Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora(1846-1874)

22. It shall be the duty of the Superintendent to watch over the execution of the regulations and to obviate any abuses that might occur, and in any case of infringement he shall proceed against the guilty party, accusing him before the Procurador if the delinquent is a Chinese, and notifying the Deputy Procurador of the Crown and Revenue whenever the individual should be dealt with by judicial power, and to the end that the functionary in question may take proceedings in conformity with the law.
23. All provisions of the Regulations of 5 June 1856, which are not
affected by the present Order shall remain in force. Section 1
The prohibition against the sailing of vessels with colonists in the contrary monsoon remains also in force, as well as the other provisions of the Orders of 31 March and 4 August 1857. Section 2
It remains prohibited for Portuguese to go to any part of the Chinese territory in order to engage emigrants, as well as for
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Portuguese vessels to transport them to Macao, or from one part of China to another.
24. Persons contravening the provisions of this Order shall be liable to the penalties of Articles 328 et seq. Of the Portuguese Penal Code. The authorities to whom appertains the cognizance and execution thereof shall attend to the fulfilment of the same.
Isidoro FranciscoGuimares Macao, 30 April 1860
Supplement to the Regulations of 30 April 1860177
1.
2.
3.
4.
Resolved by the Governor of Macao:
Every vessel embarking Chinese emigrants at Macao under the Regulation of 30 April shall be anchored in the Taipa Roads, when her draft of water does not forbid, until she has completed the number of passengers she is to take on board.
No vessel shall carry a greater number of Chinese emigrants than one for every two tons burden.
On board all vessels receiving colonists internal regulations approved in the first place by the Superintendent of Emigration shall be observed.
Section 1
The Superintendent of emigration shall watch over observance of such regulations, on the occasion of the visits he is bound to make on board such vessels.
Without prejudice to the entire responsibility devolving on the Emigration Agent, the Captains of vessels intended to carry emigrants shall be responsible for the treatment of the latter on board.
Section 1
In the case of any offence on the part of an emigrant urgently necessitating confinement, the Captain shall be authorised to inflict the same, the fact being immediately communicated to the Superintendent of Chinese Emigration.
Section 2
No other punishment may be inflicted without previous report and authorisation.
Section 3
The superintendent of Chinese Emigration shall inquire whether any of the emigrants have just ground for complaint concerning the treatment they receive on board.
It shall be incumbent on the Emigration Agents to prevent the Colonists being injured in the purchases they may make at any of the shops established on board; rendering themselves liable to fine if they neglect to do so.
In the emigration establishment there shall not be allowed a greater number of employees than shall be considered strictly
indispensable for the service and maintenance or order in the establishment.
Section 1
The persons in charge of each establishment shall deliver a statement of their employees to the Superintendent of Chinese Emigration, who shall point out the number allowed them, and exclude any person who owing to lack of security or for any antecedent reason may not be acceptable.
Section 2
In the statement above referred to must be entered the names of any employees who may be on board the vessel without belonging to the crew.
No Chinese who shall have twice declared himself unwilling to emigrate shall be allowed to sign the contract, although he may state that he has resolved to do so.
It shall not be lawful to engage colonists for a voyage when the northeast monsoon is unfavourable during the period extending between 31 March and 1 September.
The Government retains the right of closing all the establishments, or any of them, whenever it shall see fit, without being bound to give reasons for so doing.
The Government has the right to putting an end to the despatch of Chinese colonists from the Port of Macao six months after publishing a prohibition to that effect. The authorities to whom appertains etc. etc
No. 35 5 September 1861
178
Resolved by the Governor of Macao:
Isidoro Francisco Guimares Macao 12 October 1860
Whereas it is enacted by Order of this Government that in the despatch of Chinese colonists from Macao vessels be required to be of the capacity of two tons for every passenger, which measure has been adopted in order to assimilate the legislation on this subject to that instituted by the Spanish Government relatively to emigration into the island of Cuba, after hearing the Council of Government I have seen fit to declare that this provision shall henceforward be understood solely with reference to vessels carrying colonists to the island of Cuba, the Regulation of 5 June 1856 which prescribes the capacity of one ton and a half for each passenger remaining in force with respect to all other ports. The authorities to whom appertains etc. etc
Isidoro Francisco Guimares Macao, 5 September 1861
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No. 38 25 November 18631
179
Resolved by the Governor of Macao:
Macao having been regulated by the Decrees of this Government of 5 June 1856. 31 March and 4 August 1857, and 30 April and 12 October 1860:
No clause being found in these Decrees which restricts the application of its provisions to emigration to certain specified countries; whence it should be understood that they are all applicable to emigration in general:
And whereas it is certain, nevertheless, that emigration to Havana and Peru alone has been subjected to the regulations adopted, and that all other has been carried on without any control (fiscalisacao) on the part of the Government.
And whereas it has become indispensable to obviate the abuses which may result herefrom: I see fit to determine as follows:
Art. 1 The observance of the Decrees above recapitulated is enjoined with respect to Chinese emigration from Macao for all countries without distinction.
Art. 2 The Superintendent of Emigration, the Procurador of the Loyal Senate, and the Captain of the Port, will take especial care, each in their own department, for the exact fulfilment of this Resolution. Other authorities and persons to whom appertains etc.
No. 19 13 August 1864180
Jos� Rodrigues C do Amaral Governor. Macao, 25 November 1863
Resolved by the Governor of Macao:
Whereas it is determined by Decree of this Government, No. 100
of 15 October 1860 that no vessel shall be allowed to carry a greater number of Chinese emigrants in proportion to her tonnage than at the rate of two tons for each person:
And whereas it has subsequently declared by Decree No. 35 of 5 September 1861 that this provision shall be understood solely with reference to vessels carrying emigrants to the Island of Cuba, the rule laid down in Decree No 39 of 5 June 1856 fixing the number of passengers, inclusive of the crew, at one for every one and a half tons, remaining in force with respect to vessels sailing for other ports:
And this distinction, based on the difference in voyages to countries where Chinese emigration usually proceeds are in all cases of long duration:
And inasmuch as the less reason exists for fixing the number of passengers that a vessel can carry in accordance with her tonnage or total capacity, since it is upon the amount of accommodation she possesses and her condition in respect to health that the number must essentially depend.
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And whereas it is expedient to require implicit observance of Article 25 of said Decree of 5 June 1856, in which it is prescribed that there shall be a doctor and a medicine chest on board every vessel carrying more than 20 passengers; thus putting a stop to the abuse of substitution Chinese empirics for duly qualified practitioners.
For all these reasons, I have seen fit to determine as follows: Art. 1 The greatest number of emigrants that a vessel may carry shall be regulated by the capacity of the accommodation destined for their use, and by the provision existing for the admission of light and of ventilation. In the most favourable case, that is, if the part of the vessel occupied by the emigrants receives air and light through sufficient apertures in the ship's side, and if, in addition thereto, air-funnels are used, the number shall be fixed by the condition that there be a space of two cubic metres (about 55 cubic feet) for each individual. If no side apertures exist, but air-funnels are used, two and a half cubic metres shall be allowed. In the absence of air-funnels the vessel shall not be allowed to carry a greater number of emigrants in proportion to her accommodation than at the rate of three cubic metres for each person.
Art. 2 Rigorous observance is enjoined of the provision contained in Article 25 of the Decree of 5 June 1856, to the effect that no vessel shall carry more than 20 emigrants unless she has on board a medical practioner and a medicine chest.
1865.
