoholrdeplorable, but this is not a generallyrheld opinion, and many morer
people think Saudi justice barbaric. The Saudi authorities would doubtless, unlike the Chinese, take vigorous action, but the British government could not prevent some enterprising salesman setting up a depot convenient for, but outside the jurisdiction of, Saudi Arabia and selling as much Scotch as he could persuade the inhabitants to buy. It is even possible that many people would wish him well, but whether the Foreign Office would want to discourage such activities depends on how anxious it was to keep on the right side of the Saudi Arabian government. So it was in the nineteenth century. Opium was freely admitted into Britain and freely on sale: certain sections of the population disapproved, but this objection was by no means general; and Chinese justice was considered barbaric. The Chinese authorities showed only intemuttent and feeble opposition to the traffic; the best solution, it was thought, would surely be that China should drop
its unreasonable ban and allow the
importation and sale of opium.
67.rQuoted in Morley, Tht life of Gladstone, vol. ii, p. 225. There was,rto be sure, an element that objectedrto the opium trade on moral grounds:rbut the Tory opposition, while readyrto take advantage of these sentimentsr(which, on the whole they did notrshare, but Gladstone had a problemrof addiction in his family), were out,rfirst and last, to lever the Whigs fromrpower.r
CHAPTER 4
Admiral William Parker's papers (still largely untapped) in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, indicate
582 NOTES
the difficulties of working with Pottinger. Parker, who had been one of Nelson's frigate captains, was a disciplinarian with a great capacity for detail: 'No officer of Parker's day made so deep an impression on the na,yy, by reason, not of extraordinary talent, but of exceptional fixity of purpose' (DNB). It was to be expected that he would find Pottinger's high-handed and violent methods unpalatable, but even Gough, the most aggressive -in a military sense -of commanders (and like Pottinger, very 'Irish'), thought the Plenipotentiary went too far.
Not all the relevant documents on Hong Kong are to be found in the First Historical Archives in Beijing, since some were removed to Taiwan in 1949. But the practice of making copies of all zouzhe memorials, together with the Imperial comments thereon, has ensured that a rich and informative collection remains, preserved under modern conditions. The exchange between Ch'i-ying and the Emperor, translated here by Charles Aylmer, Head of the Chinese Section of the CambridgeUniversity Library, indicates how it was the preservation of revenue, and not the relatively minor point of allowing the British to take Hong Kong, that preoccupied Tao-kuang.
I. Chang, op. cit., p. 212r
2.r
JMPLB, 13January 1841. Mathesonrhad mixed feelings about Elliot; herunderstood the Superintendent'sraversion to needless slaughter, andrapplauded his honesty, but was frequently exasperated by what seemed his indecisivess.r
3.
CRC.rJardine to Palmerston, 'A Paper of Hints', 14 December 1839
4.r
Vol. ii. no. 8, p. 36gr
5.r
Foreign Office (FO) 17/4, 27rDecember 1833; and see CaptainrMaxwell's log, quoted Sayer, Hong
Kong: Birth, Adolescence and Coming of
Agt, p. 28. The account is of the East Larnma Chan.el; the Amherst embassy did not approach Victoria Harbour.
6.rFO 17/36, 17 November 1839r
7.r
Hansard, Lords, 7 May 1841r
8.r
Queen Victoria, Ltttm, vol. i, 1 April 1841. The Princess Royal was therQueen's first child, later Empress ofrGermany and mother of KaiserrWilhelm II.r
9.r
The text is printed in Morse, Int. Rei., vol. i, Appendix Gr
10.rElliot Correspondence, R1 (56) 83r
II. ibid.r
12.r
Fay's 11zt Opium War 1840-42 gives the best account of the fighting.rGough was a difficult man to stop.rHe had similar problems with HenryrHardinge during the first Sikh war,r;,erhaps the hardest-foughtrcampaign of the nineteenthrcentury.r
13.r
Even Professor Wakeman has beenraffected by the Chinese view ofrSan-yuan-li, stating (The Fall of Imperial China, p. 137) that 'English'rtroops had been attacked. It wasrprecisely because they were Indianrthat they were especiallyrcommended by Wellington himselfr(House of Lords, 14 Februaryr1843).r
14.r
Emily Eden, Ltttm, 1 August 1841.r
Emily was one of her cousinr
Charles's sternest critics.r
15.rElliot Correspondence, 24 Augustr
1841r
16.ribid., 20 October 1841r
17.r
Greville, op. cit., 19 November 1841r
18.r
All from Elliot Correspondence. Seeralso Henry Taylor, Autobiography,rpp. 187-244r
19.r
See e.g. Houston's letters of 7 May and 15 June 1843, in the Houston Collection, University of Texas.
NOTES
20.r
Abbe Hue, A Journey through Tartary and Thibet, vol. ii, p. 285. For the Elliot letter see Minto Papers MS 19422ff 185-7Vr
21.
