Appendix 9
LOS ANGELES TIMES, SUNDAY, DEC. 30, 1945
CHINESE WANT BRITISH RULE FOR HONG KONG
HONG KONG, Dec. 29 Britain��s century-old investment in Hong Kong is reaping dividends in native loyalty.
Almost alone among foreign held colonies, this Pacific outpost of empire trade so far has escaped the spreading fires of rebellion and revolt against the white man��s rule in Southeastern Asia.
There have been no battles for independence here, no mass uprisings to throw out the ��white master�� on his ear. Order prevails, and Queens Road, the main thoroughfare, is as peaceful as Piccadilly, and as crowded as Times Square. There are plenty of exploding Chinese firecrackers as natives seek to blow the devil off their trail, but no grenade bursts to get the white man off their neck.
Want British Rule
As a matter of fact, while the rest of Southeastern Asia is rampaging to be rid of foreign political and economic dominations, most Chinese in Hong Kong don��t want the British to pull out and permit this beautiful rock-crowned island to return to China��s control. At least they don��t want it to revert to China just now.
Of course the British certainly have no present intention of yielding this empire gem to other hands, but the quiet support they are receiving from the majority of Chinese here is tribute to their colonial administration of the sea gateway to all South China.
Bread and Butter
There are several reasons for this support. Chinese civil servants could be expected to back their present bread and butter. But support is equally strong among educated Chinese who, by virtue of birth here, are British subjects accustomed to British standards of justice, order and stability.
These qualities are appreciated by Hong Kong��s large trading population, which fears that Chinese control might bring disruption of business and dis-sension and civil war to the island. They have had enough of war��s chaos and now they want a return to peace and prosperity.
Earned Gratitude
Then, too, Britain earned considerable good will and gratitude by standing by the native population as best it could during the period of Japanese con-quest. Several thousand Chinese who made their way to near-by Portuguese Macao during the war were given subsistence allowances by the British Consul on no other proof of British citizenship than sworn statements that they were born in Hong Kong.
��When China is completely unified under one government, matters would be different,�� one well-educated Chinese said. ��But now we would like things to remain as they are.��
In other words, they are content with Britain��s bread until China can offer them cake.
Appendix 10
THE HONG KONG SUNDAY HERALD, SEPTEMBER 9, 1945
9000 Cared for in Macao
UNTIRING WORK BY BRITISH CONSUL
The story of activities of the British relief organisation in Macao, which apart from looking after the welfare of 9,000 people, aided many to escape. Both from Macao itself and Hongkong camps, is told in a very modest manner by Mr. A. Swemmeleer, who is now in the colony from Macao in order to find out about living accommodation in view of the many requests from Hongkong for the transfer of relatives and friends from Macao. He is also here to make arrangements for the despatch of food stuffs from Macao to Hongkong.
The organisation commenced on a small scale but it was not long before it found its resources severely taxed and requests had to made regularly for an increase in the monthly allowance from the British government�Xat fi rst it was five hundred sterling and at the beginning of August this year it was approaching five thousand five hundred. As many as 1,000 people were sud-denly placed under their care, so that they were always behind hand from a fi nancial point of view, due to the length of time which elapsed between an appeal for increased funds and actual receipt of that increase.
British citizens and their dependents had the use of a medical clinic attended by five doctors�XEddie Gosano left for Hong Kong as soon after the surrender as he could, leaving four there�Xand six nurses, while there were free schools. The clinic was an expensive item as the average monthly cost for medicines and drugs was two thousand sterling. Occasionally they ran short of necessities and were forced to purchase in the Black Market at outrageous prices, and when this was not possible they fell back on prescriptions.
The allowance received from Home allowed for a maximum of M.$150 per head (15 Macao dollars go to the pound sterling), though the majority received M.$80�V85 per head.
Escapes Aided
Though it was not one of their official duties, the organisation always assisted where possible those who were attempting to escape either from Hong Kong and Macao and among those whom they smuggled over the border were Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher, Mrs. Geoffrey Wilson (wife of the A.S.P.). Mr Lessner (of Pan-[�K�K�K�K�K�K] later harbor. There was no machine gunning of the city and damage of a minor nature and casualties very few.
Property Values
Mr. Swemmeleer went on to say that ��Macao had prospered in a way.�� Many had made plenty of money and property values had soared�Xa house valued at M.$10,000 pre-war changed hands at M.$100,000, rich Chinese from Canton paying almost any price for suitable accommodation. The housing problem was the greatest one Macao had to face. The inhabitants lived in comparative comfort as labour was easy to fi nd as there were few jobs to be had. An amah could be employed from M.$2�V4 per month.
All who spent any time at all in Macao owe a big debt of gratitude to Mr.
J. P. Reeves, the British Consul, who worked untiringly to improve condi-tions for all.
Mr. Swemmeleer, who is returning to Macao at dawn tomorrow by the ��Fatshan��, arrived in Hong Kong six months prior to the outbreak of hostili-ties, and was working for Messers. Warner Bros., the famous fi lm company.
Appendix 11
This is a story about the Union Jack, symbol of Britain��s greatness, which stirs the hearts of Britons in far places and of a man true to his British traditions.
He Kept the Flag Flying for Four Years
From David Divine Daily Sketch Correspondent in Macao
The Union Jack has flown unchallenged in the Far East throughout the years of war beneath the balcony on which we sat yesterday when I heard the story of the British Consulate of Macao.
Cut off from the world in this tiny two-mile square fragment of Portuguese territory at the mouth of the great Pearl River from the moment of the capture of Hong Kong, the Consulate has maintained its tiny fragment of British territory intact.
More, it has performed a magnificent work for refugees of British, Portuguese, Chinese and other nationalities from Hong Kong.
When the refugees began to arrive Consul John P. Reeves had to set to work organizing the community within the community.
Rest Cure
Funds were provided by the Foreign Office and the Colonial Office at his request, and Mr. Reeves aided admirably by Mr. A. Zwemmeler a Dutchman in the colony, produced an orderly and workable method of life.
The whole story of the shifts, stratagems and contrivances cannot yet be told. Mr. Reeves had been sent down to Macao a few months before the outbreak of war for a ��rest cure�� from Mukden. He still has to have his rest.
His wife and daughter have been sent to Hong Kong for repatriation with Hong Kong internees, but peace has brought extra work to the consul.
The work of the consulate has been from the very moment of the war in its complicated pattern of diplomacy and humanitarianism a notable page even in the long and honourable history of British consulates.
The Union Jack of Macao should be given an honored place among the treasures of the Foreign Offi ce.
About The Lone Flag and John Pownall Reeves
By David Calthorpe
Time is a great healer, so it is said, but it is so often the case that healing, and the march of history, obliterates many memories of valiant works. So it has been for John Pownall Reeves, His Britannic Majesty��s Consul in Macao, during the dark days of World War II. His lone flag had flown from the consular roof, only to be torn down by a typhoon on the day he handed authority over to his successor after the war, not neatly folded amid a glittering ceremony, but shredded and ripped into an untidy heap. ��Symbolic��, John said of the once proud empire, aft er years of struggling against tyranny and the enemies of freedom. John had felt most passionately about the drama played out in this Portuguese enclave during the war years, putt ing pen to paper aboard HMS Ranee in 1946 and finishing these reminiscences in Rome in 1949. He called his memoir ��The Lone Flag��.
The Foreign Office refused permission for publication of Reeves�� wartime memoir, in a lett er dated 15 October 1949. The grounds for refusal were said to be government policy regarding the ��offi cial experiences�� of members of the Foreign Service. So, John became another gallant gentleman who bowed out with an OBE neatly pinned to his diplomatic uniform, straight into the shadows of history. While John and, indeed, Macao have been neglected in histories of World War II, one valuable source must be recognized�XAlden��s life of Charles Boxer.1
John was born in Blackheath, London, in 1909 and a birth notice in Th e Times announced the happy occasion. His parents were Herbert James Reeves and Katherine Margaret nee Beaty-Pownall, whose family was from the Channel Islands. The Reeves were a middle-class couple, comfortably off with three serv-ants. John was a first and relatively late child (both his parents were 40 when he was born). The family moved from the London suburbs to the country. John spent many years at the family home in the village of Hordle near the New Forest and went to the preparatory school in St Leonards-on-Sea, later obtain-ing a scholarship to Haileybury College, where he studied from 1923 to 1927. Danesford, the house at Hordle, was, by all accounts, a typical country retreat of one-and-a-quarter acres, sporting a tennis court, rose gardens and herbaceous borders. John��s first photographic attempts with a Box Brownie give adequate evidence of an enquiring and active mind, as he captured all aspects of the house and garden in minute detail in the late 1920s. Lazy Sunday aft ernoons were oft en spent at a small summer house, built near a stream that meandered through the back garden, or with his uncle��s naval friends at tennis parties.
Among his tiny amateur snapshots is a charming photograph, taken in 1929 on the tennis court at Danesford, of numerous admirals, in particular his highly decorated maternal uncle Vice Admiral Charles P. Beaty-Pownall and Admiral Seymour Erskine, who fought in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 and later became aide-de-camp to King George V in 1911. With them is Admiral Lancelot Holland, who many years later was killed aboard HMS Hood when it was sunk by the Bismarck on 24 May 1941. In later years, John often spoke with great nos-talgia about his family��s maritime links and their informal gatherings.
The connection with the sea was to remain with him, albeit faintly, through-out his life, in quaint naval turns of phrase or in his passion for watching the junks manoeuvre about Macao harbour, as seen from the roof of the consulate. He told me that this was a favourite form of relaxation which he sorely missed. In his later years, John always claimed that one should wait until the sun was over the yard arm before engaging in cocktails or ��drinkies��, as it was fondly called in the household. That ritual always took place after tea time, which was preceded by John��s rigorous observance of the Portuguese custom of siesta�Xa wonderful remnant of his Macao years and an integral part of his retirement in Cape Town.
At that time, my mother was working with John��s flamboyant companion and former secretary from Surabaya, Indonesia, Theresa (Tessa) Schukking. I was introduced at an early school-going age to their world of colourful non-conformity, at a time when a dour and repressive atmosphere prevailed in apart-heid South Africa and all forms of eccentricity were frowned upon. Th is early introduction had a profound influence on my life.
John had been groomed for the navy but was refused entry because of extremely poor eyesight. He went instead up to Cambridge, where he studied languages. He flourished at Peterhouse, and rowed for the university in the famous race between Cambridge and Oxford. One of the victory oars, signed by all the team members from his early years, was recently returned to Cambridge. Hockey was his other love, as evidenced by his enthusiasm for the Macao Hockey Club. This English passion for sport, even in seemingly insignificant Macao, helped alleviate the enormous pressure on the beleaguered community of refugees, expatriates and colonial servants. It is indicative of that pressure that John always carried a pistol strapped to his shoulder in Macao, for fear of assas-sination, removing it only for ablutions or when he played hockey. He said that it took him many months to become accustomed to no longer wearing the holster, once hostilities had ended. I often remember his hand quickly moving into his jacket breast involuntarily when a car backfired in the street outside.
The Manchus�� fall from grace in 1911 had given way to a long period of insta-bility under warlords in the China of the early 1930s. It was in this tumultuous and fickle climate that John entered the British Foreign Service in 1933, as a student interpreter at the Legation in Peking (Beijing). This was a time of great excitement for foreigners living in the old capital. It was barely a decade aft er the deposed emperor, Pu Yi, had resided in the Forbidden City, acting out ancient ceremonies which were mere passing shadows of the old ways of the imperial court. Memories of the dowager empress, Tzu Hsi (Cixi), lingered on in the courtyards and gardens of the Summer Palace that she so loved, beyond the confines of the Forbidden City, with all its intrigues and jealousies. Th e markets were a haven for collectors of rare objects and antiques, sold by defunct court offi cials, Manchu nobles and eunuchs to support their extensive families. John used this period to indulge his passion for collecting. Among his first China purchases were beautifully carved blackwood cabinets, altar tables, chairs and thick-piled carpets. Yet it was the humbler, more exotic items that were so allur-ing, such as a silk-embroidered mandarin square from a court robe, depicting a stork, representing an official of the first rank, and bats, symbolizing good fortune/happiness. He had this set into a leather-bound portmanteau, which he used for all his personal documents throughout his China and Macao years and later in his retirement. It always remained close at hand on his favoured library table, as a reminder of his offi cial days.