The provisions of this Decree shall take effect from 1 January
The authorities to whom etc. etc
Jos� Rodrigues C. do Amaral Governor, Macao 13 August 1864
Ordinance No. 25 24 August 1868181
follows:-

The Governor of the Province of Macao and Timor determines as
In view of the necessity of obviating by means of due regulations the abuses that make themselves felt successively in the emigration of Chinese abuses the origin of which resides for the most part without the limits of the jurisdiction of this Portuguese Colony, and to which, at the same time, it is only possible to apply a remedy whom their influence detracts from the beneficial intervention exercised by this Government in the act of engagement.
In view of the fact that some of the provisions of the last regulations for Chinese Emigration, although dictated by the necessity of repressing the abuses then prevailing, are at present practically superfluous, and even in some respects inconvenient, as for instance in the case of delay, not infrequently excessive, of vessels ay anchor in port with emigrants on board.
In view moreover of the advisability for judicial purposes of expressly defining the penalties applicable to each instance of infringement and offence, inasmuch as by this means a warning in afforded to persons of
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora 375
guilty intention and assistance is rendered to those invested with judicial
power.
And having given evidence to the Council of Government, to the Commission nominated by Decree of the 2nd April of the current year, and to the reports of the Procurador of Chinese Affairs for the Colony and the Superintendent of Chinese Emigration, I see fit to ordain as follows:- Art I - Emigration Agents may obtain permission to open more than one establishment, on proof that they have an increased number of emigrants about to enter into contract with them.
1.
2.
3.
1.

It shall be lawful for the Government to fix the number of establishments allowed to each agent, in proportion to the number of emigrants he intends contracting with.
The establishments must fulfil the conditions as to space and ventilation that may be fixed upon, and in addition, must provide separate lodgings for the women and families who also intend to emigrate.
The establishments shall pay such a sum by way of police-rate, as may be determined.
Art II It shall not be permitted to collect emigrants in 'cun-taus' (barracoons) or in any non-licensed building by way of establishment.
On detection of any case of infraction of this article, all persons interested in or responsible for the same shall be punished with a fine from $100 to $500, according to the circumstances, and in case of repetition of the offence, from three to six months imprisonment, with corresponding fine.

Art III Emigration Agents shall accompany their applications for a license to open establishments with a list of the names of the persons in charge of the said establishments and with a copy of the agreements they have made with the said persons in charge.
Art IV - The persons in charge of the establishments shall deposit at the Superintendency caution money to the amount of $1000, and they shall be responsible for all offences or abuses practised in the said establishments.
1. For a breach of the regulations the person in charge shall be liable to a fine graduated according to the circumstances of the case from $50 up to the total amount of the caution money. Art V Every manager of an establishment, or contractor, or any broker, who being bound by any contract shall execute another contract with another Agent shall be liable to a fine of from $100 to $500.
Art VI Every manager or contractor or any broker, who shall wilfully entice or receive emigrants who have been arranged for by the other brokers, employees or contractors of other agents, shall be liable to a fine of $50 to $200.
Art VII - Every broker who, having entered into an engagement with an Agent, an employee, or contractor from whom he has received money, shall offer to another person the emigrant or emigrants he may have obtained, shall be liable to a fine of from $50 to $200.
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Art VIII Any Emigration Agent proved guilty of connivance in a violation of Art VI and VII, shall be liable to the penalty of closing the Establishments for which he holds a license.
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Art IX Without prejudice to the responsibility of the Agents and managers or contractors, the persons employed in the Establishments shall be individually responsible for infringements of the internal regulations of the said Establishment.
1.
The managers of Establishments shall be answerable, whenever necessary, for the fines imposed upon any of the employees. Art X - It shall be the duty of the Police and the Superintendent of Chinese Emigration to that the doors of the Establishments of the Establishments or licensed emigration houses remain open and that the emigrants enjoy free egress between the hours of 8 am and 4 pm.
1.
2.
see
Any police constable reporting any infringement of the emigration regulations on the same being proved, shall receive as reward the fourth part of the fine incurred by the offender. A like reward shall be paid to any citizen who shall give information of any infringement of the rules, immediately on the same being proved.
Art XI - No corporal punishment of any description shall be inflicted upon the emigrants within the Establishments and any emigrant guilty of an offence shall be forthwith handed over to the Procurator of Chinese Affairs, and punished by that tribunal in conformity with the existing laws.
Persons infringing the above prohibition shall be liable to a fine of from $50 to $200, and the penalties provided in the Penal Code. Art XII - Licensed brokers for Chinese emigration shall continue to receive their permits from the Procurator of Chinese Affairs, the process of security established by previous decrees being completed before issue of the license. The caution money for brokers is raised to the amount of $500. Art XIII - The Emigration Agents shall keep suspended at the doors, and in all the rooms within, copies in perfectly legible characters of the contracts offered by the Agents respectively to the emigrants. Art XIV Notice shall be given to the Superintendent as soon as the Emigration Agent has collected emigrants having made up their minds to sign the contracts, in numbers sufficient to complete the despatch of the vessel in which it is intended to send them on.
Art XV The Emigration Superintendency shall be established in a building of sufficient capacity to contain, during the period of four days, the entire number of emigrants to be despatched in each vessel. Art XVI Emigrants who are ready to embark, according to the notice given by the Agent shall be taken to the Superintendency where in open court they shall be examined by the Superintendent, and the contract shall be read and explained to them, a printed copy of the contract being delivered to each individual.
At this transaction, in addition to the persons employed in the Superintendency there shall be present the Procurador of Chinese Affairs, or his deputy, the interpreters of Chinese appointed for this service, the Commandant of Police, and two Chinese residents of the most
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acknowledged probity, during such time there shall be no Consular authority of that nation at Macao.
Art XVII - Such Chinese as on being examined, declare their readiness to emigrate and their acceptance of the terms of the contract, shall be collected in the lodgings provided for the purpose in the Superintendency, and during the period of four days, until the signing of the contracts, they shall not be allowed to communicate with the agents, managers or contractors or with the brokers.
Art XVIII - On the following day the emigrants shall publicly and at the hour appointed for the purpose, be summoned to the office of the Superintendency. And there, in the presence of the persons mentioned in the paragraph annexed to Art XVI, the contract shall again be read over to them, and the same questions shall be put to them, all who reply in the affirmative being thereupon sent back to their lodging place.

Art XIX The same proceeding shall be repeated on the third day.
Art XX - On the fourth day in a similarly public manner after a fresh reading and examination, the contract shall be signed by each emigrant in turn. The contracts shall be in duplicate in accordance to the established rule, one being delivered to the Agent and the other to the emigrant. Art XXI All Chinese who have signed the contract shall proceed forthwith to the place where they are to be at the Agent's disposal and here they shall receive the advance and clothing and shall thereupon be at once taken on board the ship that is to convey them on their voyage.

Art XXII - Any Chinese who at the time of signing the contracts or in the preceding examination in the Superintendency shall declare themselves unwilling to emigrate shall be given a separate place, in order that they may be sent back to their homes, at the expense of the Agent to whom they shall be bound to reimburse the expense of their maintenance received and held the cost of their passage money, in conformity with Article XXVII. Art XXIII So long as the Superintendency shall not be established in a building capable of accommodating the total number of emigrants to be shipped bu any vessel, it shall be lawful to send them on board in two batches, no longer interval than ten days being allowed to elapse between the first embarkation, conducted according to the method laid down in this Decree and the last.
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In view of the near approach of the ensuing North East monsoon the above period is extended to 20 days and the number of successive shipments to three, in the case of vessels having a larger amount of emigrants to take on board.
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Art XXIV Vessels about to carry emigrants must be in readiness to sail at the latest within 48 hours after the embarkation has taken place. Art XXV The medical men of the establishments must inspect the emigrants at the Superintendency, on the days during which the said emigrants are lodged there.