Parker Papers, National Maritime
Museum, Greenwich
22.r
Queen Victoria, Lenm, vol. i, p.' 265r
23.r
Bentinck, op. cit., pp. 1209-10r
24.r
Emily Eden, op. cit., to Lady .r
Buckingham, 8 October 1841r
25.r
Moneypenny and Buckle, The Life oft
Disraeli
26.rFO 17/56, 13 April 1842r
27.r
Parker Papersr
28.r
First Historical Archives, Beijingr
29.rOuchterlony, The Chinese War,
p.r232r
30.rFairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, p. 92rJ 1. Kuo, op. cit., p. 163r
32.r
H. Knollys, The Life of General Sir Hope Grant, vol. i, p. 36. Grant, an amiable man and effective soldier,rowed his staff appointment to his skill with the 'cello, since Lord Saltoun,rhis commander, was putting togetherran ensemble.r
33.r
Canton Register, 1 September 1842r
34.r
A Chinese view of the negotiationsris given in the diary of Chang Hsir(trans. S.Y. Teng). Chang writes of himself in the third person: 'Whenrthe barbarian chieftains . . . pouredra cup of foreign wine and presentedrit to him, he drank it in one gulprwithout leaving a drop. As lucid andrstraightforward as a heap of pebblesrfalling down, he had not the slightestrsense of suspicion or fear. Therbarbarians respected his franknessrand especially esteemed his great capacity for drinking.'r
35.r
Knollys, op. cit., p. 34. The 'navalrobserver's' impressions arerrecorded in the Nautical Magazine, vol. xii, p. 748, 1843.r
36.r
S. Lane-Poole, Sir Ha")' Parkes in China, pp. 28, 33r
37.r
E.H. Cree,Journals, p. 113. Cree'srjournals, edited by Michael Le\ien,rand illustrated with Cree's ownrsketches, give an incomparablerimpression of early Hong Kong.r
38.r
Queen Victoria, Lenm, vol. i, p. 441,r23 November 1842r
39.r
Punch, vol. iii, p. 238r
40.r
The 'most-favoured nation' conceptris viewed by Marxists as a capitalistrplot. It was meant as a method ofrensuring 'free trade' but became an excuse to extract concessions fromrChina: it is now of great importancerto China that .;he remains ar'most-favoured nation'.r
41.r
CRC, Pottinger to Aberdeen, 29rAugust 1842r
42.r
J.B. Urmston, 'Chusan and HongrKong'r
43.rWang Tseng-Tsai, Tradition and Change in China's Management oftForeign Affairs
44. Hansard, Lords, 11 February 1843r45.rFO 705/54, 11 December 1841r
46.r
For a discussion of the treaty portsr
system see Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy
4
7. First Historical Archives, Beijing, trans. Charles Aylmer
48.r
ibid.r
49.r
ibid., Emperor to Ch'i-ying, inrCh'i-ying to Emperor, 13 Decemberr1843r
50.r
ibid., Ch'i-ying to Emperor, 31rDecember 1843r
5 1. Little Frederick Keying became in due course Inspector Sir Frederick Pottinger of the New South Wales Police, and featut es in the history of that state and in Rolf Boldrewood's novel Robbery Under Anns
52.rFairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, p.r114r
NOTES
CHAPTER 5 16.ribid., 22 February 1843r
1.r
Johnston mss. in Hong Kong PublicrRecords Officer
2.r
See CRC. As Governor-General,rLord Auckland was directly in chargerof the British expedition to China,rbut both he and Elliot were alsorvery conscious of their familyrconnexion.r
3.r
Hong Kong Gautte (the officialrjournal of the colony, laterrpublished with the Fn'end of China),
7 June 1841; and see Eitel, Europe in .rChina, pp. 172ff
4.rJohnston mss.r
5.rCanl1i11 Registtr, 25 April 1836r
6.rFrinui of China, 4 May 1844. Elevenryears before, Macao had a Rossinirseason performed by the 'Corpsrd'Opera Ambulant' (L. and M. Ride,r
p.r53)r.
7.rFor a description of the Chma Coastrjournals see F.H.H. King (ed.),A Research Guide to China Coast Newspapm 1822-1911
8.rFO 17/56, 3 May 1842r
9.rFO 705/49, November 1841r
10.r
Ashburton was a convenient pocketrborough for the China trade. Evenrafter the Reform Act it had only 262relectors (in 1846), who could berpurchased reasonably inexpensively.rJardine was succeeded by JamesrMatheson, and James by his nephewrAlexander.r
11.r
A. Reid, in M. Keswick (ed.), The Thistk and the Jade: 150 YearJ of Jardine Matheson, a handsomeraccount of the Princely Hong.r
12.r
C. Sedgewick, .ttm from Abroad
13.rThackeray, Mr Brownt's Lettm
14.r
FO 705/ 42 and / 49; and seerCheong, op. cit., on the Hongrdebtsr
15.r
FO 705154, from a private letter torMorrison, 3 March 1842r
17.rCanton Registtr, 18 December 1842r
18.rHoe, The Private Life of Old Hong Kong, pp. 58-9r
19.rG. Pottinger, The WarofthetAxe, p. 273r
20.rG.M. Thea!, History of South Africa, p.r51r
21.rIn Chinese Review, vol. i, pp. 163-76r
22.rSee W.K. Chan, Thei',1akingtofHong
Kong Society, pp. 75ff. This book,rwhich draws upon the JardinerMatheson and the Tung Wah Hospital records, as well as officialr
sources, is essential to anrunderstanding of the evolution ofrChinese leadership in Hong Kong.r
23.rJ.F. Davis, in CO 12g/23, quoted inrChan, op. ciL, p. 72r
24.rSpenre, The Search for Modem China, pp. 197-8r
25.rAs with many Chinese who haverbecome prominent in Hong Kong,rHo-Ch'i's name is rendered in manyrways. The most usual alternative isrHo Kai.r
CHAPTER 6
1.rFriend of China, 5 August 1846r
2.rAlexander Matheson Hong KongrPrivate Letter Book (AMPLB), 19rJune 1844r
3.ribid., 27 March 1844
4. Lord Fitzmaurice, Life of the Seamd Earl Grarrville, vol. i, p. 148r
5.rFO 17/85, 28 April 1844
6.r
Martin's allegations eventuallyrresulted in the publication of thervoluminous collection, 'PapersrRelating to the Colony of HongrKong' (PRCHK), of which this isrNo. 1, 20/8/44. The extracts whichrfollow on the Marti�g affair are fromrthe same source under therappropriate date.r
7.r
Chamberlain, LordAbmken, p. 367r
NOTES 585
8.r
The statistics are taken from Morse,rlnt. Rela, vol. ir
9.r
'Statements and SuggestionsrRegarding Hong Kong Addressed torthe Hon. Francis Scott M.P.'r
10.r
Legge, 'The Colony of Hong Kong',rin Chinese Rl!Vitw, vol. i, 187:2r
11.