John had brought his Box Brownie with him from England and tested his photographic skills on all and sundry on his journey from Aden to Peking. Th ese tiny photographs still grace the dusty pages of his Peking album. Pictures abound of his various explorations with friends. These are interspersed with images of the inter-port hockey matches at Tientsin (Tianjin) and the Peking race-course, along with glorious glimpses of the Ming tombs, the Temple of Heaven, Coal Hill and the Summer Palace. The album shows the dowager empress�� lake barge, a favourite haunt of envoys posted to Peking, with its carved wooden-latt iced windows and ancient attendant waiting for the imperial summons. A most amusing photograph remains of Adrian Holman, a consular friend, caught, according to the caption, in ��diplomatic contemplation�� amid the carved black-wood furniture, with teacups, topees and straw boaters abounding. John��s rather dry sense of humour remained with him all his life. ��Diplomatic contemplation�� preferred to ��falling asleep���Xan indication of John��s flowery form of speech, which so characterized him.
Years later in Cape Town, John would often sit in his library of an evening and reminisce about his China years, with nostalgia and a hint of sadness in his voice. He knew that he would never again revisit those haunts of his early years. Most of the young men serving the empire had responsibility far beyond their years thrust on their shoulders. So it was with John Reeves, especially during his years in Macao. In the relatively carefree sett ing of the exciting and exotic Chinese capital, however, there was always time for play and enjoyment. Th e young men of the various legations would often hire a temple for weekend retreats in the Western Hills outside the ancient walls of Peking. It was common practice for European residents and Chinese pilgrim parties to hire such build-ings from the Taoist or Buddhist priest-caretaker, for a few days in the rather wild, desolate area. Motorcars and donkeys were used for the exhausting trips through the hilly countryside, so evocatively conveyed in Anne Bridge��s novel Peking Picnic, and as John also recounted to me. The old photographs taken by John testify to the unspoilt beauty of the rolling hills, dotted with temples and monasteries in various stages of dereliction. The days were filled with exploring the main temple compounds and their perhaps more enticing and mysterious architectural neighbours. A frequent guest of John was Molly Kaye, the well-known authoress whose works included the novel The Far Pavilions, together with her sister Betsy and mother, Lady Kaye. They visited the Temple of the White Pines, Fa Hai Ssu, so named for the white-barked trees which grew in the forecourt, flanking the large bronze incense-burner. John��s Box Brownie captured during these memorable excursions the large, looming guardian figures which protected the main altar from malignant ghosts and evil-doers, as well as charming photographs of Molly Kaye. He would often talk of their languid days spent rambling in the hills, returning in the late afternoons to a well-spread tea prepared by their cook and bearers. He delighted in poring over the evocative photographs, lingering on a few in particular, which showed their party taking tea in the temple courtyard or grouped on the uneven stone stairs of mysterious pavilions, shuttered with ornate, peeling, lacquered doors in a land-scape as yet unscathed. Molly was a dear and close friend of John, and many holidays were spent travelling with the Kayes. The last contact John had with the Kaye family was a visit from Lady Daisy Kaye, Molly��s mother, in November 1974, when John was living in retirement in Malmesbury. She signed his visitor��s book, de rigueur for all guests. John frequently told of the time when he and a few new consular arrivals in Peking had journeyed to the Western Hills to escape the excessive social formality, as well as the heat, that sometimes stifl ed one in the capital. Their temple retreat had been chosen for its remoteness. However, shortly after ensconcing themselves in their holiday domicile, a Chinese bearer arrived from a neighbouring temple with an invitation to dinner from its sole and august occupant. It was the British ambassador himself.2 Their party could hardly refuse. They duly arrived at the temple��s inner court in their finest holiday flannels to find His Britannic Majesty��s representative attired in full evening dress, seated at a table laden with linen, crystal and the finest silver�Xall carried to that remote destination for the sole purpose of maintaining normal custom in the rhythm of life, no matter where one happened to be.
A favourite memory is of John seated in the library of his Malmesbury home, north of Cape Town. His mop of thick, wavy grey hair was invariably tied into a ponytail with a black velvet ribbon or let loose in Medusa fashion, and his carved ivory cigarette-holder was always held at an almost foppish angle, as he peered through bott le-bottom spectacles down the length of the library table laden with towers of books and exotic silver bibelots. In the glare of the late aft er-noon sun, a rich pattern of colour was always thrown onto the old faded Chinese carpet from a red amber statue of Kwanyin (Guanyin), the Goddess of Mercy, which stood on the window ledge. This, John said, had been an early favourite Macao purchase. Numerous dogs and a cat appeared scattered on the carpet, together with a large tortoise, aptly named Chronosky Aloysius Absalom. Aptly!
Why not? If you had seen so much and lived as dangerously as he did during those Macao years, you were entitled to name your tortoise as you saw fit. Th e tortoise always responded to its name. In winter, it was to be found between the dogs and the fire guard. Such was the man I first encountered. His had been a world peopled with saints and sinners, pimps, politicians, smugglers and assas-sins: a world on the edge of catastrophe. Yet the Union Jack of Reeves�� Macao consulate was the only one flown, during those war years, down the whole length of the China coast. John was a relic of an age that was slowly dying. World War II destroyed it.
It became a haunting pastime to page through the old China album and pre-war scenic books on China, on wet Sunday afternoons before tea, sur-rounded by the faded trappings of a diplomat��s life in the Far East. His rooms were filled with the books he so loved and with strangely carved Chinese black-wood cabinets, heavy with porcelain, ivories, rhinoceros-horn cups and richly decorated cloisonne. Silent Buddhas were forever seated in solemn contempla-tion of the shortness of time and of lingering memories. A stuff ed baby crocodile peered down from a medieval French ecclesiastical cabinet used by the profane for drinks. ��Very sensible��, we were told with a sideways glance. Th e crocodile had been a parting gift for John from his Indonesian manservant, when he had hastily left Surabaya during the tumultuous Sukarno years. He boyishly told how his open car sped through the dockside barriers, barely missing the booms, with the crocodile enthroned in the back seat amid the topsy-turvy leather suit-cases, portmanteaux and hatboxes. This adventure always sounded to me as if it had come straight from the pages of a Boys�� Own Annual.
My first visit to a restaurant as a child was with John. It was a rare treat for a South African child in the 1960s. He had decided that my horizons were to be expanded and the choice was obvious: Chinese! It was the only Chinese res-taurant in Cape Town, John claimed, that served the genuine cuisine. He wore his long, black diplomat��s cape, which he said had been made for him by his favourite tailor in Mukden. He would always ensconce himself against the wall furthest from the window, an old habit acquired from the years in Macao when he was constantly on guard against an assassin��s bullet. (There is a beautifully carved blackwood cabinet that bears testimony to this, in the form of two neat bullet holes in the door, courtesy of a sniper, presumably Japanese or in Japanese pay, who had tried to shoot John from the garden outside the study window of the Macao consulate. The consulate building was situated below the Guia light-house, famously the first built on the South China coast.) With a flourish of the cape, he would sit down, placing his silver-topped Malacca cane on an empty seat. As he poured wine into goblets, one noticed for the umpteenth time the extremely long fingernails of his little fingers, grown in sympathy with a culture he so intimately assimilated into the daily flow of his life. He ate only with his own engraved ivory chopsticks, which he always carried with him, as any self-respecting Confucian scholar would. John entertained us�Xas always�Xwith stories of Macao and China, a far distant land resplendent with dragons, curly-roofed temples, smiling, secretive Buddhas and forested mountains wreathed in coiling mist. These images were conjured up and supported by the many works to which he introduced me. They came from his extensive and seemingly endless library: Daniele Vare, Lin Yutang, Anne Bridge and Pearl Buck became everyday reading, alongside A. E. Grantham, Putnam Weale and Princess Derling, which I devoured in every detail.
Having studied modern languages at Cambridge and Mandarin in Peking, Reeves was clearly a gifted linguist. His Latin, German, French and Spanish were superb, as was, presumably, his Portuguese. He told us that he was able to speak only French until the age of six and burst into a flood of tears when his mother forced him to speak English! His knowledge of China was quietly displayed in most eloquent fashion, while other guests flaunted their knowledge aft er having spent only a few weeks doing the ��grand tour�� of the East. The old visitor��s book testifies to the many varied guests who called on him in his retirement here at the southern tip of Africa.
After his two years studying the language in Peking, John was transferred to Hankow (Hankou), moving after three years there to be acting consul-general in the walled city of Mukden in northeastern China. While stationed in Hankow, he married Rhoda Murray-Kidd, one of four siblings from a well-known Shanghai family. Lewis Murray-Kidd, her brother, was interned at Lunghua (Longhua) in Shanghai in May 1944, from where he subsequently escaped with four other prisoners.
John and Rhoda had only one child, a daughter born in Hankow in 1937, whom they named Letitia Mary. Very few snapshots remain from this period, other than one beautiful photograph of the proud parents with the sleeping child, taken at the nursing home. This he always cherished.
John rarely mentions his wife or child in the memoir�Xin fact, only five times. John told me that he and his wife had grown apart, but he never elaborated on that in later years. Indeed, he was terribly secretive about his married life. Rhoda and Letitia left Macao quietly on the HMAS Fremantle in September 1946. They transshipped in Manila to the USS General A.W. Brewster, bound for San Francisco, to return to England via America.
Rhoda had been interned after the fall of Hong Kong on Christmas Day 1941. Her daughter was in Macao at the time and they were reunited only ��aft er several months��. In testimony for the war-crimes tribunal, Ramon Muniz Lavalle, Argentine consul in Hong Kong at the time, refers to the case of Mrs. Reeves:
Together with the Martin��s case, I took up the one of Mrs Reeves, wife of the
H.M. Vice-Consul at Macao. She was staying with them at the same place, also caught by the war in Hong Kong. She was not allowed to proceed to Macao, and her official position was not recognised. She was in an extremely bad state of nerves and general health, suffering from neurosis on account of a fracture of the base of her skull some time before. Her case was also serious and pitiful and I made all these particulars known to the Japanese authorities. As in the case of Mr & Mrs Martin, the reply was negative, and I could not obtain from the Japanese any alleviation of her situation.3
Press cuttings from Macao shortly after the Japanese surrender shed very little light on Rhoda, as she evidently never accompanied John to any of the offi-cial receptions given during the various victory celebrations. We can only specu-late as to the reasons. Ill health could certainly have been a contributing factor. Despite her nervous disposition, she became involved with his work with the refugees when she eventually returned to Macao.
John and Rhoda were judicially separated after the war, but never divorced. I do remember John telling me that she was a Catholic and as such, out of respect for her, he never pursued the option of a civil divorce. Had John followed the latter option, he might well have continued to enjoy the successful diplomatic career which suited someone of his experience and obvious abilities. (Th e legal judicial papers could not be found after John��s death. Although the executors of his estate made contact with Rhoda, by this time their daughter, Letitia, had died. Rhoda declined any benefits from his estate and Tessa was the sole heiress.)
Few photographs remain of Rhoda and John. One surviving photograph shows Rhoda with John��s beloved canine friends at their bungalow, which was surrounded by large pine trees, somewhere on the China coast. ( John��s love for animals, particularly dogs, remained with him throughout his life. In later years, his favourite dogs Mira, a Doberman, and Scaramouche�Xa wild, black woolly animal, nicknamed the Yeti�Xwould fall and clatter down the long wooden cor-ridor like the baying hounds of Baskerville, whenever the doorbell rang at his Cape Town home.) From Mukden, John and family were sent to Macao for a ��rest cure�� in 1939. While en poste, the Second World War was unleashed and John remained there until 1946, first as vice-consul and then consul�Xa most unusual honour, as promotions were seldom bestowed during wartime.
Macao always had a special place in John��s heart. He would talk about it in a tone of a lover reminiscing over faded memories. Among his favourite haunts in the city was St. Dominic��s Church, a splendid example of Portuguese colo-nial architecture gracing the cobbled central square. Another was the Protestant cemetery further up the hill, final resting place of Winston Churchill��s uncle, Lord Henry John Spencer Churchill, and also graced with a splendid memo-rial to the great China coast artist, George Chinnery. John oft en mentioned this cemetery and its park-like atmosphere; he spent many hours there when wanting a break from his constant work among the refugees.