Art XXVI To meet the expenses of the Superintendency and the maintenance of the emigrants while lodged there, each Agent respectively shall pay the sum of one dollar and a half for each emigrant so lodged.
Art XXVII Any emigrant who shall have been for ten days in an Emigration establishment in the enjoyment of full liberty there allowed him, and who only withdraws after the lapse of the above interval, shall constitute himself debtor to the agent concerned in the amount of half the cost of his passage, and of his maintenance at the rate of 100 cash per diem. Art XXVIII Every breach of the Emigration regulations shall be reported by the Superintendent to the Government with minute particulars and evidence as to the fact. It shall be the duty of the Government to transmit the offenders when Chinese, to the Procurator of Chinese Affairs, and in other cases to the Judicial Tribunal, in conformity with the laws. Art XXIX All fines arising from the Emigration Regulations whether imposed by the Judicial Tribunal of by the Procurador of Chinese Affairs shall be forwarded to the Treasury in the shape or a warrant in order to their
recovery.

Art XXX - All provisions of previous Regulations contrary to the present Decree are revoked, and this Decree shall be considered as annexed to the existing Regulations,
The authorities to whom appertain the cognizance and execution hereof, shall accordingly take note of the same and carry it into effect.
Decree No. 34 28 May 1872182
Macao August 24th 1868 Antonio Sergio de Souza Governor
The governor of the province of Macao and Timor and their dependencies, in council, orders the following:
In response to the need to collect and codify various provisions scattered in different decrees and regulations on emigration:
Paying more attention to the convenience of increasing existing provisions other than giving emigrants full freedom to give new guarantees to their spontaneity, establishing the necessary precautions and restrictions to avoid and inhibit all kinds of violence or influence that they intend to exercise; thus ensuring the authority in its humanitarian principle, all the efficiency in the prosecution of the acts concerning the emigration made through this port:
I consider it convenient, with the affirmative vote of the government, to approve and order the execution of the regulation that is an integral part of this decree and signed by the secretary general of government. The authorities to whom you compose your knowledge and execution so understand and comply.
Government Palace in Macao, May 28, 1872.
The Governor of the province, Viscount of Sam Janu�rio.
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CHINESE EMIGRATION REGULATION
Section I - EMPOWERED TO EMIGRATE.
Article 1
Any Chinese who has the health and age conditions specified in this regulation is allowed to emigrate from the port of Macao.
Article 2
Any individual who, having been brought to Macao as a settler, declares that he does not want to emigrate, will be repatriated immediately.
Section II - THE AGENTS AND THEIR DEPENDENTS. Article 3
Any person who wishes to hire emigrants for the allowed ports, needs to be licensed by the Government of this colony, without which he will not be able to hire any settler; must declare which are the clauses of the contract proposed to the emigrant.
Article 4
The agent, or the person authorized by the license referred to in the foregoing article, before the entry of the settlers into the government Superintend�ncia, will nominate the number of depots they wish to open by declaring their location, the number of emigrants they intend to gather, the name of the attendant in charge and the Chinese managers.
� To grant the license, the Health Board on hygienic conditions will be inspect each house, and the Superintendent and Solicitor of Chinese Business on the competence and capacity of the attendants.
Article 5
Each depot will have two Chinese managers who must be authorized through a examination of their good conduct,
Article 6
The licenses granted to the Chinese managers will be annual, and these managers will have to place an acceptable bond of 1,000 (one thousand pesos) or deposit with the Procurador property titles worth 1,500 (one thousand five hundred pesos.)
Article 7
Chinese managers will always be responsible for the contraventions of this regulation by their subordinates and by the presentation of the transgressors
to the authorities
Article 8
The assistant managers will deposit in the superintend�ncia a bond of $1,000 (one thousand pesos) or a deposit of property titles worth $1,500 (one thousand five hundred pesos.)
Article 9
The attendants in charge are responsible for the contraventions of the present regulation
Article 10
Without prejudice to the responsibility of the managers, the other employees of the depots, they will be personally responsible for the
contraventions they practice; therefore, whenever necessary, those responsible will be liable for fines imposed on them.
Article 11
The Governor of the Colony may demand from the agents the resignation of any employee who commits abuses.
Article 12
The attendants will send to the Superintend�ncia a list of the employees in their depots, and whenever there is modification in its staff. Article 13
The Superintendent may refuse any of the junior employees of the depots and limit the number.
Section III - MARITIME POLICE
Article 14
The settlers who arrive in Macau must, before disembarking, be examined at the maritime police post, where a detailed list of the Colonists who disembark will be sent daily to the superintend�ncia.
Article 15
The colonists who declared in the examination of the police that they do not want to emigrate will be sent to the office of Chinese Business as well as the people who would have presented themselves as voluntary migrants. Article 16
Each depot will have one or two Chipt�s, that is, employees to receive the settlers and conduct them to the depots, as well as to recognize the people who accompanied them to Macao.
Article 17
The Chipt�s will have a Superintend�ncia license.
Article 18
The Chipt�s will sign a declaration of the number of settlers they take to the depots at the maritime police post.
Article 19
It is forbidden to bring migrants under 18 years of age or invalids to Macao.
Section IV - DEPOTS Article 20
It is not allowed to have settlers, in depots that are not provided with the corresponding license.
Article 21
The depots will be open from 10 am to 2 pm so that the settlers can leave freely.
Article 22
The Superintendent, the Police Commander and the Attorney for Chinese Business will visit the depots after adequate examination of the colonists, and immediately repatriate those who declare that they do not wish to emigrate.
� The Superintendent may, when deemed appropriate, send his assistant to supervise any depot.
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Article 23
Those bringing settlers to Macao are forbidden to enter the depots.
Article 24
Only settlers and employees can stay in depots.
Article 25
It is prohibited to impose any kind of punishment on the settlers within the depot.
Article 26
Any individual, settler or employee who commits any crime or violation within the depot, will be immediately sent by the assistant manager to the Superintend�ncia with written note of what happened.
� If the criminals do not show up, the attendant will have to prove that there was an impossibility to do so, giving clarity to the clarifications that are necessary for the capture of the guilty.
Article 27
In the depots there will be placed in the most visible places of the interior and exterior, the deals that agents offer emigrants and clarifications in Chinese language according to Model A.
Article 28
In the depots there will be special accommodations for women and families wishing to emigrate.
Article 29
Each depot will have one or more doctors chosen by their respective agents, who will be responsible for the inspection of the settlers, their treatment when they feel sick and everything related to the hygiene of the rooms and the settlers.
� Only minor diseases will be treated in the depots, the serious ones being cured in the hospitals.
Article 30
The Health Board or one of its members is responsible for inspecting the depots frequently, in order to ascertain whether the precautions required by hygiene are observed and to give to both those in charge and the doctors the instructions they deem appropriate.
� There will be in the depots a special book signed by the Health Chief who will write down the observations of the visit.
Article 31
There will be in the depots a book signed by the Superintendent in which the authorities will write their observations.
Article 32
Depot managers will enforce the instructions given to them by the Health Board, who will inform them not only of how to execute them, but of any observations they may have made.
Article 33
The same doctors will visit their respective depots daily, and will be presented there or in the Superintend�ncia for treatment of any colonist.
Article 34
sick
The assistant and Chinese managers will examine the settlers one by one as they enter the depot, asking them if they came to Macau voluntarily and free of any coercion, and if they are willing to emigrate, telling them where they are going and the clauses of the contract they have to sign.