Blue Book 1847, vol. v, Select
Committee, para. :2175
1:2. Hoe, op. cit., p. 5:2
13.r
PRCHK No. 1r
14.r
Blue Book 1847, vol. v, SelectrCommittee, para. :288:2r
15.r
Notary Public, Coroner, Clerk of therCoun and Interpreter at twenty-two, Registrar-General four years later, Samuel Fearon was the son of Charles and Eliza Fearon, residents of Macao since 18:20.
16.rCO 1:29/i:2, :24June 1845r
17.rAffaires Diverses Consulaires, Quaird'Orsay. The French Depanementrdes Affaires Etrangeres collectionrhas limited information on HongrKong, since there was no consulaterin the colony for some time, but whatrdoes exist is informative andrentenaining.r
18.rCO 1:2g/11, 8 March 1845r
19. Frimd of China, 5 July 1845. For theractivities of the Hong Kong couns see J.W. Nonon-Kyshe, History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong.
:20. Quoted Fairbank, Trade and
Dip/rnnacy, p. 245
21. CO 1:2g/3 77, :24 August 1843
22.ribid.r
:23. The extracts in this paragraph arerfrom AMPLB :27 March 1844, 6 May 1844 and :28 April 1845 respectively
24.rThe unpublished letters ofrLieutenant Collinson (Collinsonrinss.) in_Hong Kong Public RecordsrOffice. These letters are one of therbest sources of information on earlyrHong Kong.r
:25. Cunynghame, The Opium War,
pp. :203ff :26. Collinson mss.
27.rAMPLB by A. Reid in Keswick,rop. cit. Jardine's Bazaar andrJardine's Crescent (which it isn't)rdo exist in Wanchai, but there isrstill nothing named after theirrrivals.r
:28. Collinson mss., :26 January 1845 :29. Eitel, op. cit., p. :2:2:2
30.rW. Leslie etc., 6 December 1844.r
Eitel, op. cit., p. 2:26r
31. G.B. Endacott, The Guvernment and People of Hong Kong 1841-1962,
pp. 75-6
3:2. FO 288/34
33.r
Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, p.r:242r
34.r
Quoted in ibid., p. 135. The Chineseroriginal document has not (I think)rbeen published, and I did not find arcopy in the Beijing Archives: butrthere were good reasons forrCh'i-ying not wishing to publicizerthis concession. Pottinger sent artranslation in his despatch of 3rNovember 1842, which is publishedrin the Opium Papers 1857, and therBritish cenainly believed (they hadrgood reasons for wishing to believe)rthese encouraging sentiments: seeralso n.36 below.r
35.r
Whitbeck, 'The Historical Vision ofrKung Tzu-chen', pp. 205-6r
36.r
The Hope case is discussed inrFairbank, Trade and Dipla,
rnnacy
pp. 138-43, but see n.37r
37.r
In the Parker Papers, which do notrseem to have bef.",1 consulted by Fairbankr
38.r
Mitchell Repon, :28 Decemberr1850, PRCHKr
J 9. First Historical Archives, Beijing
40.rFairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, p.r281r
586 NOTES
41.r
First Historical Archives, Beijing,rNovember 1844r
42.r
ibid.,rJuly 1844r
43.r
ibid., reporting on Davis's visit to Liantongr
44.rG. Smith, Na"atioe of an Expwratory Visit to Each of the Consular Cities of China, p. 495, and Morse, lnt. ReL,rvol. i, p. 371r
45.r
For a review of the Compton casersee W.C. Costin, Great Britain and China, pp. 120-34r
46.r
'Pencillings on the Rock', D' Aguilarrms. in Royal CommonwealthrSocietyr
47.r
ibid. D'Aguilar had seen troublercoming, writing in March 1847:r'worse and worse, an Englishmanrcannot shew himself now withoutrinsult and even the risk of his life'.r
48.r
Nye, op. cit. For the reaction of the British in Canton, see Eitel, op. cit.,rpp. 216-17r
49.r
Norton-Kyshe, op. cit., p. 96r
50.r
Cree, op. cit., p. 175r
51.
Eitel, op. cit., p. 249r
52.r
Legge, op. cit., p. 163r
CHAPTER 7
1. Select Committee of the House of Commons to Enquire into the Present State of the Commercial Relations between Great Britain and China, March 1847, Items 1940-
2.rLord Grey, The Cownial Polity of Lord John Russell. Administration,r
pp. 263-5r
3.r
Wakeman gives an excellent precisrof the period in The Fall of Imperial China
4.