The refugee centre was evidently on the tree-lined Praia Grande, where John would watch the activity in the harbour over sundowners. He also loved to contemplate the city from the steps of the ruins of St. Paul��s, a magnificent Portuguese Baroque stone edifice which was ravaged by fire in the nineteenth century. John lived in a house near the Guia lighthouse, next door, as it hap-pened, to the Japanese consulate, the squeaky gate of which always alerted him to the nocturnal comings and goings of the ��enemy��. (His consular colleague, whom John described as ��a very fine man��, was assassinated, some say, by the Kempeitai, because of his supposed neutral leanings regarding the war.) Macao was central to John��s life and, indeed, the crowning point of a career that was curtailed by circumstances, both personal and otherwise. The fact remains that he was the right man, at the right time, to perform the humanitarian task which history entrusted to him. The course of his life up to that point seemed to have prepared him to fulfil his pivotal role in the lives of the British and Allied citizens. John was untiring in his efforts to assist the refugees who fl ed to Macao in the wake of the Japanese advance towards South China. His work speaks for itself in the memoir, yet to him it was more than just duty to king and country. It was a deep love for China and, in particular, the city of Macao and its people. His deal-ings with the Portuguese governor, Teixeira, and other officials in Macao oft en went beyond the call of duty and into the realms of friendship. On occasion, he was even called upon to act on behalf of His Excellency, the Governor�Xa most unusual occurrence in a neutral territory, where John represented a belligerent power.
There is, however, one rather unpleasant but telling tale which will always remain vividly etched in the mind. He told me once that, upon returning to his Macao residence one evening, he found the ��houseboy�� had procured a most delicious-looking side of pork, prepared as a special treat in near-meatless wartime Macao. After a few mouthfuls of the repast, John set his knife and fork down to ask the silently waiting manservant where the pork had been obtained. The curt reply he received was ��the marketplace��. When John further pointed out that he had heard human flesh was on sale there, the inscrutable Macanese replied he too had heard this had been going on for some time, but that one could not tell the difference. John refused to eat any further.
He always strongly opposed any sort of unfair or, in his opinion, unwarranted behaviour from his peers. I remember a story concerning a small contretemps he had with the bishop of Macao at a diplomatic dinner, regarding his strong opinion that confirmees were far too young really to understand the relevance of confirmation. His Lord Bishop was much chagrinned at his apostolic authority being challenged, even in this minor way; they remained at a stalemate over this issue, to John��s unending amusement. I think that he merely took delight in chal-lenging the might of Rome, even if it be tilting at windmills. Strange to say, at a later stage he chose Don Quixote as the illustration for his bookplate. A night scene of the bishop��s palace, painted by the Russian artist George Smirnoff, was one of his favourite paintings in his collection. Smirnoff, who lived in Macao during the war, was a prolific painter, primarily in watercolours; he had taught John��s daughter, Letitia, among many other students. His magnificently exe-cuted views of Macao captured the ancient city in all its faded glory, much of which, alas, has been irretrievably lost.
In later years, John��s active and erudite mind attracted men of the cloth to his table. It was not uncommon to find both Anglican and Catholic clergymen paying pastoral visits when John retired to the then small village of Malmesbury in 1972. Vatican Council II and its controversial amendments were diligently analysed amid the glow of candles at the library table, to copious amounts of red vino served with the demijohn slung over his shoulder�Xa habit acquired in Macao. ��The closer to Rome, the further from God��, John often said, with wicked amusement in his eyes, set beneath the bushy eyebrows that made him look like a contender for the seat of Canterbury, straight from the pages of Giles.
After hostilities ceased with the surrender of Japan in September 1945, John stayed on in Macao until posted to Rome in 1946. In the same year, he received recognition for his wartime role by being created in the New Year Honours Officer of the Order of the British Empire in his capacity as consul in Macao. In Rome, he was responsible for consular matters pertaining to the Abruzzi, Molise, Sardinia and the Sardinian Islands, with effect from 15 September 1947. He was subsequently appointed in 1949 consul for the Province of East Java, to reside at Surabaya, where he met Tessa Schukking, who was to be his compan-ion for the rest of his life. Her parents had been captured at the fall of Singapore, but Tessa had managed to escape on one of the last vessels to leave the city for Australia. She spent a few years there at a boarding school, St. Hilda��s School in Cottesloe, and was reunited with her family after the war.
Leaving the Foreign Offi ce after his Surabaya posting, they moved to a small farm outside Stellenbosch in the Western Cape. After his farming venture failed, he pursued a very successful career in broadcasting until his retirement in 1972. By his own definition, he considered himself, after the greater part of two decades, a veteran broadcaster.
His first entry to Cape Town was marked by a most unfortunate incident, which he still chafed at telling many years later. When the customs offi cials at Cape Town Harbour diligently searched this former consular offi cial��s personal baggage, they found his magnificent gold and silver diplomatic sword, which had been a gift from the community in Macao on his departure. John said that the gold content was so high that the sword bent under its own weight if held upright for too long. The customs officials declared it to be a ��dangerous weapon�� and hastily prepared to confiscate it. No amount of pleading to the con-trary was considered. John duly marched to the ship��s side as it lay at anchor in Cape Town Harbour, saying that if he could not retain this ineff ective ��weapon�� then none would! With a flourish, he flung the golden sword far into the dark waters of Table Bay�Xthere it lies to this day as a gift to Neptune, far from the greed of common man. Likewise, much of his magnificent collection of Chinese carved purple sandalwood furniture and valuable scrolls ��went astray�� on leaving Surabaya. John believed that perhaps they were misplaced by another member of the corps diplomatique who had been entrusted with shipping the items. He could never be sure: his suspicions had no grounding other than a very fine gut feeling.
After Stellenbosch, John and Tessa moved to Cape Town, into a small house on the slopes of Signal Hill, overlooking the Atlantic. Th is cottage, said to be one of the oldest in Cape Town, was built around an inner courtyard in the midst of which an enormous lemon tree had taken root. The inevitable Cape winds con-stantly moved the heavy branches, laden with Chinese wind chimes, the sound of which he said ��called the temples of China to mind��. Their small drawing room reminded one of the sack of Peking with its disarray of ��chinoise objects��, among which an ancient bronze temple drum on a carved wooden stand took pride of place, amid towers of books which they regarded as personal friends. Th is was the space where John was most at ease.
The kitchen, always a favourite haunt of John, was presided over by the ��kitchen god��, whose roughly printed figure hung near the stove. His culinary exploits were legendary and the kitchen was a delight to behold, where new gadgets of every kind hung from peg-board on the walls. Pots, pans and bunches of onions hung from the ceiling, in true Iberian fashion, above a well-scrubbed Edwardian farm table, where a very large, fat, brown, glazed earthenware teapot held court after siesta. French onion soup vied with exotic Indonesian dishes as Sunday evening fare, which was rolled into the library on an old tea trolley laden with soup, breads, raw radishes and cheeses. It was a memorable tradition. Red vino flowed�Xas the evening drifted, we were always entertained with John��s memories of Macao and Peking, amid the clatter of mahjong tiles.
One of his favourite souvenirs was a pair of Manchu shoes reputed to have come from the wardrobe of the dowager empress, and sold to him by a former court eunuch in Peking��s Street of Antiques. True or not, John liked the story�X the shoes remained as a faded reminder of Old Peking on the overloaded book-case behind his library seat. The state of this bookcase was the result of years of avid collecting. But two books in particular were rather precious to him. One was a leather-bound Roman missal, given to him as a present and inscribed by Father Teixeira, the Macao historian; the other, a signed copy of Sian: A coup
d��etat had been given to him by Madame Soong Mei-ling, wife of General Chiang
Kai-shek. They represented the two opposites in life, the sacred and profane.
When he moved to Malmesbury, he christened his home ��Guia��, after the light that shone from the hill above his Macao residence, guiding the ships among the hundreds of islands that dotted the sea at the mouth of the Pearl River. His old Macao residence was demolished a week before I finally found it in 2005, with the help of Father Lancelot, a former Macao seminarian who had met John when having his passport renewed during the war.
One of my most precious memories of his gentlemanly behaviour was formed one wet winter afternoon in Malmesbury. John and Tessa had retired for aft er-noon siesta, ensconced with cats and dogs. I decided to do something useful that would perhaps please John. I stood on the lower half of the large bookcase and, with much stretching, removed a bronze standing figure of Gautama Buddha in the style of the Song dynasty. To my young and uninformed mind, it appeared far too dirty! So I proceeded to ��clean�� away the offending dirt. Off came the patina from many years of gentle polish and burning incense. Th e cherished bronze now appeared cleaned and sparkling new! I awaited praise for a job well done. When they appeared in the library later that afternoon, I was met with absolute silence and no hint of offence on John��s diplomatic visage, other than what I perceived to be a slight wince of pain from his knees. I was a litt le disap-pointed at the lack of enthusiasm for my afternoon��s work, but promptly forgot about it. Years later, I was told that John had been absolutely appalled by my endeavours, yet his calm and assuring demeanour never wavered, even if I had noticed a slight wincing about his mouth. The patina has slowly returned to this benign deity, but it constantly reminds me that ��life is too short to stuff a mush-room��, to quote a much-used phrase of his. John always was a gentleman and a diplomat.
His life slowly ebbed away, leaving him breathing with great diffi culty, due to years of smoking, and barely able to walk, as a result of old knee injuries. He died in 1978 in the Swartland Hospital in Malmesbury, in a room overlooking the farmlands and mountains of the area. He never returned to his beloved Macao. He never saw China again.
I like to think that John Reeves ��ascended the dragon�� knowing that he had done so much for so many, yet modesty and humility seldom allowed him to flaunt his deeds. It is to his memory that I dedicate these words and thank him in absentia for his guidance when I was young and its enduring enrichment.
John, your memoir is finally in print. Requiescat in pace.
Notes
Preface and Introduction
1.
Wilhelm Snyman, ��The John Reeves Memoir, ��The Lone Flag��: Lifting the Veil on Wartime Macao��, Revista de Cultura 23 (2007): 40�V55.
2.
Edwin Ride, British Army Aid Group: Hong Kong Resistance 1942�V1945 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1981).
3.
Letter dated 5 June 1943 from Lieutenant Colonel Ride, head of the British Army Aid Group in China, to General Grimsdale, military attache, British Embassy, Chungking (Chongqing), AWM (Australian War Memorial) PR82/068 2/34/10.
4.
I am grateful to Jason Wordie for sharing with me their reminiscences on this subject.
5.
Letter from Fukui to Telos de Vasconcelos, 15 September 1944. Macao Historical
Archives MO/AH/A1/SA/01/25726. 6. AWM PR82/068 2/8/59.
7.
Arnaldo Sales�� comment, passed on to me by Stuart Braga.
8.
See no. 74 on the main map. Another map in the Braga Collection at the National Library of Australia (1945 MAP G7947.M3 1945) marks the consulate here.
9.
Stuart Braga��s report of conversation with Geoffrey Wilson.
10.
Adding to the puzzle, the diagram on page 34 lists, under the heading ��Skyline��, eight guards who were operating from there. This forces one to ask what else was going on at Skyline.
11.
This information, including the date of release, comes from a report by Mrs. Mary Erwin Martin of her time in Hong Kong before and after the surrender to the Japanese, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/stanley_camp/message /2842 (accessed 3 August 2013). Mr. Martin was consul general in Chungking; they too were trapped in Hong Kong by the Japanese att ack.
12.
Ken Cambon, Guest of Hirohito (Vancouver: PW Press, 1990), Appendix: Excerpts
from War-Crime Trials, http://www.fourthmarinesband.com (accessed 5 July 2013). 13. AWM PR82/068 11/16/23.
14.
Dauril Alden, Charles Boxer: An Uncommon Life (Macao and Lisbon: Fundacao Oriente, 2001), footnote 11 on page 548.
15.
I owe this observation to Cesar Guillen Nunez.
Macao during World War II
1.
Reeves covers the subject of censorship and his own attempts to publish a newspaper. Another breach of strict neutrality was the transshipment of troops through Macao into China. The Japanese also ordered the Portuguese to remove their troops from Lapa, Dom Joao and Montanha islands.
2.
Personal conversation with the author.
3.
Th e game fantan involves scooping up a bowl of beads. These are counted out in groups of four: punters bet on the number remaining at the end�Xone, two, three or none.
4.
Reeves uses the spelling Saion for this ship, but many references use Sai On.
5.
See Chapter X of the memoir.
The Lone Flag
Chapter I Th e Beginning
1.
Correctly the SS Sai On although also referred to as the Xi An. She was a two-decked ferry, 225 feet long and 42 feet beam built at the Taikoo Dockyard in 1924.
2.
It was the practice for Malayan Civil Service cadets to spend time in Macao to learn Cantonese.
3.
R.G.K. Thompson escaped from Hong Kong and in early 1942 was in China. He did not stay long and joined Wingate in Burma. He went on to achieve fame aft er the Malayan Emergency as one of the world��s leading experts on subversive warfare. His awards include KBE, CMG, DSO and MC.
4.