� In case of recognizing that any settler was deceived or violated they will immediately advise the Solicitor of Chinese Business in writing, giving the name of the settler and that of the person who brought him to the depot. Article 35
Chinese officials are responsible for presenting to the authorities, the deceived settlers or violated people who entered the depots.
Article 36
Settlers who do not have the precise age to emigrate, and those rejected in the Superintend�ncia as unsuitable, may not remain more than 24 hours in their respective depots.
Article 37
The assistant managers will report daily to the superintend�ncia the movement of settlers of their depots and the events of the day.
Article 38
When the number of settlers has gathered in a sufficient deposit to make a shipment, the respective agent will report in writing to the Superintendent who will determine the day on which the said settlers must enter the Superintend�ncia to be examined.
Section V - SUPERINTENDENCE Article 39
In addition to the Superintendent there will be an assistant who will be responsible for the internal service of the office.
� The number of other employees in this office will depend on what the service requires.
Article 40
A doctor of the Health Board will decide on the age of the settler upon their entry into the superintendency, or in his absence the Superintend�ncia Physician will decide.
Article 41
Gathered the settlers in an appropriate room will be read and explained clearly and in several dialects, the contract to which they are going to commit.
Article 42.
They will then be examined one by one by the Superintendent, and the clauses of the contract will be explained again.
� The examinations will be public. Article 43
The colonists who, after being examined, declared that they want to emigrate, and that they accept the contract terms will be collected in the Superintend�ncia accommodation; and for as long as they are there until the time of signing the contract, they will not be able to contact the agents, managers or any depot clerk.
Article 44
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On the second day after their entry into Superintendencia, the contract will be explained to them ndividually, then signed, by those who are willing to emigrate.
� They will be present at this act, together with the Superintendent, the Solicitor of the Chinese Business and the Police Commander or his delegates, who will watch over the faithful observation validity of the present and the Port Captain will also attend so that he can recognize the identity of the settlers who embark. Article 45
In the Superintend�ncia there will be a record book where the name, age, native village will be recorded and the quality and profession of the settlers who come to emigrate.
Article 46
It is forbidden to introduce in the Superintend�ncia together with the settlers and the people who bring them to Macao.
� These people can be allowed to emigrate, if the assistant manager who presents them in the Superintend�ncia declares them as such, so that they are in separate accommodation from others.
Article 47
After signing the contract, the settlers will receive advances, costumes and other stipulated objects.
Article 48
The settlers who sign their contract and receive the advances and costumes will be shipped immediately.
Article 49
Settlers who in the act of signing the contract clearly do not want to emigrate will be taken to a separate place and then sent to their country accompanied by a note from the Superintend�ncia addressed to the Chinese authorities so that they may take them to their place of origin.
� Any settler who is claimed by his relatives will be delivered immediately. Article 50
Settlers are required to obtain a passport in accordance with the law.
Section VI - CONTRACTS
Article 51
The contracts that the emigration agents offer to the settlers will be presented. to the Governor of the colony to be approved, these contracts must have the following requirements.
1st - The duration of the contract may not exceed 8 years counted from the date of arrival at his destination.
2nd - At the end of 8 years the settler is free to dispose of his work and cannot serve of pre-order for continuation of the commitment any debt that the settler has contracted with his employer, which can only be made, according to the laws of the country where it is found;
3rd - Once the 8 years have elapsed, the settler may not be obliged to provide his services under the pretext that during his Contract he stopped working at any time for any reason whatsoever;
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4th The settler has the right to be cured and treated in any illness he suffers without any of his salary being deducted for this reason;
5th - The colonist cannot be forced to work more than 12 hours a day when the work is in the field or in the factories, and when employed for domestic service, will work the same hours as the natives of the country;
6th - The colonists who occupy the workings of the field or in the factories, will have 3 meals per day. They will have the same number of meals as the natives of the country, when they were occupied in domestic service. The groceries will be abundant and of good quality according to the custom of the country.
7th - On Sundays they will be resting for the settler, and when his employer needs his services these days, he will have to pay him as extraordinary.
8 - The settler who, upon arrival, went to the domestic or other similar service, may not be employed at the farm and factory sites;
9th - The settler is subjected to the legislation of the country where he will
be;
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10. The contract will be written in Chinese and in the language of the country for which it is intended, well contain the name, sex, age, naturalness and profession of the emigrant;
11th - The contract will have to mention the salary, clothing and other guarantees that the agent offers a settler.
Article 52
No migrants may be forced to work that is recognized as being badly healthy.
Article 53
The contracts will be in duplicate delivering a copy to the settler and another to the agent.
Article 54
The contracts will be signed by the Superintendent, Solicitor or his delegate, Agent and Consul of the country for which they are destined; In addition, they shall bear the seal of the Procurature and reviewed by a clerk of this court in a book intended for this purpose.
Article 55
The settler, in the country where it is destined, is under the protection of the Portuguese government and its Consuls complies with the faithful compliance with the clauses of the contract protecting and collecting the interests of the Chinese who had gone as settlers of Macao to remit them to their families.
Article 56
There will be a Chinese interpreter in these consulates
Section VII - SHIPS
Article 57
Vessels that are intended to transport settlers from the port of Macao, must have at least two meters of headroom in the accommodation intended for settlers.
� Any excess of 2 meters 30 is not counted, this being the maximum height that the housings should have.
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Article 58
Any ship that is destined for the transport of settlers of the port of Macao, after arriving at this port will be carefully inspected by the Port Captain in order to make sure if it has the necessary capacity, armament and crew. The Captain of the Port will find out how many Portuguese tons are registered, and the number of settlers that the ship can transport will be given to the Government Secretary.
Article 59
A doctor of the Health Board will inspect the vessel to see if it has the hygienic conditions necessary.
Article 60
The Captain of the Port, upon entering the ship in the port, shall deliver to the Captain a copy of the model B instructions that are for the purpose of this regulation, and the Captain of the ship will sign a document for which he is responsible for the exact compliance with the instructions received. Article 61
Any ship that embarks more than 20 Chinese passengers in the port of Macao, is subject to the provisions of the 7th and 8th section of the emigration regulation.
Article 62
All ships will have to carry interpreters of the different dialects of the Chinese they embark.
� These interpreters must be examined and approved at the attorney's office.
Article 63
No settler can be received on board without presenting a pass from the Superintend�ncia.
Article 64
No ship with more than twenty Chinese passengers can leave Macau, without carrying a doctor, a nurse and the corresponding kit. Article 65
No ship may leave Macau with settlers without obtaining a certificate from the Port Captain according to Model C.
Article 66
No ship is allowed to leave carrying more than 20 Chinese passengers in the monsoon season.
Article 67
The maximum number of settlers that a ship can receive on board will be calculated according to the capacity of the accommodation allocated to them and by the conditions set. That is, for the entry of light and ventilation.
� 1. With the vessel having good ventilation and light given by spacious openings, in addition to the hatches and ventilation pumps, the number of passengers will be calculated at the rate of two cubic meters for the accommodation of each passenger.
� 2. For a vessel having only a ventilation pump, the number shall be calculated at 2.5 cubic meters for each passenger. Article 68
Any ship that embarks 300 settlers must make their total shipment within
12 business days, and the one that ships 500, in 20 days, and so on. Article 69
The ship that embarks settlers must sail twelve hours after dispatch, except in the circumstances of force majeure. Article 70.
The consignee of a ship that transports colonists is obliged to place a bond of $1,000 guaranteed by a deposit in money at the Board of Finance or at any bank accredited, at the order of the Government, or in duly registered properties, and registered in the Conservatory as a guarantee of his bond. This bond will only be lifted if filed within 18 months, together with any legal document certifying that the ship has arrived at its destination, and having complied with the provisions of this regulation.