Bai Shouyi, op. cit., p. 43. The bestraccount of the Taiping is JonathanrSpence's God's Chinese Son (London, 1996)r
5.r
An account of Bowring's dubiousr
transactions in the Greek Committee is given in W. St Clair, That Gree. Miglit Still be Free, Chapter 22. For Bowring' s personal history see his
Autobiographical Recolleaions.
6.
George Villiers, Earl of Clarendon,rLife and Lettm, p. So
7.
See P.C. Coates, China Consuls,rfor an interesting account of therearly selection policy -and muchrelser
8.r
Quoted in Fairbank, Trade andrDiplomaty, p. 380r
9.r
Affaires Diverses Consulaires, Q�gaird'Orsayr
10.r
The relevant documents, fromrwhich the following extracts are taken, are published in the Parliamentary Papers as Correspondence Relative to Entrance into Canton (CREC)r
11.
SeeJ.Y. Wong,rAngw-Chinese Relations 1839-60, for a thorough discussion
12.
Grey, op. cit., p. 265
13.r
'Statements to Francis Scott M.P.',rop. cit.r
14.r
From Lane-Poole, op. cit., vol. irp.r194r
15.r
Alcock's report to Bowring of 15rJune 1854, in FO 97/ioo, quotedrin Fairbank, Trade and Dipwmaty,rPart 5, p. 456, n.Kr
16.rFairbank, Trade and Diplomaty,rp.r462r
17.r
ibid., p. 277r
18.r
The correspondence betweenrParkes and Bowring, from whichrthese extracts are taken, is -understandably, s:Oce it gives far toormuch away ,'Jf the collusion betweenrthe two -not reproduced in CREC,rbut is found, still unpublished, in therParkes Papers, CambridgerUniversity Library
19.r
Notably by Douglas Hurd, in Ther:,im,111' War (London, 1966)r
NOTES
20.t
Malmesbury, Memoirs, vol. ii, 6t
February 1857t
21.
Queen Victoria, lettm, vol. iii, p.t23t1
22.t
Fitzmaurice, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 245t
23.t
Lord Blachford, lettm, p. 162t
24.t
Queen Victoria, lenm, vol. iii,tp.t300, 4 September 1858t
25.tJ. Morley, 1ne Life of Gladstone,
vol. i, p. 565t
26.t
See Hibbert, 1ne Dragon Wakes, Chapter 14, passimt
27.t
Lane-Poole, op. cit., vol. i, p. 284t
28.tFO 171287, 31 March 1858t
CHAPTER 8
1.
Pundi, vol. xv, 1848, p. 125
2.t
The Anstey saga is published, inttedious detail, in Papers Relating to Abuses in the Colony of Hong Kong (Blue Book), from which subsequent extracts are taken
3.t
But Julian Pauncefote, Hong Kong Attorney-General and later atdistinguished diplomat, took a more pragmatic view of Caldwell: 'Sometthink that he is an ill-used, buttrespectable man, while others dotnot share this opinion, but so longtas he comes and says "I can get thetmurderers" we can give no othertanswer than ''we are glad if you can".' Mowat, 1ne life of lord Paunafote, p. 17t
4.t
Hibbert, op. cit., Chapter 13, n.1t
5.t
Eitel, op. cit., pp. 3 rofft
6.tibid., p. 3 11t
7.tQ�goted Hao, 1ne Commercial Revolution in Ninetemth-CmturyaChina, p. 200. 'Alum' is also 'ZhangtAlin', which makes for confusion.tThe incident is said to have left 'atlegacy of bitterness andtanti-colonialism' (Jung-fang Tsai,tin Ming K. Chan, Pmarious Balance, p. 14)t
8.tHong Kong Gazette, no. 35, 14tFebruary 1857t
9.tibid., no. 95, 25 June 1857t
10. Ellis, Hong Kong to Manila, pp. 5-7t
11 . Printed in Correspondence Relative to the Reconstruction of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Blue Book), 1855, 1856
12.t
For an account of the conditions intthe trade see W.K. Chan, op. cit.,tChapter 5t
13.t
See Keppel's own, unapologetic, version of the story in his autobiography. For missions see G.tSmith, Narrative; C.T. Smith,tChinese Christians; Endacott andtShe, Diocese of Victoria
14.t
Hoe, op. cit., p. 121t
15. CO 129122, 16January 1847,tquote<l in Sweeting, Education in Hong Kong, p. 177. This useful rommentary includes a wide range of primary material.
16.t
Even bishops could not be replaced without scandal in Hong Kong. Bishop Alford, who succeededtSmith, was appointed as a result of atpolitical 'job'.t
17.t
For the Keenan episodes see UStState Department Archives,-HongtKong Consular Paperst
18.
'A Memorandum on the Kowloon Peninsula', 6 June 1859
19.tJ. Bodell, A Soldier's View of Empire, p.t64t
20.tKnollys, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 49t
21. See Parkes Papers, Cambridge University Library, and Lane-Poole, op. cit.
22.tProfessor WakemJn (77,e Fall of Imperial China, pp. 157-8)tminimizes the gravity of the offence when he writes that the negotiatol'l' were 'imprisoned'. Torturing and killing the correspondent of 11,etTimes, to say nothing of the others,twas as shocking then as it would
588 NOTES
have been today: and the reprisals
today might well be more brutal.
23.
Knollys, op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 1641T.