While Mrs. Reeves was trapped in Hong Kong, their daughter Letitia, aged about five, must have been in Macao with her father.
5.
By which Reeves means the Japanese consul, Fukui Yasamitsu.
6.
Reeves is presumably referring to the three weeks between the start of the Japanese attack on Hong Kong and the fall of Hong Kong on Christmas Day 1941.
7.
Mr. Fletcher was a manager of the Macao Electric Company (see Chapter III).
8.
Donald Fletcher, 17, a student at the University of Hong Kong, served as a stretcher bearer during the fighting in Hong Kong but escaped to Macao in February 1942.
9.
Lieutenant Colonel E.J.R. Mitchell took part in the defence of Hong Kong and replaced Colonel H.B. Rose as Commander of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corp (HKVDC) on 20 December 1941. He spent the war as a prisoner of war (POW). His wife, Rose, and their two daughters had been evacuated to Canada in 1940 but returned in 1941 to a rented house in Macao.
10.
See references in the Preface for further reading on the Battle for Hong Kong.
11.
Margin note: ��Midnight mass cancellation��.
12.
The Pearl River.
13.
Macao was not joined to the mainland by a causeway but by a sand bar which in its early history could be submerged at high tide. Gradually it became a more permanent att ach-ment and, by the time of the war, it had been considerably widened by reclamation and there was a road to the border crossing which was marked by the gateway known
as Portas do Cerco (Barrier Gate), preserved today as an historic structure. Th e two islands are Taipa and Coloane. Taipa was originally two islands but they were joined by reclamation. Coloane was first linked to Taipa by a causeway but is now inextricably linked by a broad band of reclamation�Xthe Cotai strip, which houses many hotels and casinos.
14.
Correctly: ��Nao ha outra mais leal��.
15.
This is one of Reeves�� more puzzling statements as there seems neither records nor memories of universities coming to Macao, although certainly many moved within China to escape the Japanese. Some middle schools moved there from Guangzhou.
16.
Commander Gabriel Mauricio Teixeira was a naval officer. He became governor of Macao from 1940 to 1946. After leaving Macao he became governor-general of Mozambique (1948�V58). He died in 1973.
17.
Dr. Pedro Jose Lobo was born in Timor in 1892 and died in Hong Kong in 1965. He was appointed director of Economic Services in 1937 and went on to prosper aft er the war. At one time he was reported to have controlled all the gold imports.
18.
Because of the International Date Line, V.J. Day was declared on 15 August in Japan and the Far East while it was on 14 August in the United States.
Chapter II Gett ing Going
1.
Th e SS Perla is mentioned in Tony Banham, Not the Slightest Chance (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003) as serving as an Auxiliary Patrol Vessel during the Battle for Hong Kong. She was a 326-tonne vessel with length of 185 feet. It is prob-able that she could have ferried 200 or more passengers across the sheltered waters to Macao.
2.
Heenan report to the British ambassador in Chungking (dated 3 June 1942, NA [National Archives] FO371/41620). In this he states: ��as the Japanese have been pushing out Chinese and Portuguese from Hongkong and its new territories in a steady stream to Macao, as many as 1,000 per day having arrived at one period per junks and Japanese motor vessels such as the Shirogano Maru.��
3.
Mrs. Wilson was the wife of Geoff rey Wilson who was an assistant superintendent of police in Hong Kong and was interned in Stanley. Until she escaped from Macao in 1943, she was the BAAG��s contact agent in Macao. See Chapter X.
4.
The Clube de Macau (Macao Club) still occupies part of the premises better known as the Teatro Dom Pedro V (Dom Pedro V Th eatre). The building dates from 1860 and is the first Western theatre in China. The main facade was renovated in 1873 in a more neo-classical style, including pilasters and a triangular pediment. It is now preserved as one of The Historic Monuments of Macao (no. 72 on the map).
5.
Correctly Dr. Elsa de Senna Fernandes.
6.
The acting Portuguese consul in Hong Kong was Francisco Soares.
7.
The work of the C.E.R. is described in Chapter VI.
8.
Marginal note apparently reading ��Carrots��.
9.
Th e batt leship HMS Prince of Wales and batt lecruiser HMS Repulse were sunk by Japanese aircraft on 10 December 1941; Singapore fell on 15 February 1942.
Chapter III ��Th e Situation��
1.
See below (page 23) for some brief comments on the story of the Consulate. See preface (page xii) for more on location of the consulate.
2.
Here Reeves inserted a note: ��Burglar alarms��.
3.
��[O]n 4 February 1945 �K Fukui Yasumitsu was assassinated �K An enquiry was con-ducted by the Portuguese authorities as to this incident. Consensus held that no politi-cal motive was impugned, merely an act of jealousy.�� Geoffrey C. Gunn, Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-state on the Periphery of China, 1557�V1999 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), p. 127.
4.
See Chapter VIII note 5 on the Netherlands Harbour Works Co.
5.
John Company was the informal name of the British East India Company. Best known for their presence in India they were also granted a monopoly of trade with China. However, after the Indian Mutiny they were disbanded and trade became free. The English factor��s house (more accurately the home of the president of the Select Committee for Macao of the East India Company) referred to still stands. It was and is commonly known as Casa Garden (no. 61 on the map) and is located next to the main Protestant cemetery (no. 60 on the map). It was still a museum in the 1970s, but later the museum was transferred to its current location within the Fortaleza do Monte (Monte Fort) (no. 66 on the map). Today the villa houses the Fundacao Oriente (Oriental Foundation), an organization that promotes Portuguese culture worldwide, and an exhibition gallery, which houses exhibits of Chinese antiques, porcelain and contemporary art.
6.
Much of this street, which runs behind the Ruinas de Sao Paulo (ruins of St. Paul��s) (no. 65 on the map), has been renamed Rua de D. Belchior Carneiro, and only a short dead-end section is now called the Largo da Companhia (Square of the Company).
7.
Haileybury had, after the demise of the East India Company, become a public school.
8.
Although Moosa��s store still exists on Rua Central opposite the Teatro Dom Pedro V (no. 72 on the map), it is now a shadow of its former self and one might pass it without a second glance.
9.
The Indian Independence League was a political organization that operated from 1928 to the 1940s. It was set up to organize those living outside of India into seeking the removal of British colonial rule over India. Founded in 1928 by Indian nationalists, the organization was located in various parts of Southeast Asia and included Indian expa-triates and, later, Indian nationalists in exile under Japanese occupation. Th e Japanese encouraged Indians to join the Indian Independence League so as to exert more pres-sure on the British.
10.
Marginal note: ��Metropolitan��.
11.
The Chinese Maritime Customs Service was run mainly by foreigners even though it operated as a part of the Chinese government. It was successful as it eliminated the
corruption that had prevented the government from receiving its proper duties. It became a powerful organization and effectively controlled commercial navigation in Chinese waters. Jean Fay, the commissioner of Chinese Maritime Customs in Macao, is mentioned later.
12.
Ernest (Pat) Heenan was the representative of Royal Insurance based in Shanghai. He was in Macao ��pursuing a business connection�� and was booked to sail back to Hong Kong on the Sai On on 8 December. Consequently trapped in Macao, he escaped to Chungking (Chongqing) in April 1942, where he wrote a full report on the Macao situation for the British ambassador in Chungking (dated 3 June 1942, NA [National Archives] FO371/41620).
13.
In a report from Captain Olsen (NA HS/176): ��The Governor is pro-ally but cannot do much owing to the danger of antagonizing the Japs. The senior government members surrounding the Governor are very pro-Axis and do all in their power to embarrass the British Consul and community, even to the extent of falsifying reports before they reach the Governor. An official by the name of Silva da Costa seems to be the most vicious in the anti-British element.��
14.
In 1889, Lewanika, chief of the Lozi, appealed for protection to the British, being threatened by the Ndebele. ��If the British did not intervene, clearly the Portuguese would expand into this unclaimed territory linking Mozambique and Angola. Rhodes was delighted �K to block the Portuguese.�� Th omas Pakenham, The Scramble for Afr ica (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991), p. 387.
15.
The race track referred to was sited close to the border crossing with China. It was called the Hipodromo (Hippodrome) (no. 102 on the map). It had been built in the 1920s when Macao expanded into the areas that had previously been countryside. Th e area was redeveloped as an industrial and residential area after the war, the centre of which is now the Mercado Municipal do Bairro Iao Hon (Iao Hon Market). The roads bordering the area retain the word Hipodromo in memory of the track. A new race-course was built on Taipa Island and still holds regular meetings.
16.
Heenan in his report describes George McCaskie as ��27, British, Oxford, knowledge of Cantonese, Singapore Govt. Cadet��.
17.
Heenan��s description: ��Charles Michael Knaggs, 25, British, Varsity Cambridge; knowl-edge of Cantonese, Air certificate and Singapore Govt. Cadet.��
18.
It seems that Reeves has the name wrong. Phyllis Harrop, working for the police in Hong Kong, escaped to Macao in January using fake German identity papers. She then went on to escape from Macao with the help of Nationalist agents. She endured a long trip overland to Chungking from where she returned to England. Her reports on the situation in Hong Kong were the first first-hand ones to reach London. In 1943 she published her memoirs as Hong Kong Incident (London: Eyre & Spott iswoode, 1943).
19.
Kwangchowan (Zhanjiang) was a small enclave on the south coast of China near Hainan Island, ceded by Qing China to France as a leased territory and ruled by France as an outlier of French Indochina. The colony was invaded and taken over by Japan in February 1943, taken back by France in 1945, and finally returned to China in 1946.
20.
Elsie Fairfax-Cholmondeley escaped with Israel Epstein, Ray O��Niell, Parker ��Dutch�� Van Ness and Frank W. Wright. They found a small boat just outside the wire at Stanley,
and made it to Macao via Cheung Chau. The escape is described in I. Epstein, My China Eye (San Francisco: Long River Press, c. 2005).
21.
Robert Stott escaped by sampan and then transferred onto a Macao fishing junk to reach Macao. He wrote a report (AWM PR82/068 9/7/13) to Lieutenant Colonel Ride of BAAG dated 6 October 1942 of his escape.
22.
Heenan describes O��Neill as an American sailor and reports that when he last saw him, O��Neill was ��resting in Macao owing to a shrapnel wound in the back��. The fact that he had braved the escape from Stanley and many hours in a sampan making his way to Macao with this wound in his back gives a somewhat different sense of the man to that given by Reeves.
23.
Pan American Airways�� flying boat service was an American airline��s first provision of a commercial flight service between the United States, Hong Kong and China. It oper-ated between Hong Kong and Macao, then flew via Manila to San Francisco. It took about an hour for a flight between Hong Kong and Macao. Pan American operated two flights per week until Japan��s invasion in 1941. Their ��property�� was located on the east side of Macao roughly where the ferry terminal is today (a little northeast of no. 19 on the map). Pan American also had a radio station to which Reeves refers on the Colina de Barra (Barra Hill) (no. 83 on the map).
24.
Heenan describes Redden as ��30, American, Commercial Air Pilot of over 5000 flying hours experience; Radio operator��s and Engineer��s certificate P.A.A.; Pan American Airport Manager at Macao��.
25.
Th e Masbate was built in Dundee in 1895 as the Juno and renamed in 1935, sold to Wallem & Co. Hong Kong but with the beneficial owner being South China Steam Ship Co. of Hong Kong. She sank in a collision off Fuzhou in 1949. Heenan reports her being ��in the Government Harbour, near to the Joao de Lisboa��.
26.
Heenan mentions two other employees of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs, both ex Kongmoon: ��?.T. Williams, 55, American who was Commissioner in Kongmoon�� and ��A. S. Coppin, 50, British��.
Chapter IV Organization
1.
Amoy and Swatow are now Xiamen and Shantou.
2.
V.R. would have indicated that the object dated from the time of Queen Victoria.
3.
The origins of Cable and Wireless lie in a number of British telegraph companies founded in the 1860s. In 1928 the communications operations of the British Empire were merged into a single company, initially known as Imperial and International Communications Ltd., which became Cable and Wireless Ltd. in 1934.
4.
It is interesting to note that Aycock was on a Japanese assassination list reported by BAAG to the British Embassy in Chungking. The others on the list were Reeves and the secretary of Fernando Rodriguez. This suggests there may have been more to Mr. Aycock than Reeves is telling us (FO371/46/99 24 July 1945).
5.
See Chapter VII for more on the work of the clinic and the doctors.
6.