� By not presenting this document within the specified period, the right to retrieve the bond is lost except in case of force majeure duly proven. Article 71
The Captain of the ship upon arrival at the port of destination, must present the settlers with their proper passports to the Portuguese consul in the locality.
Article 72
The Captain of the ship may only disembark the settlers in the port for which he declared to be destined, except in the cases provided in the Portuguese commercial code.
Article 73
Any crime committed by the settlers on board, during their time in the port of Macao, will be reported by the Captain of the ship to the Captain of the Port, who will advise the Superintendent of what happened, but the Captain of the ship cannot punish, only detain the offender until he is sent ashore. � The captain of the vessel and the agent are both responsible for compliance with this order.
Article 74
The Superintendent will visit the settlers on board, when he sees fit. Article 75
It is incumbent on the Port Captain to check, before the departure of the ship, if any settler has a complaint about the treatment received on board or if a settler has not gone through the Superintend�ncia, and that it is not provided with its duly authenticated contract; and if there were any in these circumstances landed and sent to the Superintend�ncia with a written report of what happened.
Article 76
From the first day of embarkation of settlers until the departure of the ship, there will be a police soldier from the port who will monitor the order, according to the model C instructions; give a written report of the daily events to the Captain of the Port for this to be recorded by the Superintend�ncia.
Section VIII - STORES ON BOARD Article 77
386
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora 387
The person who wants to establish a store or sell anything on board a ship destined for the transport of settlers, will have to qualify for a Superintend�ncia permit.
Article 78
The price list of the objects that are desired to be sold to the emigrants will have to be approved by the Superintendent.
Article 79
The store owner will have to give a deposit of $500 (five hundred pesos). Article 80
The price rates for objects sold to emigrants must be placed in the most visible places on the ship, written in clear and well-legible Chinese characters.
Section IX - PENALTIES Article 81
Those who secretly introduce settlers into Macau without giving the authority notification in the manner set out in this regulation, will be punished with a $50 to $200 fine.
Article 82
Any person who seduces the settlers or exerts any influence over them will incur the penalties that mark the laws and regulations in force. Article 83
The contraventions to the prescriptions of the present regulation, mentioned below, will be punished with the corresponding fines.
Contravention
Fines
Section 3.
Art. 14
$50
to $100
Fine or prison corresponding to the vessel's pattern.
Section 4.
-
Art. 20
$30
to $800
21
$50
to $100
23
$300
to $800
24.
$100
to
$200
27
$50
to
$100
34
$50
to
$100
36
$50
to
$100
37
$50
to $100
46
$100
to $500
*
$100
to
$200
Section 5
Section 8.
Section X - GENERAL DISPOSITION
Article 84
When the Portuguese government considers it appropriate to alter some fundamental provision of thisregulation, agents will be notified with; three months in advance.
MODEL A
The settler who embarks cannot return to land. Havana and Peru are in America and to go from China to any of these two points it takes 3 months of travel a little more or less.
The Chinese who are in this Superintend�ncia must know that it
is in order to emigrate. Those who do not want to do so, can declare it on any of the two days of examination, without any fear, in the certainty that they can freely return to their homes.
The settler after receiving the advances and signing the contract
is obliged to emigrate; It is previously notified. Those who do not want to emigrate do not sign without reflecting their contract, nor receive advances.
MODEL B
Instructions to be carried out aboard ships carrying Chinese
emigrants from Macau.
1. - The captains of ships destined to transport Chinese settlers from the port of Macao must adopt and follow the exact observance of the established hygienic precepts in these instructions.
2. The settlers are not to be received on board without the accommodation being perfectly washed, dried and that the walls, ceilings and flooring are whitewashed with two or three hands of common water, united with a tail and a small amount of lime chloride. These operations will be repeated every time a trip is over, the ship is ready to transport new settlers.
3 - A room with the best ventilation and light conditions will be assigned to serve as a hospital, which will be completely separated from the accommodation and will receive the same preparations indicated. This location will vary according to the size and other conditions of each vessel.
4 On receipt of the settlers on board, it will be treated as regularly as possible both in travel and in the ports, to clean, disinfect, wash and fix its effects, to demand the most scrupulous personal hygiene and finally to avoid all the causes of unhealthy even the ones that seem most insignificant.
5 - The accommodations will be swept twice a day or more if necessary. The fencing must be prohibited in this part of the vessel due to inconvenience to the settlers. The general or partial cleaning of the floor will be done when necessary, with sponges or moistened lampazos, having to rinse it immediately carefully.
6 The floor and other wooden objects stained with vomiting materials, diarrhea, etc., They will dry thoroughly after washing with the following preparation:
Secretary of the Government of Macao
7
May 28, 1872 Enrique de Castro General secretary
Dry Lime Chloride Common water
one part thirty-two parts
The most rigorous vigilance will be observed to clean from the lodgings everything that can produce humidities and other exactions harmful to health, such as wet and dirty clothes, food
388
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
389
remains, fish and salted meat etc., these objects, which the settlers are observed to keep together.
8 - The custom of the colonists of smoking in the lodgings for which they constantly have a large number of lights there, is very harmful to the health, because the combustion products of the oil, the tobacco and the opium alter and vitiate the atmosphere, and therefore will be strictly prohibited. Smoking will be allowed only on the deck. The use of the opium that will only be smoked in an appropriate place must be stipulated po�o a po�o. Soon and little!
9 - The accommodation will be fumigated daily by first removing all of the colonists. All openings will be closed immediately where air enters, or most of they, mainly to windward. It will then be placed in the middle of the accommodation on hot sand or ashes, an ordinary clay casserole at two different points according to the size of the site, containing the following mixture;
Soda Chloride (common salt) powder Manganese dioxide
3
parts
1
parts.
2
parts.
Sulfuric acid of 66 degrees
2
parts.
Common water
Sulfuric acid, which develops the disinfectant vapors of chloride, must be mixed last. One to two hours later, all the windows, doors, fans and hatches of the housings will be opened and kept open and all the media will be used to restore ventilation, without which it cannot be occupied by the settlers. This procedure, which is the most convenient, will be used not only on the occasions when the accommodation can be evacuated, but also on ships that have all the conditions for easy and prompt ventilation. 10. If the circumstances do not allow all settlers to be at the same time in the rain, they will raise two thirds or half of the number, and the fumigation will be done as follows. The housings will be crossed with a casserole containing the indicated mixture, in which the sulfuric acid is made from time to time to avoid that there are vapors in so much quantity, that they cause the cough or other discomforts in the circumstances. Also avoid this inconvenience by spraying by means of nitric acid, for which the following substances are used:
Sulfuric acid 66.
Common water
2
parts
1
part
2
parts.
Nitro purified powder
The capacity that these substances must contain must be on hot ashes.
The nitro is mixed at the end and po�o � po�o.
11 - In the infirmary, and in the lodgings, when time precludes the leaving of the colonists, disinfection will be done by placing in the distance and for a few hours bowlss containing the subsequent dissolution.
Dry lime chloride Common water
1
3
part parts.
12 - Fumigation of odoriferous substances, such as incense, essences, powder, etc., are inconvenient because instead of destroying miasmas, airborne products that are unfit for breathing are added to the air. When for in circumstances the disinfectants indicated in these instructions cannot be used, vinegar can be burnt with hot iron.
13. - The medicine cabinets of the ships in addition to the medicines for the sick, must be provided with the following substances, necessary for the fumigations indicated.
Dry lime chloride
Manganese dioxide
66 degree sulfuric acid
Nitro purified powder.
The quantities of these substances will be arranged according to
the trip, by the Health Doctor who visits on board.