24.2
Eitel, op. cit., p. 3622
25.2To Sir George Arthur, 6 April 1844. Quoted2J.W. Cell, British Colonial Administration in the Mid Ninttemth Cmtu,y, p. 152
26.2
See G.O. Trevelyan, Macau/ayt's Life and Ltttm, Chapter 172
27.2
For cadets see HJ. Lethbridge,
Hong Kong: Stability and Change,
Chapter 2
28. Professor Frank King's monumental four-volume History of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation relieves the researcher of a great deal of trouble, and is here much drawn upon
29.2
Kendall letters, National Maritime Museum, P.& 0. collection
30.2
For the National Bank of India see
G.2Tyson, Ont Hundred Yean of Banking in Asia and Africa
31.
John Dent's extravagance -he spent �Gio,ooo on a racehorse for the Hong Kong track -may have been in pan to blame. Young Alfred Dent, a clerk in the Shanghai office at the time, was determined to resurrect the family Hong, which he did by creating the firm which became the British National Borneo Company.
32.2
B. Lubbock, 771t Opium Clippers,t
pp.2371-3
33.2
King, op. cit., vol. i, p. 16o
34. 33 Henry VIII c.9
35.2
These and subsequent extracts are from Correspondence Relating to Gambling Houses in Hong Kong, 1868 (Blue Book)
36.2
ibid. Memorandum of the Attorney General, 29 November 1870.2MacDonnell, together with his predecessor Robinson, was considered by the (somewhat
condescending) pennanent staff of the Colonial Office as among the most able men' in the service (Taylor ms.)
3
7. Eitel, op. cit., pp. 44off.
38.2
See monograph, 'Seals and Flags', in Hong Kong Collection, Hong Kong University.
39.
A. Smith, To China and Back, pp. 23-352
40.
A. Weatherhead mss., Hong Kong Collection, Hong Kong University
41.
Bodell, op. cit., pp. 61-71. Bodell enjoyed himself more than Lieutenant Oilando Bridgeman of the 98th, who tetchily recorded: 'I am going this afternoon to see the thoughtless pan of the garrison play cricket. I call them thoughtless becaus,:: I conceive it to be perfect madness ... to play cricket under a vertical sun . . . I have no desire to leave my body in this horrid place.' Robin Maclachlan in JHKBRAS, vol. 14, 1974.
42.2
For Masonic activities see Haffner,
The Craft in the Eastt
43. Many histories of Hong Kong have ignored or glossed over the emergence of Chinese organizations within the colony. After the publication of Dr Elizabeth Sinn's monograph on the Tung Wah Hospital, 'Power and Charity' in 1989, and Dr W.K. Chan's 17,e Malting of Hong Kong Society in 1991, an entirely fresh look must be taken at the development of such extra-governmental bodies, which are likely to be of importance in the future.
44. Y.P. Hao, The Comprador in Ninttemth-Cmtu,y China, pp. 201 -6. For the importance of compradore finance in the early industrialization of China see the following table, compiled from Hao:
NOTES 589
Source of Capital of Chinese Enterprises (percentage)
Enterprise Government Merchants
Chinese Steamship Coal Mines Cotton mills Machinery 6.94 25.79 Co 20.98 21.9 17.36 27.36
CHAPTER 9
1.o
Papers Relating to Restrictions uponoChinese at Hong Kong (PRRC),oAyres, 8July 188oo
2.o
Eitel, op. cit., p. 514o
3.o
Pope Hennessy is the subject of aobiography by his grandson, JamesoPope-Hennessy, Verandah, from which the information is derived.oThe suggestion is made thatoHennessy was the prototype foroTrollope's hero Phineas Finn.o
4.o
Rhodes House: Pope HennessyoCollection (Box 8). The exasperatedoofficials' comments run to manyopages. It was not only theoGovernor's personal acerbities buto
.uch other disadvantages as hisoinability to distinguish betweenoCapital and Revenue income thatoinfuriated the permanent civil servants.o
5.o
Kimberley journal: JohnoWodehouse, Earl Kimberley,osucceeded as Colonial Secretaryowhen the Liberals came to poweroin 188o. But by then Hennessy hadoexhausted whatever sympathy heomight have had from his own party.o
6.o
PRRC, Hennessy, 19 April 188ooand 29 April 1881, and Price, 15oAugust 1881o
7.o
PRRC, io August 1881o
8.o
PRRC, Chadwick para 248, 18 Julyo1882o
Gentry/ official Compradores Total ($,ooo)
12.77 54.5 1,958
33.89 27.64 62.7 23.23 27.68 3,645 , 18,047 2,887
9.oBlue Book 1866, vol. I, 25 July 1865
.
10.oPapers Relating to the Flogging of Prisoners in Hong Kong: Hennessy to Hicks Beach 28 September 1878, Blue Book 1878-9, vol. Ii
11.oibid., 13 May 1879o
12.o
Labouchere to Bowring, 29 Julyo1856; see also Chapter 8o
13.o
See Endacott, The Guvemment andoPeople of Hong Kong 1841-1962,
p.o95. Ng Choy is known in Chineseohistory as Wu Ting-fang.o
14.o
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9thoeditiono
15.o
For the regulation of prostituti?n seeoPapers Relating to the ContagmusoDiseases Ordinance, Hong Kongo(PRCDO), and N. Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule 1912-1941, Chapter 10o
16.o
Labouchere to Bowring, 27 Augusto1856, printed in PRCDO, p. 207o
17.o
Colonial Surgeon's report for 1869oprinted in China Association'sosubmission to the Colonial Office,oenclosed in Robinson to Chamber-lain, 30June 1897, PRCDOo
18.o
J. Pope-Hennessy , Verandah. Forothe illegitimate children see p. 52,oand for Hennessy in Hong Kong seeoBook vi.o
19.o
Carnarvon to Hennessy, 25 Januaryo
1878, PRCDO .