Derek Anderson was a member of a distinguished Eurasian family. His sister, Joyce Symons, was later headmistress of Diocesan Girls�� School in Hong Kong. Another sister, Phyllis Nolasco, was active in the BAAG. Their brother (Lieutenant Donald J. Anderson of the Hong Kong Volunteers) was killed in the Batt le for Hong Kong. Hearing this, Reeves offered Derek, then sixteen, the position as archivist. See Vicky Lee, Being Eurasian: Memories across Racial Divides (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004), pp. 70�V71.
7.
See Chapter X for fuller discussion of secret activities.
8.
Jose Maria ( Jack) Braga (1897�V1988) was an important historian of Macao. He accu-mulated a library on the activities of the Portuguese in the Far East. The war put a stop to his acquisition of books, but instead he began to record the life of the large English-speaking community in its efforts to maintain a vibrant cultural life in these extraordi-nary conditions. By mid-1945 it was obvious to local people that the war was finally coming to an end, as the growing number of air raids told of increasing American air supremacy. Braga began to collect newspapers, including the English edition of the Portuguese newspaper Renascimento, which by mid-1945 was able to give accurate information about the collapse of Nazi Germany. Now held in the National Library of Australia, these papers tell a dramatic story of rapidly growing excitement.
9.
The Hong Kong Rehabilitation Committee ��of six men under Reeves which includes one Leo D��Almada �K Other members are said to be Jack Braga (Portuguese), A El [grp undec] ulli (Indian), W.C. Hung (Eurasian) and C.Y. Kwan.�� Message from Chungking to Foreign Office, 22 May 1945. The undecipherable name was clearly Abbas el Arculli. This initiative of Reeves outside his terms of reference caused considerable concern in Chungking and London to the degree that consideration was given to replacing him. See NA FO 371/46251.
Chapter V Parochial
1.
Miguel Senna Fernandes and Alan N. Baxter, Maquista Chapado: Vocabulary and Expressions in Macao��s Portuguese Creole (Macao: Instituto Cultural, 2004) spell the name ��pacapiu�� and describe it as a ��Chinese lott ery��.
2.
Government servants are still forbidden to enter the casinos in Macao.
3.
The Porto Interior (inner harbour) is on the western side of peninsular Macao.
4.
Ben de Senna Fernandes organized the Melco Orchestra, which apparently consisted of four players of the violin and cello.
5.
��Waits�� are people who welcome in Christmas by playing or singing out of doors at night.
6.
This further reference to the Chinese universities and schools suggests more research is needed to determine which institutions did move to Macao and where they were based within the colony.
7.
See no. 13 on the map.
8.
See no. 72 on the map.
9.
The canidrome (see no. 49 on the map) was built only in 1940 and the sport had not yet matured so it is understandable that the racing was disrupted. Dog racing was resur-rected after the war; the stadium is still in use today.
10.
The tennis club still exists at the same location on the Avenida da Republica (no. 82 on the map) below what is now called the Palacete de Santa Sancha (no. 81 on the map).
11.
No. 80 on the map.
12.
Marginal note: ��?Fat Siu Lao��. Despite its name, this is a well-known restaurant serving Portuguese food on Rua da Felicidade (no. 103 on the map).
13.
The Central and Grand hotels are both on Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro. Th e Hotel Central is three blocks northwest from the Largo do Senado (Senate Square), while the Grand Hotel is at the western end next to the Inner Harbour.
14.
The Portuguese Bank, or the Portuguese Overseas Bank, is correctly the Banco Nacional Ultramarino. The main branch is on Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro at the inter-section with the Praia Grande (no. 8 on the map). Part of the original facade has been preserved.
15.
This exceptional bank manager was Ade Santos Ferreira, who wrote Macanese songs.
16.
No. 62 on the map.
17.
Charles Boxer, among many other achievements, was an historian who specialized in the history of the Dutch and Portuguese in the Far East.
18.
The grave is of Lord Henry John Spencer Churchill, who was in command of the HMS Druid, one of the fleet gathered in 1840 for operations with the expeditionary force in China. Lord Churchill died on 3 June 1840 of ��congestion of the brain complicated by an attack of dysentery��. See Lindsay Ride and May Ride, An East India Company Cemetery (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1996), pp. 215�V16. Th e cemetery is no. 60 on the map.
19.
No. 68 on the map.
20.
No. 18 on the map.
21.
The poem is by Reeves, whose home and consulate, at least through most of 1942, was close to the Guia light, but see the discussion in the introduction of the location of the consulate.
22.
No. 66 on the map. Marginal note: ��Mention murderers��.
23.
Probably Hawker Ospreys, a navalized version of the Hawker Hind biplane, used as a fighter and for reconnaissance.
24.
Lost over the years from the manuscript. It seems quite likely that the guide that Reeves refers to would have been Macau, Oldest Foreign Colony in Far East, Founded in 1557 (Macau: Agencia do Turismo, [1936]).
Chapter VI Relief
1.
Mr. Leo D��Almada e Castro was born in Hong Kong in 1904. He entered the University of Hong Kong at just fifteen years of age. He left the Faculty of Arts three years later before taking his degree examinations, and went up to Exeter College, Oxford, to read Jurisprudence. He left Oxford with a degree in 1926, was called to the Bar by the Middle
Temple in 1927, and returned to Hong Kong the same year to practise. His war years were spent in Macao serving as a liaison officer between the Portuguese and British governments in connection with refugees. Towards the end of the war, he and his wife made a difficult and hazardous journey through Japanese-occupied China to India, and thence to the United Kingdom, where he made a valuable contribution to the plans for post-war Hong Kong that were being drawn up in London. In 1945 he was appointed president of the General Military Court in Hong Kong, resuming his legal practice upon its dissolution the following year. In 1947 he took silk, and became recognized as the leading member of Hong Kong��s Portuguese community.
2.
Two D��Almada-Remedios brothers were in a list in KWIZ 51/4 dated 30 May 1944 (AWM PR82/068 10/13/13) as having ��been detained by the Japanese in Hong Kong. ......The majority of those arrested had previously made trips to Macao and were prob-ably suspected of contacting the British Consul there.�� It is not clear whether either of these is the Mr. Remedios referred to by Reeves.
3.
See Chapter III, n. 12.
4.
This centre was in a house owned by the Remedios family on Rua do Barao (no. 100 on the map).
5.
The dollars referred to in this passage are Hong Kong dollars, for which the exchange rate at this time was about HK$15 = �G1. Macao��s currency, the pataca, was before the war at par with the Hong Kong dollar. A catty is approximately one-and-one-third pounds, or 600 grammes.
6.
Compradore is a Portuguese word meaning buyer. It was adopted in the China Trade as a term for the native manager who negotiated deals between Chinese suppliers and foreign buyers. Some such as Sir Robert Ho Tung, the compradore for Jardine Matheson & Co., became very rich and powerful.
7.
Y. C. Liang was to be a very active agent of the BAAG in Macao, until eventually he was appointed the senior agent in mid-1943. Often referred to in the literature as ��Phoenix��, his code name was in fact P.L. and Phoenix was Dr. Eddie Gosano. That mistake carries over into the following quotations. ��He [Liang] served as chief local agent for the BAAG. It was Phoenix who organized the escape routes on which Reeves dispatched Allied workers from Macao to Free China, and which served as the arteries for the BAAG��s intelligence work.�� With instructions from the Foreign Offi ce, Liang reached Gimson in Hong Kong on 22 August 1945 ��with Whitehall��s official command to take power��. Both quotations from Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong, pp. 183 and 249 respec-tively. After the surrender, he was on the first Allied ship to arrive in Macao (see Chapter XII). Subsequently he was made Commander of the British Empire by the British government.
8.
Marginal note: ��loyalty tests��. This probably referred to another of the fourteen tests that Reeves mentioned earlier.
9.
Marginal note: ��Wong Ching Wei��. Given the context, this may be a mistake for Wang Jingwei and a reference to yet another form of currency which circulated in wartime Macao�Xthat from the puppet Nanjing government.
Chapter VII Medical
1.
All the doctors returned to Hong Kong at the end of the war and nearly all later left for the United States. Dr. Eddie Gosano took over from Mrs. Wilson as BAAG agent in Macao. Dr. Ho Asgoe has not been identified.
2.
Following the sighting of Our Lady of Fatima in 1917 by three shepherd children in Fatima, Portugal, she became a popular figure of devotion. Igreja Sao Domingos (St. Dominic��s Church) in Macao was the first in the Far East to integrate the worship of Our Lady of Fatima into its religious services, and it is the starting point of the annual procession which carries her statue through the streets to Capela de Nossa Senhora da Penha (Penha Church) (no. 79 on the map). In the Catedral (Cathedral) (no. 9 on the map), there is a statue of Our Lady of Fatima and an inscription: ��Rainha do Mundo, Mae de Portugal, Amparai Macau, 13.5.1943��, which translates as ��Queen of the World, Mother of Portugal, Help Macao��. The dedication of this statue is probably the cere-mony to which Reeves refers.
3.
Porto Exterior (Exterior Port) at this time referred to the waters to the southeast of the town. Reclamation here had been carried out with the aim of stimulating trade but it never materialized�Xall the land has been built over.
4.
The Kiang Wu Hospital still operates today on the original site (no. 58 on the map) but in a new building dating from 2000.
5.
Hospital de Sao Rafael (St. Rafael Hospital) was founded in 1569 and operated up until 1974, when the organization decided to focus on the care of the elderly. The old build-ing was taken over by the Portuguese government and, since the handover of sover-eignty to China, has been used as the Portuguese consulate (no. 67 on the map).
6.
Mr. Nolasco��s pharmacy is the Pharmacia Popular, which still exists in the historic Senate Square (no. 69 on the map).
7.
Sulfathiozole was a commonly used anti-microbial. 12/6 is a reference to pre-decimali-zation English currency and is equal to 62.5 new pence.
Chapter VIII Other Countries�� Interests
1.
Bishop Adolph John Paschang (1895�V1968) was an American Maryknoll priest. He was made bishop of Kongmoon ( Jiangmen) in 1937. After the liberation of main-land China he chose to stay behind and was imprisoned and tortured by the Chinese Communist authorities. He was released to Macao in June 1952 and spent the rest of his life in Hong Kong.
2.
Sergio Osmena y Suico (1878�V1961) was vice president under Manuel L. Quezon from 1935 and rose to the presidency upon Quezon��s death in 1944.
3.
The Riviera Hotel was on the Praia Grande near its junction with Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro (no. 7 on the map).
4.
No. 86 on the map.
5.
In the report written by Ernest Heenan to the British Embassy in Chungking, 27 May 1942, he says: ��The Netherlands Harbour Works, whose Manager in Macao is Mr. WoerKamp, have, in their sheds, to the North of the Macao Water Co.��s reservoir,
equipment, locomotives, rails and ironware to the value of some HK$3,000,000 and in the Government Harbour a dredger over which the Japanese have been casting an eye since before 8th December 1941. A party of Japanese boarded this dredger early in April. She is under the care only of Chinese watchman. Mr. WoerKamp has taken the matter up with the Hon. Consul for the Netherlands, Mr. Henrique Nolasco, Sr.�� In Macao: A Handbook (Macao: Publicity Office, Harbour Works Dept., 1926), p. 19: ��the road passes Macao Siac where the ��Netherlands Harbour Works Co�� has established its workshops in connection with the Port Works of Macao.�� This suggests that the company established workshops when working on the new port project of the 1920s and retained its property there to store equipment between projects. The area has now been reclaimed but a street on the reclamation named Rua da Doca dos Holandeses records the past Dutch presence.
6.
The Japanese cut off the supply of rice to Macao and forced the Macao government to start negotiations for the transfer of the dredger to the Portuguese flag and for eventual re-sale to the Japanese. ��Negotiations took a couple of months before Gundesen, the man authorised to handle the case, who is at present in Shamshuipo Camp, gave power of attorney to Nolasco Sr., Honorary Dutch Consul, and instructions to sell if necessary.�� SOE report, probably of May 1942 NA HS 1/176.
7.
While the map has been lost, it is to be noted that in Chapter X, number 52 on the map is assigned to the Bairro Tamagnini Barbosa, which lies on the northwest of Macao near Green Island. This is no. 44 on the present map. The present map shows the firecracker factories at no. 43, just north of the Bairro Tamagnini Barbosa, with a dock just to their west. So it is likely that the floating Dutch equipment was moved near there before the ��accidental�� scuttling of the lighter. Taking it right the way around the peninsula without intervention by the Japanese seems quite a feat.
8.
Green Island or Ilha Verde was in the north of the Inner Harbour and was connected to the mainland of Macao by a causeway.
9.