14. Every day, the settlers will be screened in order to get some sick people out of the lodgings if there is one to transfer them to the infirmary. In no case of illness, even for those who seem milder, this move will be stopped.
15. Dirty threads and scrub materials will be taken out of the infirmary and they will be thrown into the sea. The same will be done with clothing and bed objects that have been served in serious and suspicious diseases that cannot be used by means of disinfection and washing indicated in No. 21.
16 The greatest care will be taken to throw the bodies into the sea with precipitation or not with too much delay, avoiding the colonists witness these painful spectacles.
17.
-
-
When there is no sick person, the infirmary will be washed and bleached, so atmosphere per fumigation medium as indicated in numbers 2 and 9.
18. The settlers must remain for most of the day under cover, avoiding the perspiration and the colds that are caused by atmospheric variations.
20.
-
19. - Blankets, and other bedding will be shaken, will be exposed to air and collected before the night, at least once a week. At the same time, the chests of the settlers will open on the deck in order to fix their effects. Personal cleanliness, which is an absolute necessity for the conservation of the health, not only from the individual himself but from those around him, must be demanded from the settlers. The mouth, face, hands, arms and feet will be washed every day in the morning before the first meal. The mouth will be washed with water and vinegar for what will be available to the settlers vessels containing this preparation. The rest of the body that is covered with clothing should be washed twice a week. The
390
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora 391
bathrooms will be inspected on occasions that are convenient and possible.
For all these cleanings, individual circumstances and the state of time will be taken into account.
21.- Every week they will change their clothes, which will be appropriate to the variations of the weather. The laundry, mainly that of the sick, will be immediately put in boiling water containing a part of lime chloride, and then washed with soap and well dried.
22.- All these hygienic practices will be demanded more rigorously, on the occasions when an epidemic is declared on board, or serious and contagious diseases.
MODEL C
Captaincy of the port of Macao.
I
captain
X
of the port of Macao certify: that the vessel (ship class, nationality and (name) captain of ..... tons leaves the Macau port for that of taking on board Chinese passengers, hired to serve as settlers, who all know the place of their destiny, and go on their own accord of what I duly inform myself, as well as the contracts that they carry were approved in the competent office.
I certify in addition, that in the visit I made to the ship I found that it is in a state of sailing, that it has enough crew to maneuver, and that it has the provisions and watering determined on the boards 1. a and 2. to which they are part of the Chinese emigration regulations of May 28, 1872, as well as that there is a surgeon, apothecary and ..... Chinese interpreters and that the ship takes place for the passengers who are departing.
Macao...... of ..... of 187-- (Signature of the port captain.)
MODEL D
settlers.
Instructions for the guards that goes on board the vessels of
Ist. - After receiving these instructions, the Superintendent will be presented, under whose orders remains for the duration of your service. 2nd He will be on board during the day completely uniformed. 3rd - He will not consent to any colonist being on board without presenting a pass from the Superintendend�ncia.
� The fact of having already been on board and having disembarked due to illness does not dispense the presentation of the pass of the Superintendent. 4th - There will be no objection to the landing of any claimed settler, when presented he gives an order signed by the Superintendent. � The settler may keep this order in case the settler leaves; but of otherwise, he will have to return it.
5th
-
When any colonist leaves the ship for any reason whatsoever, the guard shall immediately inform the Port Police Commander so that he may notify the competent authority.
6th - Having addressed any disorder or serious conflict between the settlers, or between the crew, he will without loss of time communicate to the Commander of the Port Police.
7th

If a settler does not want to embark, he will be report to the Port Police Commander, and he will not be mistreated or forced to remain on board.
8th - No punishment may be inflicted on the settlers during the time of the ship in Macau, enforcing what is determined in article 73 of the rules of emigration of May 28, 1872.
� In case the Captain or ship officers insisted on applying any corporal punishment he will make them observe that they cannot proceed like this and will report to the Port Police what happened.
of
9th - He will not allow the store to be on board without the person in charge presenting him with the Superintendent's permission. 10. - He will not consent to the sale of any item that is not on the pre-order list approved by the superintendent.
11.
-
He will watch that the leaders do not mistreat the colonists. 12. - Of any extraordinary event that exists, he will send a report to the Port Police.
13. When the Superintendent, Captain of Port, or Port Police Officers go aboard, he will tell them if there is anything new or not.
14.
-
Without ceasing to comply rigorously with his duties, he will act without compromise with the greatest prudence, avoiding conflicts and problems with the officers and crew.
TABLE 1
List of provisions to be carried by ships carrying Chinese settlers from the port of Macao.
DAILY RATION FOR EVERY CHINESE.
Rice
Salted pork meat,
1 1/2 lb
or 2/3 of pork and 1/3 of fish,
or 1/3 of pork 1/3 of cow & 1/3 of fish Salted vegetables
0 1/2id.
0 1/2id.
Tea
0 1/3 of an ounce
Lena
20 ounces
Water at rate of 12 liters per week for each Chinese.
392
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora 393
TABLE 11.
Duration of the trip for which the provisions for sailing ships that transport Chinese settlers must be calculated.
October
to
April
to
March
September
California or West Coast of America,
North of Ecuador
100 days
75
West Coast of America, South of Ecuador
120
120
Sandwich Islands
75
56
New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji,
Tahiti and Society
100
100
Sydney, Melbourne or Southern Australia
60
80
Western Austriala
45
60
Tasmania
65
80
New Zealand
75
90
Manila
20
20
Singapore
20
45
30
60
45
70
50
75
60
80
60
80
65
85
147
168
Batavia
Ceylon
Madras or Calcut�
Bombay
Mauritius, Bourbon
Cape of Good Hope
West Indies and East Coast of America
Decree No. 11 January 28, 1874.183
Secretary of the Macau government, May 28, 1872. Enrique de Castro,General secretary
Regulations for Future Emigration from Macao, as published in the "Government Gazette" styled "Boletim da Provincia, de Macau e Timor" 31st January, 1874.
of Macao.
(Translation)
Regulations for Asiatic Passengers and their Transport at the Port
SECTION 1-Passengers.
Asiatic
Article 1. Embarkation at the Port of Macao is permitted to every passenger who is in the enjoyment of his liberty and who is not in any way subject to the conditions of bondage.
Art. 2. The Portuguese Authorities in Macao shall not sanction nor recognize any transaction entered into under the pretext of inducing persons to emigrate.
Art. 3. Asiatic passengers shall be considered in all respects as any other passengers.
Art. 4. Passengers must provide themselves with individual passports obtained from the Government Offices by means of a proper security.
� 1. If any passenger goes on board without a passport, or if the passport be not in order, he shall be disembarked.
� 2. No passport shall be given to any individual whose arrest has been applied for, in conformity with the Treaties existing with the nation to which the said individual belongs.
� 3. No passport shall be given to minors without the consent of their fathers or guardians.
Art. 5. No lodgings shall be permitted in Macao for Asiatics who intend or not to travel to foreign countries, except it be proved that such Asiatics are in a condition of perfect freedom.
Art. 6. It is not permitted that those vessels which are intended for the conveyance of Asiatic passengers shall be provided with gratings, chains, or other fittings which are intended for the purpose of confining or interfering with the perfect liberty of the passengers.
SECTION II-Emigrant Vessels.
Art. 7. The vessel which carries more than thirty Asiatic passengers for a voyage of more than seven days shall be considered an emigrant vessel, within the scope of these Regulations.
� 1. The vessel which voyages for more than seven days, but which carries less than thirty passengers, shall only be subject to each of these Regulations as are framed to secure the freedom of the passengers.