20.oEnclosed in Admiralty to ColonialoOffice, 13 November 1879, PRCDOo
590 NOTES
21.
Kipling, From Sea to Sea
22.e
Minute, 10 February 1863, on Shanghai British Chamber of Commerce memorial of 4 September 1862 to Lord John Russell. BT Gen Dept 11411863
23.e
Coates, op. cit., p. 198e
24.e
JM Letter Book, 30 March 1861e
25.e
Circular No. 8, 1864, quoted Morse, lnt. ReL, vol. ill, Appendix D
26.
For the above, and a detailed discussion of relations between British traders and investors in China, represented by the China Association and the British authorities -relations rarely cordial, and always tinged with the suspicion of which Mallet's outburst is only one example -see
N.ePelcovits' erudite and winy Old China Hands and the Foreign Office
27.
For details of the Revenue dispute see the prolix and tedious 'Correspondence relating to the Complaints of the Mercantile Community in Hong Kong against the Action of Chinese Revenue Cruizers and the neighbourhood of the Colony', initiated by Kennedy on 10 July 1874, and the 'Further Correspondence relating to &c.' continued by Acting Governor Gardiner Austin on 9June 1875.e
28.e
Morse, lnt. ReL, vol. ii, p. 382e
29.e
Quoted in Spence, The Search for Modmi China, p. 204. Wen Hse-ang (Wenxiang) was Prince Kung's right-hand man at the Tsungli Yamen until his death in 1876. For the British government's views see Blue Book 1870, China, No. 11, 7
30.
Blue Book, 'Correspondence re Cruizers' and 'Further Correspondence' for this and subsequent extracts
J 1. Coates, op. cit., p. 198
32.e
Hart, lettm: The l.G. in Pelting, letters 577 (11 July 1886) and 595e(8 April 1887)e
33.e
Morse, lnt. ReLe, vol. ii, p. 38<Je
34.e
Pope-Hennessy, op. cit., Book vi
35.e
Mosby, in his Memoirs, gives an account of Consular existence, which he seeins to have enjoyed
36.
I. Hird, The Goldm Chmonae,
p. 125, and letter in Rhodes House CH Box 8, 8 January 1879, in which she says the Bishop's wife is 'eperhaps a little like Mrs Proudie'. Some more unpublished comments of Isabella Bird are found in Susanna Hoe's excellent book, pp. 125-6e
37.e
Mrs G. Cumming, Wanderings. For the theatre see C.T. Smith, in JHKBRAS, vol. 22, 1982e
38.e
Lady Brassey, A Voyage in tht 'Sunbeam', p. 373e
39.e
J. Thoinson, Tht Strails of Mala.a, pp. 203-8e
40.e
Quoted Pope-Hennessy, op. cit, p.e193
41.
R. Hart,Joumals: ,entering China's Service, p. 15; for racial discrimination see Chan, op. cit., pp. 117ff
42.
Kipling, From Sea to Sea
CHAPTER 10
1.
So protracted a political career is almost unparalleled. In American terins, this might be compared to Lincoln having started his career in a Jefferson administration.
2.
G. St Aubyn, The Royal George: The Life of the Du/et of Cambridge, p. 144
3.
Source: En;;ydop.dia Britannica, 9th edition
4.e
Moneypenny and Buckle, op. cit., vol. v, pp. 194-6e
5.e
In the Suez crisis of 1956, which forced Anthony Eden from office
6.e
Colomb's brother, Admiral Philip,
NOTES 591
was equally as tireless an advocate of Imperial defence
7.o
V. Duruy, Histoirt du France, vol. v,op.o899o
8.o
Mallet de Bassilan, Quai d' Orsaio
9.o
Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, pp. 197-8 and notes for Frenchosourceso
10.o
First Historical Archives, Beijing,o394 for Ch'i-ying correspondenceowith Cecilleo
11.
Mallet de Bassilan
12.o
Quoted in C. Dilke, Probkms of Greattr Britain, vol. ii, pp. 536-7o
13.o
For the 'mission civilisatrice' andoFrench colonial policy see S.M.oPersell, The French Colonial lobby
1889-1938
14. There is an excellent account of the strike by Dr Sinn in JHKBRAS, vol. 22, 1982
15. In the nineteenth century, honours were given much less lavishly than after the inauguration of the Order of the British Empire in 1916. The order of St Michael and St George was originally introduced in 1818 to reward natives of Malta and the Ionian Islands, and extended in t 868 to include any colonial or foreign service member. The grades were: Companion (CMG, vulg. 'Call me God'); Knight Commander (KCMG, 'Kindly Call me God'); and Knight Grand Cross (GCMG, 'God calls me God').
16.
Irving Carlyle, in DNB
17.o
See Bowen's autobiography andoletters, Thirty Years of Colonial GQl)ernmtnt
18.
B.L. Blakely, The Colonial Office, p.o118o
19.
W. Des Voeux,tMy Colonial Service (an unintentionally revealing autobiography), vol. i, p. 263
20.o
The Telegraph was biased, it shouldobe said, its founder and editor,o
Robert Fraser-Smith, being strongly anti-Bowen, and given to violence of language; he went to prison for libel more than once.