Russian Mountains is something of a misnomer. Montanha Russa is in fact quite a small municipal garden on the north side of Estrada de Ferreira do Amaral. Its modest hill features a spiral ramp (no. 38 on the map).
10.
Consultation with native Norwegian speakers sheds no light on the meaning of this phrase.
11.
��To cut out�� is to capture a ship from a harbour by getting between her and the shore.
12.
Marginal note: ��Heard of since��.
13.
Willy Reed was the youngest of seven brothers. Four were killed during the Batt le for Hong Kong. Two were imprisoned in Sham Shui Po. Willy looked after his mother in Macao.
Chapter IX Morale
1. The Sergeant��s Club was on the corner of the Praia Grande and Rua do Padre Luis Frois
S.J. (near no. 7 on the map).
2.
The library in the Leal Senado (Loyal Senate) is still there (no. 4 on the map), although most of the books are quite old and Macao has other, more modern public libraries.
3.
Marginal note: ��lazy rice pickers��.
4.
No. 78 on the map.
5.
Chacara Leitao or Villa Leitao (no. 101 on the map) belonged to the Leitao family. It was located.on the Estrada de Cacilhas on the seaward side of Monte de Guia (Guia Hill), very close to the water before the reclamation in front of it in the 1930s, ��of extraor-dinary charm and beauty, attractively laid out terraces and gardens, a private summer residence��. Macau: A Handbook (Macao: Publicity Office, Harbour Works Dept., 1926), p. 18.
6.
With the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, about 4,000 Portuguese families returned to Macao. To look after the youth, the Macao governor asked the Hong Kong Jesuits to set up a school with all expenses paid. The school, Sao Luis Gonzaga, began in January 1943 and closed its doors in December 1945.
7.
No. 28 on the map.
8.
Marginal note: ��First jack at opening��.
9.
Deaconess Lee�Xactually Rev. Florence Li Tim-oi�Xwas ordained by Bishop R. O. Hall in 1944 to serve the spiritual needs of Anglican refugees in Macao.
10.
Marginal note: ��Defrock��.
11.
Father Granelli was born in 1892 and arrived in Hong Kong in 1925. He was sent to Macao in 1942 to look after refugees and went back to Hong Kong on the first junk to leave Macao after Japanese surrender. He retired in 1969.
12.
The church opposite the Clube de Macau is the Igreja de Santo Agostinho (Church of St. Augustine) (no. 71 on the map). Father Granelli was put in charge of this church.
Chapter X Thrills, More or Less
1.
Marginal note: ��chopsticks��.
2.
Mr. Yamashita was the barber at the Hong Kong Hotel. He had been employed there since 1929 but when called upon he provided information to his fellow countrymen. Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 36.
3.
Colonel Lindsay Ride of the BAAG.
4.
Marginal note: ��14 days��.
5.
As previously mentioned, the coordinator was Mrs. Joy Wilson until she left for China; after that, her place was taken by Dr. Eddie Gosano.
6.
��Last month Chungking Embassy learnt that he had been communicating with the American O.S.S. in China. They at once instructed him �K to stop this.�� NA FO 371/46251.
7.
Marginal note: ��Bunny��.
8.
��Savagely�� is probably a mistype but it is thus in the original.
9.
Despite Reeves�� comment about his name, he is probably referring to Chan Tat-sun, who aided the BAAG in smuggling people out of Macao, including the four American pilots�Xsee below.
10.
Wolfram was mined in small quantities in Hong Kong.
11.
The internment camp for civilians in Hong Kong.
12.
Marginal note: ��Enlarge��.
13.
That Reeves was right to be concerned is shown in Report from Chungking Embassy to Foreign Office (NA FO 371/46199 24 July 1945): ��Japanese assassination list includes the following names: Reeves.......��
14.
It is likely that the concern of the Axis powers to ensure Portugal remained neutral also weighed heavily in the balance.
15.
Marginal note: ��Frenchie��.
16.
In Report from Chungking Embassy to Foreign Office (NA FO 371/46199 24 July 1945): ��Fernando Rodriguez head of Portuguese Red Cross Macao branch since 1942 was shot dead in Macao street on July 10th. Macao police arrested a man said to be body-guard of Wang Kung a reported enemy agent. Reason was non-cooperation and some financial issue.�� It goes on to say: ��Dalmada [D��Almada] considers that might well have been result of some personal grudge.��
17.
Muzzle-loading cannon were a common feature on junks even though they were con-sidered obsolete by the military forces. Reports suggest that the gunpowder used was quite weak and the junk could not have been that close, so Reeves�� concern was prob-ably not fully justified.
18.
BAAG did have plans to extricate Reeves if necessary, see AWM PR82/068 9/18/53. This description of the junk also tends to corroborate the argument that the consulate was on the Praia Grande at this time.
19.
As Reeves noted in Chapter I, he had stopped the Saion (correctly the SS Sai On) sailing from Macao in December 1941 and thereafter the boat had been moored in Macao, most probably in the Inner Harbour. The incident described took place on 18 August 1943: ��one of the more provocative actions instigated by the Japanese during the war �K the forced entry into Macau harbour of a large force of Japanese and Chinese auxiliaries who seized, by force of arms, a British ship, the Sian [sic], which the Portuguese had until now refused to surrender.�� Geoffrey C. Gunn, Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-state on the Periphery of China, 1557�V1999 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), p. 122.
20.
Marginal note: ��14 days exactly��.
21.
The Forte da Barra (Barra Fort) (no. 85 on the map) was built on the coast west of Penha Hill to guard the entrance to the Inner Harbour. The fort had a chapel dedicated to Sao Tiago, the patron saint of the army. Today, much of the fort has been transformed into a hotel, the Pousada Sao Tiago, and the chapel remains within the hotel grounds.
22.
Despite this being a major disaster, there is curiously little information about it. Th e fire seems to have occurred on 4 February 1947. The ship was rebuilt after the fire and renamed the Tak Shing. She later became the Tung Shan and was always used on the Hong Kong�VMacao run. She went to Japan to be broken up in 1974.
23.
Photographs suggest this was on the reclamation below Guia Hill near the Pan-American base.
24.
Stuart Braga, ��Rescued from Certain Death��, Casa Down Under (the Newsletter of the Casa de Macao in Sydney) October 2011 gives their names as George W. Clarke, Don
E. Mize and Charles Myers, and their date of arrival in Macao as 17 January 1945. He names the other airman as Basmajian and gives his arrival as two days later.
25.
Skyline (no. 104 on the map) is very close to Penha Church, high up on the Estrada de
D. Joao Paulino.
26.
Father Patrick Joy, from 1927 to 1951, was one of the best known Jesuits in Hong Kong. Father Joy was appointed professor of moral theology of the Regional Seminary for South China in what is now the Holy Spirit Seminary, Aberdeen. He was appointed regional superior in the summer of 1941. As an Irishman he escaped internment, but he was arrested individually in 1945. The end of the war found him in prison. For two years after the war he supervised the restarting of the Jesuits�� activities that had been interrupted by hostilities and the occupation.
27.
Marginal note: ��Burglars��.
28.
The numbers refer to the original map. The Bairro Tamagnini Barbosa is no. 44 on the present map and the 28th May houses are no. 50. The account implies the Tungwei was at the very eastern end of the North Patane Basin and the Masbate was a little to the west of the Tungwei.
29.
The Portuguese government lodged a protest with the United States and compensa-tion was eventually paid in 1950. This amounted to US$20,255,952 for ��damage caused when American planes bombed Macao��s harbour during World War II on 16th January, 25th February and 11th June 1945, mistaking it for Japanese occupied terri-tory��. Specific compensation was also paid for the damage to the Masbate and injury to Captain Jorgensen on 25 February 1945.
30.
Chungking was by this time the capital of Free China. The Chinese were very much dependent on the support of the Allies and hence they did not want to see any harm come to the British consul.
31.
The anti-piracy team was led by Lieutenant Commander Gick. Their anti-piracy work is well described in Gick��s obituary: htt p://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituar-ies/1381964/Rear-Admiral-Philip-Gick.html.
32.
Marginal note: ����Macao�� film��.
Chapter XI Odds and Ends
1.
Argentina Gonsalves was the nanny or governess of Reeves�� daughter, Letitia.
2.
Marginal note: ��Incident over band at Riviera��.
3.
The Hong Kong Planning Unit was set up in London in 1943. Staffed mainly by ex-Hong Kong civil servants, it was headed by David MacDougall who had escaped from Hong Kong on a motor torpedo boat. See Tim Luard, Escape from Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2012). The aim of the unit was to prepare for when the Japanese were defeated and ensure that Hong Kong had a smooth return to British rule. See Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004), p. 130 et seq.
4.
Reeves identifies this in a marginal note as okra.
5.
Marginal note: ��all whites��.
6.
Marginal note: ��belle level?��.
7.
Marginal note: ��secret radios��.
8.
See Migual Senna Fernandes and Alan Baxter, Maquista Chapado: Vocabulary and Expression in Macao��s Portuguese Creole (Macao: Instituto Cultural de Macau, 2004).
9.
Correctly, the Mocidade Portuguese�Xa nationalist boy-scout kind of organization.
10.
The Duke of Kent was killed in a puzzling air crash in Scotland on 25 August 1942.
11.
Marginal note: ��Pimms No. 1��.
12.
M.L. stands for motor launch. They were larger than a motor torpedo boat but still quite small.
13.
Marginal note: ��Red Rice��.
14.
Marginal note: ��Del......��?
15.
Bernardo de Senna Fernandes.
16.
This last sentence is an addition which Reeves marked for insertion after ��Fleet Air Arm��. It was felt this would disrupt the flow and so it was moved to the end of the paragraph.
17. Reeves�� account is a little over-compressed. As the Japanese grew closer to Australia and had already bombed Darwin, Australian and Dutch commandos were landed on Portuguese Timor as a defensive move. However, within a week of insertion of this force, on 20 February 1942, the Japanese invaded and succeeded in forcing and pushing back the Australians into the interior of the island. However, resistance continued until 10 February 1943, when the final remaining Australians were evacuated, making them the last Allied land forces to leave Southeast Asia. In obvious violation of Portugal��s neutrality, the Japanese then interned the whole Portuguese administration (in appalling conditions). It was the report of the invasion of Timor that must be presumed to have led Reeves to destroy papers in the expectation that the Japanese would treat Macao similarly.
Although Salazar protested the Australian-Dutch invasion, his real anger was with the Japanese. So he required that access be provided and that Captain da Silva e Costa visit Timor, threatening to break off diplomatic relations if this was not done. Th e Japanese flew Captain da Silva e Costa to Timor and back on military planes. Th is was in March and April 1944, not after the war as Reeves states.
18.
The bishop of Macao from 1942 to 1954 was Joao de Deus Ramalho.
19.
See Chapter IV page 34 for organization diagram.
20.
The New Cemetery is now a section of the Cemiterio de Nossa Senhora da Piedade (Our Lady of Mercy Cemetery) (no. 39 on the map), which is located on Av. do Coronel Mesquita. The Protestant area is in the northwest part close to the Montanha Russa Garden and is a peaceful oasis well worth a visit.
Chapter XII Post-War
1.
BAAG successfully delivered a Union Jack to Reeves and this was reported in a lett er to Lieutenant Colonel Ride dated 23 June 1943.
2.
Quite what Reeves meant by ��four hours later�� is not clear. The BBC announcement was on 14 August. Admiral Harcourt reached Hong Kong on 30 August and the first British ship, presumably that ��grey shape��, arrived off Macao on 2 September (War Diary, C-in-C, British Pacific Fleet [NA FO 371/46258]). However, as Reeves and the governor were clearly waiting for the ship��s arrival, perhaps the four hours refers to the time from their being notified of its coming and its arrival.
3.
The Miramar radio station is no. 22 on the present map.
4.
HMS Plym was a River class frigate. Interestingly, she was used as the detonation plat-form for the nuclear bomb test on 3 October 1952 in the Montebello Islands, Western Australia. Despite some reports that HMAS Fremantle was the first Allied ship to reach Macao, it is clear that the Plym preceded the Fremantle: from War Diary, C-in-C, British Pacific Fleet [NA FO 371/46258] (Admiral Harcourt): ��2nd September. HMS Plym sailed for Macao on 2nd September as escort for a small vessel which went to collect rice and returned on the 3rd September, having had an enthusiastic welcome in that Portuguese port which has harboured so many Hongkong residents during the war.�� ��Th e HMS Plym was assigned the task of escorting a Chinese delegation to Macao to negotiate with the Portuguese settlement for food and supplies...... Since Portugal had not declared war on Japan it was assumed that Macao was not occupied and would have surplus stores to feed the people that were literally starving in Hong Kong. As a Telegraphist with the official landing party I took the first step on the jetty to make way for the Chinese delegation. The Portuguese Governor, dressed in all of his medals and finery, clearly mistook me for a member of the delegation and promptly greeted me with a hug and kiss on each cheek.�� D. T. Tudor, Blue Waters�XThe Memoirs of a Canadian Submariner (Victoria, BC: Island Blue Print Co., 2006).