� 2. In both cases all the passengers must provide themselves with a proper passport.
Art. 8. Every individual who designs his vessel to be an emigrant ship for Asiatic passengers must obtain, through the Captain of the Port, a special licence from the Colonial Secretariat.
Art. 9. Every vessel intended as an emigrant vessel for Asiatic passengers shall be minutely examined by the Captain of the port, in order that it may be ascertained that said vessel has the necessary capacity, armament, and fittings.
� 1. The vessel must have a space of at least 2 metres between decks for the accommodation of passengers.
� 2. The number of passengers shall be regulated at the rate of 3 cubic metres for each adult passenger, or for two children under 12.
� 3. A separate compartment shall be assigned to the women. � 4. The Captain of the port shall report to the Government Sec- retariat the result of the said inspection, and shall declare what is the number of passengers that can be carried in the said vessel.
Art. 10. A medical man, as health officer, shall see that the vessel
is in a healthy condition; that the quarters assigned to the passengers are sufficiently roomy and ventilated; that the various provisions, water and medicines, are of good quality and sufficient in quantity for the number of passengers the vessel is about to carry.
394
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora 395
Art. 11. The captain of the vessel shall state a date by which he shall he bound to hand over to the Portuguese Consul of the port of destination, if there is any Consul, the passengers whom he has carried in his vessel. The captain is responsible for the fulfilment of this part of the Regulations, as well as for the carrying out the orders he has received from the Captain of the port and from the medical officer relative to the treatment of the passengers carried.
Art. 12. All the vessels destined to carry Asiatic passengers shall carry interpreters for the different dialects of the passengers on board. SECTION Special. The said interpreters must be approved of by the Procurador of Chinese Affairs.
Art. 13. No vessel shall leave Macao with more than fifty passengers without a doctor, a sick attendant, and the proper medicines. SECTION Special. Carrying more than 200 passengers the vessel must have on board two doctors if they are Chinese.
Art. 14. No sailing-vessel will be allowed to start from Macao with passengers during the season that the monsoon is adverse to the voyage which it is proposed to make.
Art. 15. The consignee or captain of the vessel, in accordance with Article 5 for the regulation of emigrant vessels, shall lodge as security a sum of 4,000 dollars in such manner as the Government Secretariat may lay down.
Special. The said security can be withdrawn after the presentation within fifteen months of legal documents showing that the vessel had arrived at her destination, and had complied with these Regulations. Provision to be made for exceptional cases.
Art. 16. Any offence committed by any passenger on board during the stay of the vessel at the port of Macao shall be reported by the master of the vessel to the Captain of the port.
In no case shall the master inflict any other punishment than detention until the offender can be sent on shore.
Art. 17. It is not permitted that any vessel should keep passengers on board for more than three days before the time fixed for sailing.
Art. 18. Every vessel intended to convey Asiatic passengers in accordance with these Regulations, shall, three days before clearing, have on board a guard of police, whose duty it shall be to maintain order in conformity with the instructions received from a competent authority.
SECTION Special. This guard shall be relieved daily.
Art. 19. On the day proposed for sailing, the vessel carrying Asiatic passengers, before weighing, shall be visited by the Captain of the port and by an officer specially appointed by the Governor, accompanied by one or more interpreters.
� 1. The passengers shall be counted and gone over with the list furnished by the masters, be tallied with their passports, and shall at the same time be asked individually whether they wish to proceed on the voyage or not.
396
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
� 2. In case any passenger refuses to proceed on the voyage he shall be immediately put on shore, and shall have no claim for the return of his passage money.
� 3. The number of passengers that the vessel carries shall be recorded in the ship's log.
� 4. An examination of the ship's articles shall be held to ascertain that the number and proficiency of the crew is correct.
� 5. A search shall be made on board the vessel to certify that she is not clandestinely carrying other passengers.
Art. 20. If after the examination it is considered that all or part of the conditions of these regulations are not satisfied, the vessel shall be detained until the Captain has satisfied them, and such penalty shall be imposed as the infractions committed shall require.
Art. 21. After the examination of the vessel and the questioning the passengers is completed, a document shall be drawn up by the officials present allowing the vessel to proceed on her voyage. This document shall be given to the Captain, and a copy thereof shall be sent to the Secretary of the Government, and the vessel shall immediately proceed on her voyage. Exceptional circumstances excepted.
Art. 22. After the visit of these officers, no passenger will be allowed to go on board. The Captain will be held responsible for the breach of this rule.
Art. 23. A duplicate list of the passengers shall be sent to the Portuguese Consul, if any, at the port of destination, for the purpose of comparing it with the list presented by the Captain.
SECTION III-General Rules.
Art. 24. The sanitary conditions, provisions, water, medicines, number of crew fittings, probable length and end of the voyages, shall be regulated by special tables and instructions.
Art. 25. Any infraction of the terms of these regulations shall be punished by the fines and penalties in accordance with laws and regulations now in force.
Art. 26. The terms of these regulations do not prevent the Gover- nment from contracting or authorizing contracts of emigrants, provided they are employed by our agricultural and industrial works in Portuguese possessions.
Colonial Secretariat, Macao, January 28, 1874. (Signed) HENRIQUE DE CASTRO, Secretary-General
Instructions which should be put in practice on board vessels carrying Asiatic Passengers from the Port of Macao
1. The Captains of vessels intended to convey Asiatic passengers shall adopt and promote the exact observance of the sanitary rules prescribed by these instructions.
2. No Passenger shall be received on board until his quarters have been perfectly washed and are dry, and the interior sides, roof, and cabin of
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora 397
the ship have been washed two or three times with lime and water, to which is to be added a portion, of glue and a small quantity of chloride of lime. The same operation shall be repeated at the end of each voyage in case the vessel intends to carry new passengers.
3. A place with the best condition of light and ventilation shall be portioned off as a hospital; this shall be completely separate from the quarters of the passengers, and is to have the same advantages stated above. The place for the hospital will vary according to the tonnage or other circumstances of the said vessel.
4. Passengers must be treated with great regularity, both during the voyage and in port, with respect to cleansing, disinfecting, and ventilation of their quarters, likewise with respect to the disinfecting, cleansing, and airing their clothes; each individual is to be carefully advised to scrupulously attend to cleanliness, and to remove all causes of sickliness, even the most insignificant.
5. The quarters shall be swept twice a-day, or oftener if necessary. The daily washing by pouring water shall be prohibited in this part of the vessel on account of the inconvenience such would cause. A general or partial washing of the floor by sponge or swab shall be made when thought necessary, after which the quarters shall be carefully dried.
6. The floor and other wooden portions of the quarters soiled with vomitings or diarrhoeic matter, shall be dried after having been well washed with the following preparation
Chloride of lime
Common water
1 part 32 parts
7. Strict vigilance shall be used to remove from the, passengers' quarters everything which might cause dampness or other exhalations noxious to health, such as wet and foul clothing, the remains of meals, pieces of salt fish, meat, &c.
8. The custom of the passengers smoking in their quarters, by which constantly' number of lights are kept up, is prejudicial to health, as the fumes caused by the burning oil, tobacco, and opium vitiates the atmosphere, and should consequently be prohibited. Smoking tobacco is allowed under the awning. For the smoking of opium, a special place should be appropriated until gradually the practice can be forbidden.