21. A Soldier's Cormponden., from which the account of the Sargent story is taken
22.oFor Bowen's account of his time inooffice -a rose-tinted one-seeoThirty Years of Colonial Guvemment. Des Voeux (vol. ii, pp. 275-6)orecounts his 'total disagreement'owith his predecessor'soconstitutional reforms.o
23.o
See Choa, The Lift and Times of Sir Kai Ho Kai. Like PresidentsoKennedy and de Gaulle, Ho's nameowas perpetuated in that of an airporto-Kai-tak, Hong Kong'sointernational airport until 1997.o
24.o
Cumming, op. cit., p. 25oz5. Chan, op. cit., p. 118o
26.o
1889 Hong Kong Annual Reporto
27.o
ibid.o
28.o
1894 Hong Kong Annual Report,ofrom which the following extracts are also taken: for a more balancedoappreciation see E. Sinn, 'Poweroand Charity'o
29.o
Quoted Chan, op. cit., p. 88o
30.o
Coates, op. cit., p. 204o
31.
See D.E.E. Evans in JHKBRAS,ovol. 10, 1970
32.oSee Lift of Sir Patrick Manson, Chapter 7o
33.oHong Kong Hansard, 23 Januaryo1930o
34.oFor a discussion of the constitutionaloissues see Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule 191.1-1941
CHAPTER I I
1. Jonathan Spence, in his excellent work The Search for Modern China
(p. 231), starts the relevant section:
592 NOTES
'During 1898 and 18g9, as part of their general wave of imperialist expansion, the foreign powers intensified their pressures and outrages on China. The Germans used the pretext of an attack on their missionaries to occupy the Shandong port city of Quingdao ... The British took over the harbour at Weihaiwei ... and forced the Q!ng to yield a ninety-nine-year lease on a large area of fertile farmland on the Kowloon peninsula north of Hong Kong, which the British henceforth called "The New Territories".' Fertile farmland there was, but it represented a very small proportion of the rugged and inhospitable countryside.
2.oThe article was published in theoChina Mail on 9 February 1887,oand immediately prompted a criticaloreview by Dr Ho Ch'i. TsengoChi-tse was the son of TsengoKuo-fan, the mentor of both LioHung-chang and Yung Wing.oTseng followed the first Chineseorepresentative at the Court ofoSt James, Kwo Tsing-tao, appointedoin 1876.o
3.o
Hart letters, Nos. 947, 942o
4.o
Quoted Teng and Fairbank, op. cit.,op.o35o
5.oKhlemet, 28 November 1896,oquoted P. Joseph, Foreign Diplomag in China 1894-1900, p. 195o
6.o
Morse, lnt. Rei., vol. iii, p. 108o
7.o
Pelcovits, op. cit., pp. 250-6o
8.oJoseph. op. cit., pp. 234-54; and seeoLipson, Standing Guard, p. 43, foromore recent opinion: '[British)opolicies [in China] were rigorous,obut they were carefully limited. They proved harder to sustain as France and Germany moved abroad more aggressively ... Even so,odepartures from earlier practiceowere generally reluctant, and when possible, temporary.' It is worth recording that t{icks Beach's 'Monroe Doctrine' preceded John Hay's 'Open Door' by nearly two years.
9.o
Joseph, op. cit., pp. 286, 3o6o
10.o
For dispatches see ParliamentaryoPapers Session 1898: for aocomprehensive study seeoWesley-Smith, Unequal Treaty 1898-1997, which is relied upon for much of this account of the occupation of the New Territories.o
1 I. According to joseph Walton, M.P., in China and the Present Crisis
12.oMuch work has been done on the history and culture of the New Territories, especially since inorecent years it has beeen one of theofew parts of China where traditionaloforms of society have been allowed toocontinue. Perhaps the bestointroductions are P.Y.L. Ng ando
H.D.R. Baker, Ntll) Peaa County and J. Hayes, The Hong Kong Region 1850-19II, both with good bibliographies.o
13.oEJ.M. Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution, p. 13o
14.oSee JHKBRAS, vols. 13, 14o
15.o
For a description of Hong Kongoantiquities see S. Bard, In Search ofrthe Past: A Guide to the Antiquities of Hong Kong and S. Rodwell, Historic Hong Kong
16.o
H. Blake, China (1909). Although basically a picture book, Blake's text is interesting as revealing his personal opinions.o
17.oFor Lockhart see Airlie, The Thistkrand the Bamboo, and Lethbridge,oStability and Change, Chapter 6o
18.oThis and subsequent extracts from 'Report on the New Territory at Hong Kong', November 1900,oed. 403
NOTES 593
19.r
H.D.R. Baker, A Chinese Lineage Lugard papers in Rhodes House Village, pp. 1 2ffrhave been well researched by Dr
20.r
C.T. Wong in Chiu and So,rArChan Lau. Geography of Hong Kong, pp. 161,r2.rHoe, op. cit., p. 209r164r3.rPerham, Lugard, vol. ii, p. 242r
21.