5.
The ship was an Australian minesweeper, HMAS Fremantle, which took them to Manila where they transferred to the USS General A.W. Brewster bound for San Francisco to return to England via America.
6.
Marginal note: ��Mention the HK dinner��.
7.
Marginal note: ��Mention offi cers fi rst arrival��.
8.
The artist was CSM Marciano F. Baptista. Dr. Solomon Bard, who was in the camp with CSM Baptista, comments: ��Baptista, who was a local Portuguese, undoubtedly had con-tacts with the outside, either family or friends. It would have been easy for them to send him paints in a parcel, which were allowed in (except during punishment periods).�� Th e scroll has sadly been lost. It was numbered Appendix 3.
9.
The journalist was David Divine and the name of the company is a typo for Kemsley Press�Xa major newspaper publishing group in the United Kingdom at the time.
10.
Th e Nieman Reports come from the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard. Th e Reports publish articles about the rights and responsibilities of news organizations.
11.
Marginal note: ��film��.
12.
The plane was the Supermarine Sea Otter�Xthe last biplane in service with the RA F.
13.
Insertion above the text: ��there��.
14.
Marginal note: ��Nip Consul��s remarks to H.E.��
15.
As Consul Fukui had been assassinated, there was a new Japanese consul, Maseki Yodogawa. Iwai (given name unknown) may have served between Fukui and Yodogawa. See US War Dept Magic Reel XII 1078 March 8, 1945.
16.
Marginal note: ��Time when Hughie did it to Commodore��.
17.
Marginal note: ��. ... my rank��.
18.
Marginal note: ��Carnival��.
19.
Major General Francis Festing was appointed Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong from August 1945.
20.
No. 15 on the map.
21.
No one of this name can be found in the French naval records. The most likely person was Vice Admiral Philippe-Marie-Joseph-Raymond Auboyneau. The French were using Hong Kong as a re-supply base around this time, so a side trip to Macao would not be surprising.
22.
Admiral Sir Bruce Austin Fraser GCB, KBE, took command of the British Pacific Fleet in December 1944. He signed the Instrument of Surrender of Japan on behalf of the United Kingdom on the USS Missouri.
23.
The Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes (NAAFI) is an organization created by the British government in 1921 to run recreational establishments needed by the British Armed Forces.
24.
Here was inserted a reference to no. 31 on the original, missing map.
25.
The Women��s Voluntary Service was primarily established to help civilians in the United Kingdom, but foreign offshoots were set up during WWII.
26.
Lindsay Ride was professor of physiology at the University of Hong Kong and aft er the war was appointed vice chancellor. A lieutenant colonel in the Hong Kong Volunteers, he became a prisoner in Sham Shui Po Camp after Hong Kong fell. On 9 January 1942, with the help of Hong Kong guerrilla forces, he managed to escape to Chungking (Chongqing), a feat for which he was appointed O.B.E. Ride formed and commanded the British Army Aid Group, headquartered in Kweilin (Guilin), Kwangsi (Guangxi).
27.
The Women��s Royal Naval Service (Wrens).
28.
Frederick Johnson Gellion was managing director of the Macao Electric Company (Melco) but was away in San Franciso during the war years. He was referred to by some as ��the uncrowned king of Macao��.
29.
See the biographical essay for the rest of the story of this sword.
About The Lone Flag and John Pownall Reeves
1.
Dauril Alden, Charles Boxer: An Uncommon Life (Macao: Fundacao Oriente, 2001), Appendix 1.
2.
Presumably, Sir Archibald Clark-Kerr or Sir Miles Wedderburn-Lampson.
3.
Ken Cambon, Guest of Hirohito (Vancouver: PW Press, 1990), Appendix: Excerpts from War-Crime Trials, htt p://www.fourthmarinesband.com (accessed 5 July 2013). The Martins were the British consul general at Chungking (Chongqing) and his wife, who were caught by the war in Hong Kong.
Index
28th May Houses 103, 194n28
Admiralty 131 Admiralty Instructions 5 Africa, territory stolen from Portuguese 25,
185n14 air raids xxiv, 74, 99�V100, 103 Air Sea Rescue Launches 129, 131 Alden, Dauril, Charles Boxer: An Uncommon
Life 167, 181n13, 197n1 Allied nations, other 77 American (U.S.)
air raids xxiv, 187n8 compensation paid for xxiv, 104,
194n29 airmen 101�V102, 194n24 amphibian 127 citizens xxi, 27, 71 Embassy in Chungking 71 Government 71
money owed for relief 71, 73 intelligence service and O.S.S. 93, 192n6 interests 37, 72, 74 Red Cross 71 relief 73
American Republics, Central and South 77 Amoy 31, 186n1 Anderson, Derek 37, 77, 187n6 Anderson, Lieutenant Donald J. 187n6 ��Angel��s Roost�� 28 Anglo-Portuguese relations 117 Archivist 37, 187n6
Arculli, Abbas el 35�V36, 57, 187n9
Argentinian Consul in Hong Kong, Ramon Muniz Lavalle xiv, 174
Argonauta Club 44
Armacao refugee centre 51, 80, 82
Asiatic Petroleum Company 23
assassination xxiii, 22, 94, 169, 172, 175, 184n3, 186n4, 193n13
Auboyneau, Vice Admiral Philippe-Marie-Joseph-Raymond 197n21; see also d��Aubignan, Admiral
Australia xix, xxii, 21, 156, 177, 181n8, 196n5
Australia, National Library of xi, xv, 181n8, 187n8
Australian troops in Timor 118, 195n17
Avenida da Republica 188n10
Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro 77, 188n13, 188n14, 190n3
Avenida de Horta e Costa xxiii
Avenida do Coronel Mesquita 195n20
avitaminosis 66
Axis powers xxi
Aycock, Wilfred 32, 35, 36, 37, 57, 60, 119, 186n4
baccalao (dried codfish) 116
Bairro Tamagnini Barbosa 103, 191n7, 194n28
Banco Nacional Ultramarino xxiii, 46, 188n14
bandits 102
Banham, Tony, Not the Slightest Chance xv, 183n1
Baptista, CSM Marciano F. 145, 196n8
Barcos, Lieutenant Correia 117
Bard, Dr. Solomon 196n8
Barnes, Dr. 61
Barra Fort 98, 193n21
Barrier Gate see Portas do Cerco
Barros, Frederico 44
Barrow, Graham 126
Barry (of Hong Kong Government Rice Control) 126
basketball 88
Basmajian see American (U.S.) airmen
Bastille Day 76
BBC xi, 121, 196n2
Bela Vista Hotel xx, 83, 134, 153, 154
bicycle 26, 68
Bishop of Hong Kong (Bishop R.O. Hall) 89, 192n9
Bishop of Macao 114, 118, 176, 195n18
Blackheath 157, 167
Blair, Jimmy 127
bodyguards xxiii, 95, 97, 104, 105, 111, 119, 126
bombing xxi, xxiv, 11, 55, 75, 99, 100, 103, 157, 194n29, 195n17
bombs, assassination and terrorism 43, 96, 112, 115
Bond, Miss 71
books xiv, xvii, 80, 81, 171, 172, 173, 178, 187, 192n2
Borras, Mr. 24
Botelho, Mr. 50
bowls (lawn bowls) 88
Boxer Rebellion 168
Boxer, Major Charles 46, 188n17
Braga Collection at the National Library of Australia xi, xv, 181n8, 187n8
Braga, Jack 38, 187n8
Braga, Mr. J.P. 38
Branco, Fernando Augusto, Portuguese foreign minister xix Brazil xxii bridge (card game) 44, 81, 86 British ambassador (in Peking), dinner in Western Hills 171 ambassador in Chungking 183n2, 185n12 community 12, 18, 148 Consul for Abruzzi, Molise, Sardinia and the Sardinian Islands 177 Consul for East Java 177 Consulate-General in Canton 23, 136 Embassy in Chungking 71, 95, 123, 181n3, 186n4, 187n9, 190n5, 192n6, 193n13, 193n16, 197n3 Embassy in Lisbon 53, 157 fi rms 54 fl ag see Union Jack government 18, 52, 56, 156, 157, 158, 163 intelligence service xi, 93, 94, 189n7 nationality xxi, 17, 24, 53 nationals/subjects 3, 4, 6, 17, 18, 24, 52, 53, 65, 71, 73, 94, 102, 139, 148, 162, 175 Pacific Fleet 154, 197n22 passports 53 subjects, relief for 49�V60, 156, 163, 175 unengaged during Dutch att ack 13 British American Tobacco Company 104 British Army Aid Group (BAAG) x, xiv, xv, xxiv, 181n2, 183n3, 186n21, 186n4, 187n6, 189n7, 192n3, 193n9, 193n18, 195n1, 197n26 agent/coordinator in Macao 92, 183n3, 190n1, 192n5 British Consulate in Macao xvi, xix, 3, 12, 34, 43, 97, 123, 125, 137, 158, 165, 166, 167, 168, 173 accountants 32, 36 administration cost 60 coat of arms 35
Easter 135 expenditures 33, 60 farm cooperative 111
chickens and ducks 111, 112 rabbits 112 turkeys 112
fi ling system 33 financial record 33, 59 funds (from London) 53, 156, 163
distribution of 54
statistics, of refugee funding 60 furniture 31 intelligence services, coordination 94 isolation xix, xxii, 172 junk outside Reeves�� window xiii, 97 location of xii�Vxiii, xvi, xix, 3, 12, 21,
23, 43, 147, 159, 181n8, 184n1,
188n21, 193n18 proximity to Japanese Consulate 21 school see M.S. School secret 38 secretary, Reeves�� 37 staff
administrative 60 Ah Chiu 99 Ah Wong 111 Ah Yu 105, 111 growth of 32 James 111 Joseph 111 medical 69 youth of 32
Britt o, Freddie 65 Bryan, Mr. H.D. 23, 157 Bunny 38, 107 Burma xxi
B.Y.M.S. (British Yard Mine-Sweeper) 129, 154
Cable and Wireless (Ltd.) 32, 186n3 cable, international xxiv Cabral, Commander Amerigo 116 Calcada da Vitoria xii, xiii Calcada do Gaio xii, xiii Calthorpe, David ix�Vxii
Cambon, Ken, Guest of Hirohito 181n11, 197n3
Cambridge 157, 168, 169, 173
Camoens Grotto and Garden see Jardim Luis de Camoes
canidrome 188n9
cannibalism 14, 176
Canton 23, 44, 129, 136, 157, 164
Canton Police vs. Macao Police (football game) 86
Cape Town xvi, 168, 170, 171, 172, 175, 177, 178
Capela de Nossa Senhora da Penha (Penha Church) 190n2, 194n25
Casa Garden (English factor��s house) 22, 184n5
Cathedral (Se Catedral) 190n2
Catholic Cemetery see Cemiterio de Nossa Senhora da Piedade and Cemiterio de
S. Miguel Arcanjo Catholics 37, 118, 174 catt y 51, 189n5 Cemiterio de Nossa Senhora da
Piedade 119, 195n20 Cemiterio de S. Miguel Arcanjo (St.