9. The passengers' quarters are to be daily disinfected as follows:- In the first place, passengers are to be ordered to leave their quarters, then all or nearly all the openings by which the air enters are to be closed, specially those to windward. An ordinary earthen vessel is to be placed in the centre of the quarters, or two earthen vessels at fix distances, according to the size of the place. These earthen vessels are to be placed on hot sand or ashes and are to contain the following mixture:-
Chloride of sodium (common salt) in powder. 3 parts Broxide of manganese
Common water
Sulphuric acid, at 66 deg
1 part
2 parts 2 parts
As sulphuric acid volatilizes the disinfecting vapours of the chloro it shall be mixed afterwards. After one or two hours open and keep
open all the hatchways, portholes, and hatches of the passengers' quarters, and use all means to re-establish there a complete ventilation, without which the place is not to be reoccupied by the passengers. As this is a most convenient process, it should be done not only whenever the passengers' quarters can be emptied, but also in ships where there are the facilities of quick ventilation.
10. If circumstances do not allow of all the passengers being under the awning at once, then two-thirds or half of them should go up, and the disinfecting process should be conducted as follows:
Let a person walking through the quarters with a vessel containing the mixture above stated pour in the sulphuric acid from time to time so that the acid vapours will not rise in sufficient quantity to cause coughing or other inconveniences to the passengers. The inconvenience may also be avoided by the use of vapours of nitric acid, in which there are the following substances:-
Sulphuric acid, at 66 deg Common water
Pure nitre, in powder
2 parts 1 part 2 parts
The vessel containing the above should be placed on hot ashes and the nitre poured in little by little.
11. In case bad weather prevents the passengers quitting the hospital or their quarters, the disinfection is to be caused by placing dishes at fixed distances for a few hours containing the following mixture.
Chloride of lime
1 part Common water
3 parts
12. The fumes of odoriferous substances, such as incense, essences, gunpowder, &c., are inconvenient as they do not destroy the miasma, but have a contrary effect, and add to the air exhalations that cause a difficulty in breathing. When, by any accident, the disinfectants above indicated are not to be found on board, vinegar poured over hot iron
way substituted.
be
13. The medicine chests of the vessels, besides the medicines prescribed for the use of the sick, shall be provided with the following articles required for the fumigations above mentioned, namely:-
Broxide of manganese. Powdered purified nitre.
Chloride of lime, dry. Sulphuric acid, 66 deg
The quantity of these substances shall be regulated according to the length of the voyage by the medical man who has to visit the vessel.
14. A daily examination shall be made of the passengers for the purpose of moving the sick into the hospital, and this removal shall take place however slight the illness may be.
15. All the refuse and excremental matters shall be at once removed from the hospital and thrown into the sea. The same is to be done with the clothing and bedding of those suffering from graver or infectious complaints, and which cannot be made useful by means of disinfectants and washings.
16. Great care shall be taken that the corpses of the dead be not thrown into the sea in a too hasty manner; at the same time, it should not be
398
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
399
done too slowly, so as not to prolong the painful sight to the other passengers.
17. The hospital shall be washed, dried and whitewashed whenever there is no patient in it, and the atmosphere is to be disinfected by the means laid down in paragraphs 2 and 9.
18. Passengers should pass the greater part of the day under the awning, avoiding as much as possible the checking of perspiration and the chills that atmospheric changes might give rise to.
19. Bed clothes and other bedding shall be shaken, beaten, and exposed to the air and brought back before night at least once a week; at the same time the boxes of the passengers shall be brought on deck in order that their contents may be aired.
20. Personal cleanliness is absolutely necessary, not only for the preservation of the health of the individual, but of that of all who surround him. This should he strictly recommended to the passengers, they should be advised to wash their face, hands, and feet daily, to change their clothing, and wash such as is dirty.
21. All these sanitary arrangements should be the more punctually carded out whenever an epidemic should appear, or any serious or contagious disease manifest itself on board.
Appendix III Departures for Peru
Key: Departure Ports
A: Amoy
C: Cumsingmoon M: Macao
1849
1850
HK: Hong Kong S: Swatow
W: Whampoa
Ship
Tons
Flag From Arr
On Off
7-Jun
Fredrick Wilhelm
430
Dan
C
49/10/24 75
75
17-Feb
13-Jun
Lady Montague Empresa
24-Sep
Albert
7-Oct
Chile
14-Oct
Manuelita / Orixa
763 Brit
446 Per C
292 Fren C
376 Fren C
150 Fren C
50/06/26 440 241
50/11/12
300
252
180
300
51/06/17 180
92
1851
31-Jan
Mariner
TABLE 1-Daily Ration for each Asiatic Passenger. Rice
21-Feb
Coromandel
11D 2 lb.
5-Dec
Victory
579 Brit
685 Brit M
663 Brit
M
C
51/06/01 51/06/28
400 409
404 400
350
Salt pork meat, or two-thirds pork, one-third fish
1852
or one-third pork, one-third beef, one-third fish Preserved vegetables
1/2 lb.
2-Feb
Beatrice
376 Per
C
300
1D 2 lb.
2-Feb
Susannah
514 Brit
C
52/06/15
325
319
Tea
1/3 oz.
21 Mar
Robert Bowne
504
Amer
A
410
Firewood
20 oz.
Water at the rate of 12 gallons a week for each Asiatic passenger.
10-Apr
Miceno
290
Per
W
52/07/29
5
5
7-Jul
Empresa
446
Per
A
2-Dec
Ohio
373 Amer C
420 52/10/30
393
53/05/25 300 228
1853
2-Jan
Eliza Morrison
797 Brit
C
53/05/14 420 404
27-Jan 11-Feb Nepaul 11-Feb Yaque
Isabel Quintana
514 Per
C
53/06/05 325 316
1006 Brit
C
53/06/01 500 492
237 Mex
M
53/07/05 200 198
8-Mar
Rosa Elias
233
Per
C
200
19-Mar
Empresa
446
Per
C
53/07/07
425
329
1854
20-Feb
Amazon
370
Brit
S
54/05/22
250
248
20-Feb
Isabel Quintana
514
Per
C
54/08/29 325 278
25-Apr
Grimaneza
650 Per
S
648
1-Jun Topaz
482 Brit
14-Jun
Santiago
300 Per
HK
M
378
54/09/28 60
60
1855
6-Apr Catalina
866 Per
S
28-Apr Zetland
1283 Brit
1-May Francisco 22-May Delfshaven
489 Chil
643 Dut
W
55/07/25 500 492 55/10/01 400 336 55/09/01 350 201 55/09/01 342 340
400
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
401
Ship
Tons
14-Jun
Indiaman
1-Aug Amalia
31-Aug
Dalmatia
6-Sep
Bald Eagle
28-Sep
Buenaventura
Flag From
1110 Amer S
415 Per
560 Amer
1704 Amer
359 Span S
Arr
On
Off
Ship
Tons
Flag
From
Arr
On
Off
S
S
55/09/24 56/01/01 415 56/02/01 331 55/11/28 56/02/01 251
565 436
285
1863
2-Jan
Westward Ho
1633
Per
M
63/03/15
665 652
249
650 550
12-Jan
Theresa
240
Chil M
63/05/23
132 130
23-Jan
Eliza
249
Port
M
63/05/05
130
120
190
5-Apr
Maria
219
Per
M
63/09/05
132
87
12-Oct
Waverly / Louise
14-Oct
Cora
1297
27-Oct
Westward Ho
1633
24-Dec Winged Racer
1767
749 Amer A+S
Per M
Amer W
Amer S
56/04/15
450
110
1-Aug
Cesar
499
Per
M
63/11/20 317 317
56/01/31 710
480
18-Oct
Westward Ho
1633
Per
M
64/01/17
700 683
56/02/04 830 56/03/01
728
30-Nov
Donna Maria Pia
671
Port
M
64/03/01
424
379
900
730
7-Dec
Camillo Cavour
1334
Per

Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora(1846-1874)

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