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Policy in Southern Rhodesia holds that in order to fit the African to take his place in the community as a full partner with citizens of a more ancient civilisation it is first necessary to make him the equal of his huge panelirbhealth, material well-being gad Beducation. This is in the belief that without such advancement there can be no assurance that he will be fit to play a full part in the politics and administration even of his own area, let alone the politics and administration of the whole territory.
There is, therefore, an important difference between the policy of the northern territories on the one hand and that of Southern Rhodesia on the other, though it is essentially one of method and timing, the ultimate aim in both cases being the economic, social and political advancement of the African. (d) Native Authorities and Councils are well established in the northern territories and have wide powers in local administration as well as financial and other responsibilities. In Southern Rhodesia, by statute they have similar powers and responsibilities, but their general development has been less rapid and they have not progressed so far in their use of these powers and responsibilities. (e) In Northern Rhodesia the African Representative Council and in Nyasa- land the African Protectorate Council select African members for nomination to the respective territorial Legislative Councils. (In Northern Rhodesia Africans as British-protected persons are not eligible to be placed on the voters' roll unless they become British subjects, as they are entitled to do, as well as possessing the usual qualifications.) In Southern Rhodesia there are at present no African members of the Legislative Assembly, but Europeans and Africans share a common voters' roll.
(f) In the northern territories Native courts have extensive criminal and civil jurisdiction. In Southern Rhodesia their powers are at present limited to civil matters only and exclude divorce.
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(g) In the northern territories African trade unions are legally recognised and given guidance. In Southern Rhodesia they cannot be registered though they are in practice given a limited de facto recognition. In the meantime and until the Africans are considered ready, Works Com- mittees (on the Whitley Council pattern) have been set up and Native Labour Boards have been established to which Africans either indivi- dually or by Associations can put their case. Moreover, Section 87 of the Railway Employment Regulations formed under the Southern Rhodesian Native Labour Boards Act provides that the Rhodesia Railways African Employees' Association shall be recognised by the Railways as an association representative of a section of the employees.” (h) In Northern and Southern Rhodesia certain wage agreements made between European trade unions and employers' organisations have in practice created an industrial colour bar in certain spheres of employ- ment by laying down European wage standards. The result of these agreements is that the African is unlikely to obtain employment in those spheres on account of the rate of wages which has been fixed.
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In Southern Rhodesia these agreements may receive statutory recognition under the Industrial Conciliation Act; in Northern Rhodesia such agreements receive no statutory recognition. In Nyasaland there is no industrial colour bar.
(i) In Southern Rhodesia professional and technical departments of the Division of Native Affairs have been established to provide separate services for Africans. In the northern territories there are no separate departments dealing exclusively with African affairs (except that in