Michael��s Cemetery) xx censorship 119, 182n1 Central Hotel 42, 46, 73, 188n13
C.E.R. (Refugee Commission), Commission Executiva de Refugiados 18, 49, 50, 61�V62, 68, 83, 84, 143, 183n7
Executive Committ ee 50 Cespedes, Pablino 72 Chacara Leitao (Villa Leitao) 83, 192n5 Chan, Tat-sun 38, 93, 101, 193n9 Chang, Mr., owner of Masbate 28 charity dance, altercation at 105 charity drives 109 Chiang Kai-shek 179 Chief of Cabinet (Chefe de Gabinete) 50 China coast xxiv, 76, 172, 173, 175 China Sea 131
China Travel Service 104 Chinese antiques 169, 171, 172, 178 beneficiary owner 28, 76, 104 Central Government 44, 76 Communists 106 community 13, 38, 85, 124 Embassy in Washington 77 gangsters 85, 95, 105 intelligence services 93 nationalists xxiv restaurant in Cape Town 172 New Year 42 universities and schools, moved to Macao 44, 183n15 Chinese Maritime Customs Service 24, 29, 76, 184n11 Chinnery, George 175 Choa, Rudy xiv cholera 62, 123 Cholmondeley, Miss (Elsie Fairfax-Cholmondeley) 27, 185n20 Christians, money for Christmas 58 Christmas Day 1941 xxi, 11, 13, 90, 156, 174, 182n6 Chungking xiv, 21, 185n12, 185n18, 194n30, 197n26 auxiliaries 105 gunmen 96, 97, 104, 105 Church of England 89, 192n9 Church of St. Augustine see Igreja de Santo Agostinho Church processions 114 Churchill, Lord Henry John Spencer 175, 188n18 Churchill, Winston 24, 46, 175 claims for property destroyed 120 tortoise 120 Clarke, George W. see American (U.S.) airmen Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald 197n2 Clube de Macau (Macao Club) 16, 19, 44, 81, 89, 183n4, 192n12 coal 104
cocktail parties 5, 12, 128 coding of messages 22 Colina da Penha (Penha Hill) xiii, 193n21 Colonial Secretariat of Macao 17, 50 Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong see Gimson, Franklin C. Commercial Diplomatic Service 3 Commissioner of Police, Macao 109 Commodore Hong Kong 11, 132 compradore (buyer) 52, 189n6 Confucius 124�V125, 173 Consul for Holland, Mr. H. Nolasco Sr. 22, 75, 191n6 Consul for Thailand, Mr. Fernandes 22 Consular Corps, dean of 113 Consular Instructions 5, 32 Consular Officers 4, 6, 24, 53, 113 as Jacks of all trades 4 as members of local community 5 duties of 6, 7, 24, 77 Consular Service 3, 157 Consul��s flag (blue ensign) 132 Consul��s launch 132 Corregidor 73 corvett es 129 Cotai strip 182�V183n13 cyphers 6, 92
da Silva, Antonio Maria 81, 123 da Silva, Carlos 88 da Silva e Costa, Captain 50, 118, 141, 185n13, 195n17 Daily Sketch 126, 165 d��Almada e Castro, Leo xii, 49, 50, 81, 109, 110, 187n9, 188n1, 193n16 d��Almada-Remedios brothers 189n2 Darwin, Australia 195n17 d��Aubignan, Admiral 133, 197n21 Davies, Mr., missionary 71, 72, 102 D-Day 25 Deaconess Lee (Rev. Florence Li Tim-oi) 89, 192n9 Diocesan Girls�� School 187n6
Diplomatic and Consular Services, amalga-
mation of 4 Diplomatic Offi cers 53, 113 Diplomatic Service 3 Divine, David 126, 165, 196n9 doctors 36, 56, 57, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 74, 82
import from Hong Kong 61, 156 number of 17 youth of 32
dollars, Chinese National 59 Dom Pedro Th eatre 183n4, 184n8 Dona Maria II Fort xxiv Dredger, Dutch 22, 75, 190�V191n5 Duke of Kent, memorial service for 115,
195n10
Dutch attack, in 1622 13 commandos 195n17 interests 75
Dutch East India Company 22 dysentery, amoebic or bacillary 66
East India Company ( John Company) 22, 23, 157, 184n5, 184n7 embarkation of officials to return to
Portugal 116�V117 Epstein, I. 185�V186n20 escapes 38
expenditures on 33 from Hong Kong xxiv, 26, 27, 164, 182, 185n18, 185n20, 197n26 from Macao 26, 27, 101�V102, 185n12,
185n18 espionage 91, 94�V95 Esquire 28, 126 Estado Novo 50 Estrada de Cacilhas 192n5 Estrada de Ferreira do Amaral 191n9 Estrada de Joao Paulino 194n25 Eurasian community 38, 88, 147, 149 evacuation of Portuguese from Hong
Kong 15, 16 exchange problems 59 executors of Reeves�� estate 174 Exterior Port see Porto Exterior
fantan 41, 42, 182n3
played with bodies xxii Far East xix, 13, 41, 44, 47, 76, 119 Farrell, FBI 106 Fat Siu Lao 188n12 Fatima, Our Lady of 62, 114, 190n2 Fay, Jean 29, 76, 77, 184�V185n11 F.B.I. 106 fencing 129 Fernandes family 44 Fernandes, Ben de Senna 187n4 Fernandes, Bernardo de Senna 117,
195n15 Fernandes, Dr. Elsa xviii, 16, 183n5 Fernandes, Mr. 43 Ferreira, Commander 116 Festing, Major General Francis 131, 134,
153, 197n19 Figueiredo, Mr., Accountancy School 38 Firecracker Factory 75 firecrackers 43, 97, 124 fi rewood 51 first Allied ship to Macao 196n2, 196n4 Fletcher, Donald 182n8 Fletchers, Mr. and Mrs. 12, 16, 18, 23, 24,
79, 102, 117, 135, 182n7, Plates 9�V10 Fong, Mr., killed by bomb 43 food
coupons to buy grain xxi stocks shared with Hong Kong 126, 163, 196n4 supplies and prices xxi, xxiii, 14, 16, 51,
52, 196n4 Football Club 45 football, miniature 86 foreign currency xxiii, 96 Foreign Office, in London x, 6, 53, 58, 65,
107, 113, 157, 158, 165, 167, 169, 187n9, 193n16 France, Indochina and other possessions 185n19
Fraser, Admiral Sir Bruce Austin 134, 154, 197n22 Free China 26, 27, 33, 71, 73, 74, 93, 97,
102, 103, 111, 194n30 Free French 29, 76 freemasonry 118 French Naval Forces 133, 197n21 French territories, in the Far East xxi fuel
for generators 117�V118, 135 for refugee centres 51, 82 target of bombing xxiv, 100
Fukui, Japanese Consul in Macao xii, 21, 22, 91, 113, 114, 175, 181n5, 182n5, 197n15
assassination of 12, 22, 175, 184n3 Fundacao Oriente 184n5
Galloway, Mr. and Mrs. 24 Gambling Inspectors 36 Garrett , Richard, The Defences of Macau x,
xiv Gellion, Mr. F.J. xiii, 23, 101, 117, 135, 136,
197n28 Germany xx, 24, 119, 187n8 Gick, Lieutenant Commander 106,
194n31 Gimson, Franklin C. 122, 139, 189n7 gold xxiii, 183n17 golf 45, 88 Golf Section of Civilian Tennis Club 25 Gomez dos Santos, Madame 43 Gonsalves, Argentina 109, 194n1 Gonsalves, Johnny 65 Gonsalves, Micao 37 Gosano, Dr. Eddie xii, 36, 113, 163, 189n7,
190n1, 192n5 Government Harbour 186n25 Government Medical Service 16, 61, 62 Government of Macao 15, 17, 24, 84, 100
pharmacy 65 servants, forbidden to gamble 42, 187n2 Governor Gabriel Mauricio Teixeira and the Royal Navy 115, 122, 130, 132
at opening of NAAFI Centre 153, 154, 156
attendance at celebrations at war��s end 113, 114, 124, 137, 141, 142, 143, 145, 153, 154
attendance at refugee events 80, 83, 85 efforts to avoid conflict with Japanese xxii, 90, 121 permits medical practitioners from Hong
Kong 61 pro-Allied 24, 185n13 requires only money from BNU
used xxiii residence see Palacete de Santa Sancha suppresses Macau Tribune 100 suppresses mutiny of troops 115
Governor��s Palace xiii Graca, Jorge xxii Grand Hotel 46, 73, 147, 188n13 Granelli, Father 89, 192n11 Gray, FBI 106 Green Island (Ilha Verde) xxi, 75, 112,
191n8 Gremio Militar (Military Club) 44 Grimsdale, General 181n3 Guangdong Province xx, xxi Guangzhou xx, 183n15 Guia Hill xii, 192n5, 193n23 Guia Lighthouse 47, 173, 175, 179, 188n21 guidebooks xi, 48, 188n24 guidebook to Macao xi Gundesen, Mr. 191n6 Gunn, Geoffrey, Encountering Macau xiv,
184n3, 193n19 guns xiii, xxiii, 39, 96�V99, 104�V107, 119�V120, 122, 126�V128, 159, 169 Guterres, Dr. 61
H.D.M.L. see Motor Launch Hague Convention xix Haileybury 23, 157, 168, 184n7 Hall, Mr., Consul-General in Canton 136 Hankow (Hankou) xiv, 157, 173 Harbour Offi ce 112
Harcourt, Admiral 123, 131, 154, 196n2, 196n4 Harrop, Phyllis (Reeves named her Pam) 26, 185n18 Heenan, Ernest (Pat) 24, 26, 28 report 183n2, 185n12, 185n16�V17,
186n22, 186n25, 190n5 Henry the Navigator 116 Hipodromo 25, 26, 185n15
bicycle gymkhana 26 race-meeting, cancelled 26 used for farming 26
Ho Tung, Sir Robert 189n6 Ho, Dr. Asgoe 61, 190n1 Ho, Vincent xi hockey 87, 115, 126, 159, 169, 170
club 44, 45 Consulate team (Valentes) 87, 100 ground 63 interports 87, 158
Holman, Adrian 170 Hong Kong Battle for xv, 182n9, 183n1, 187n6,
191n13 bombing of 55 dollar 53, 59, 71, 189n5 fall of xxi, 11, 13, 90, 156, 165, 174,
181n10, 182n6, 187n6, 192n6,
197n3 Government 37, 126 liberation of 122, 123, 139, 163, 189n7,
196n2 Pan-American service to 186n23 police 16, 183n3, 185n18 refugees from ix, xxi, 15, 16, 21, 52, 66, 87
Hong Kong Hotel 192n2 Hong Kong Legislative Council 49 Hong Kong Planning Unit 110, 194n3 Hong Kong Portuguese Community 143 Hong Kong Rehabilitation
Committ ee 110, 187n9 Hong Kong Volunteers 12, 125, 145, 187n6, 197n26
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking
Corporation 23 Honolulu 116 Hordle village, near New Forest 168 Horne, ��Trader�� 129 Hospital de Sao Rafael (San Rafael
Hospital) 63, 117, 190n5 Hung, W.C. 187n9
Iao Hon Market 185n15 Igreja de Santo Agostinho 192n12 Igreja Sao Domingos (St. Dominic��s
Church) xviii, 47, 175, 190n2 Igreja Sao Lourenco (St. Lawrence��s
Church) xiii Ilha Verde see Green Island Immigration Offi ce xiii, 12
permit 12, 26 Imperial and International
Communications Ltd. 186n3 India xix, xxii, 76, 102 Indian and Malay community 85 Indian community 24, 35, 38 Indian Independence League 23, 184n9 Indo-China 104, 185n19 Inner Harbour (Porto Interior) xxiii,
187n3 inoculations 61 Inter-Allied Celebration 125 Irish Jesuit Fathers 84, 102, 118 Isamu, Sergeant Major Honda xiv islands 13, 43; see also Lapa, Dom Joao and
Montanha islands Coloane xxi, 182�V183n13 Taipa xx, xxii, 182�V183n13, 185n15
Iwai (given name unknown), Japanese Consul 197n15
Japan att ack 11 authority to carry out house-to-house
searches in Macao xxiii decision not to annex Macao 96, 193n14
Japanese advisers xxiii aggression in China xix assassination list 95, 96, 186n4, 193n13 Consul 21, 105, 106, 128 Consulate xii, xiii, 21, 27, 91, 128, 129,
159, 175 cruelty 50 Departments, Naval, Military,
Gendarmerie and Financial 14 district bureaux for register of births,
deaths, etc. 110 espionage 21 Gendarmerie 22, 94 interference in Macao��s internal adminis-
tration xxii, 110 invasion of Timor 195n17 occupation of Hong Kong 192n6 occupied territory 73 prisoners of war 128 property in Macao 128�V129 sea blockade xxi secret police xxiii, 175 surrender xi, xxiv, 104, 121, 127, 177,
189n7, 197n22
troops xxii Jardim Luis de Camoes 46 Jardine Matheson & Co. 189n6 jeep 14 Jesuits 84, 192n6, 194n26 Jiangmen see Kongmoon Jick, Commander see Gick, Lieutenant
Commander Joao de Lisboa 116, 186n25 Joeselyn, Mr. 133 joint ventures, Japanese with Hong Kong
and Macao businessmen xxiii Jorgensen, Trygve (Trigger) 28, 75, 104,
194n29 Jose Conde Fernandez house xiii Joy, Father Patrick 102, 194n26 junks xiii, 31, 73, 97, 99, 101, 102, 123,