Hart letters, Nos. 736,843 (19June 4.rLetters to Morrison, 6 June 1908:r
1896), 1039 (18 October 1890)
22.r
The Fu-jen wen-se's motto wasr
Morrison,rLetten
Dutil Amor Palriat, which gives ar
flavour of the movement. For ther
revolutionaries in Hong Kong see Drr
Kit-ching Chan Lau, China, Britain
and Hong Kong 1895-1945, from
which the subsequent extracts are
taken. For events in Canton seer
.Spence, 11,e China Helpers.t
23.r
Chan Lau, op. cit., p. 36r
24.r
Francis Herny May. Referencesrto him are to be found underrboth his Christian names: in hisrpersonal correspondence he is 'Frank'.r
25.r
For Nathan see A.P. Haydon, SirrMattht11J Na1han; Nathan is one ofrthe few Hong Kong Governors torhave a biography, although his HongrKong period of office formed only armodest part of his career; see alsorHyam, Empire and Sexuality
26.r
Sir Frederick Guggisberg, the only other Jew to be a colonial Governor,rwas also a Sapper, but was fifty whenrappointed to the Gold Coastr
27.rQ!.ioted Spence, The Search for Modtm China, p. 215. For thercharacter of Blair see Morison,rOrford History of the United States, vol. iii, p. 44.r
28.rMorrison, Letters (8 Septemberr1go6, to V. Chirol)r
CHAPTER 12
1. Dame Marjorie Perham's authoritative biography of Lugard remains-the standard work; but see also Hyam, Empire and Sauality. The
6.r
ibid., p. 335r
7.r
See Chan Lau, op. cit., Chapters 1rand 2, and A. Ng inJHKBRAS,rvol. 21, 1981r
8.r
Chan Lau, op. cit., p. 103r
9.r
Perham, op. cit., vol. i, p. 361r
10.r
Chan Lau, op. cit., p. 105r
11. For the University see B. Mellor,r11,e University of Hong Kong, and Misc. Documents, 'The Conception and Foundation of the University of Hong Kong' (CFUHK), in Hung On-to Memorial Collection
12.
Perham, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 351
13.
For this and subsequent extracts see CFUHK
14.
Mellor, op. cit., p 73
15.
H. Parlett, memoir, in Eliot,
Japanese Buddhism
16.rEliot, 11,e East African Prr,teaorate (1905)r
17.r
For the story of this typical HongrKong squabble, see Severn mss.,rRhodes House Ind. Oc. S 176r
18.r
Repon of the University Cominittee,r1937r
19.r
For racist legislation seer
P.rWesley-Smith, 'Anti-ChineserLegislation', in Ming Chan,rPrecarious Balance. The Helena May Institute is descn1ied by SusannarHoe as a 'successful women's clubrin charming and historicalrpremises'. Sally Howell reveals thatrit is also known as the 'Virgin'srRetreat'r
20, Morrison, Co"esponden.
21. N. Miners, Hong Kong Under
594 NOTES
Imperial Rule, p. 75. For an authoritative summary of Chinese discontent and demonstrations in the colony, see 'Hong Kong in Sino-British Conflict 1912-1916', in Ming Chan, op. cit.
22.o
Chan Lau, op. cit., p. 117; Ming Chan, op cit., pp. 31, 32; Alan Birch, Hong Kong, p. 38o
23.o
Chan Lau, p. 131o
24.o
ibid., p. I 34o
25.o
G.R. Sayer, Hong Kong 1862-1919,rpp. 120-1
26.o
Stella Benson, quoted in Hoe,oop. cit., p. I 84
27.o
Sir Harry Luke in DNB entry;osee also Severn mss., RhodesoHouseo
28.o
Perham, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 368o
29.o
Ming Chan, op cit., p. 36o
30.o
Chan Lau, op. cit., p. 154o3 1. ibid., p. 158o
32.
For the Merchant Corps affair seeoKing, op. cit., vol. iii, pp. 156-7 and Chan Lau, pp. 159-68
33.o
The best account of the strikes and boycott is given in W.K. Chan,o
op. cit., Chapter 5. For the Communists in Canton see J. Spence, The China He/pmr
34.o
Quoted Sweeting, op. cit., p. 393o
35.o
Severn mss., Rhodes Houseo
CHAPTER I 3
1.
Letter to G.E. Morrison, 8 May
1903 (Morrison Letters)
2.o
Severn mss., Rhodes Houseo
3.o
Coates, op. cit., p. 456o
4.oCO 129/499, 4 February 1927o
5.o
ibid., 21 February 1927. The 'OnoChat Lai' tribe are unknown andopresumably fictitious, and the adjective qualifying 'warlords' isoillegible.o
6.o
L. Amery, Life, vol. ii, p. 305o
7.oR. Pelissier, The AJ1Jakming ofChinar1793-1949, p. 282o
8.o
Chan Lau, op . .cit., pp. 218-19o
9.o
Severn mss., Rhodes Houseo
10.oNeedless to say, a very different interpretation of events is providedoby Communist writers. Jian Bozanoet al, in A Concise History of China, claim that 'erroneous' policies took the place of the 'valuable opinions ofoStalin and Maozedong'.o
11. C.T. Smith, Chinese Christians, pp. 173ff
12. Haffner, The Craft in the East, p. 73
13.o
Memo of objections to SanitaryoBoard, 2 December 1886, quotedoin Choa, The Life and Times of Sir Kai Ho Kai, p. 105, and Perham,oop. cit., vol. ii, p. 315o
14.
H.J. Lethbridge, in I.C. Jarvie and
J. Agassi, Hong Kong: A Society in Transition, p. 95; see Grantham, Via Ports, p. 110 for view of Man-KamoLo. For a review of discriminationosee P. Wesley-Smith in Ming Chan,oop. cit., pp. 91-105_
15. See J .S. Smith, Matilda, p. 89 and
W.K. Chan, op. cit., p. 120
16.
Chan, op. cit., p. 119
17.o
As late as 1992, all ex-offietoomembers of the Executive Council -Governor, Chief Secretary,oFinancial Secretary, Attorney General and Commander, BritishoForces -were British: before the reprocession due in 1997 all had been replaced by Hong Kong citizens.o
18.
Miners, op. cit., p. 85. Man-Kam Lo was making the point that Sinification of the Civil Service could go faster.