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After six years of secrecy, the Canadian Government lifts the veil on
strategie blunder: Troops
were sent to death against
hopeless odds:
The
why - and
the how of the great failure
By GEORGE
the
Dieppe Raid Disaster
ZBERKEYAL UYS
DIEPPE
London the following April to contained in it." Only one 'element pursue the iden of this Second now remained. Surprise.
Front. In June 1942 Mr Chur- chill was in Washington again These were for discussions. renewed in London in July.
All these talks were talking North
It
WAN While, tho attack
being MA Churchill was mounted. mo heading for. Moscow to tell Marshal Stalin that there would be no Second Front In 1942 and that But of his 200-odd puges quarters presided over by
Africa was to be invaded none holds more interest than Mountbatten adopted it. The place against a background of instead.
In the evening frontal urgency and of calls from the those he devotes to the Dieppe plan provided for a
of August 10,
raid. "
'assault on Dieppe, with two public for action in the West. the ill-fated expedition to, Dieppe
took off. Here is the first full account flank attacks at Puys and The situation on the Russian
Once the operation had begun. of that tragic enterprise and Pourville. This operation was front was critical. Only July reports Colonel Stacey, only air the events leading up to it, to be preceded by a "goftening 1 the Germans had taken intervention by chter airplanes
influence materially Here the questions are raised "
Sebastopol; on July 24 they could again: Who conceived the raid? up raid by bombers. Why was it undertaken? Was plan to the Chiefs
Mountbatten submitted his took Rostov and began their Mountbatten therefore remained at the Uxbridge headquarters of No. 010 of Staff, drive towards the Caucasus.
1 Fighter Group to "watch" it worth the high cost in the This is what he told them: "There appeared," Bays course of events. BOOK has just been lives of men?
"Apart from the military Colonel Stacey, "a very palpable published in Canada And here, too, in this care objective given in the outling danger of Russia being driven which throws fresh and fully weighed analysis, are plan, this operation will be of out of the war."
08 training for rovealing light on one of the some of the answers the world great value strangest and most mysterious has been waiting for since that Operation 'Sledgehammer"
the fatal day of August 19, 1942, any other major operation as when the Canadians honoured far as the actual usault their date with disaster.
concerned." Mountbatten
CAMPEY
of
episodes Dieppe raid.
the war --
It is a book of authority, Colonel C. P. Stacey, its author,, is director of the Historical Section of the Canadian Army
In
on
or
Strong pressure
At
alone
And there was strong pres
from another source- aure the United States.
Mr Henry L. Stimson, U.S. Secretary of War, has shown
He saw the plan and in failure.
lie saw the men swept to disaster.
What happened to the Canadians coast is who stormed the French
of men'
odds.
the story of the courage
Insuperable pitted against But it is also the story of a which the only
catastrophe in
features are the great
redeeming
during the
which deeds that took place nine hours of hell through the men lived and died,
Across the Channel went 0100 were Cana- men, of whom 4936 dians. Only 2211 of these Empire- troops returned to England. Some of these were wounded. Somo dled.
"
Others had never landed in France. Why It Failed
is THE Russians were pressing the Allies for a Second Front, What was Sledgehammer?
The call was also on the lips Sledgehammer Was the of the people of Britain. Second Front. Sledgehammer one meeting in London OLONEL Stacey identifies the
was to be the attack on the 60,000 citizens demanded that General Staff. And, as official Dieppe raid with the name of Gormans in the
West. And the Allies should strike in the historian of the Canadian Army Lord Mountbatten. He recalls that had its origins back in West.
the second World War, that In October 1941 Mount-
December 1941, when Mr then Colonel Stacey tells the magni- batten,
n captain, was Churchill went to Washington ficent story of the million men made adviser
Combined At 2.30, 5.15,
to discuss with President who left their prairies and Operations in succession to
Roosevelt the question of a 7.20 & 9.30 p.m.citles to fight the Germans and Admiral of the Fleet Lord
unified strategy. Italians in Africa and the Koyes. On March 18, 1942, he
Chief Japanese in Asia, who sailed became
of Combined Second Front to the Arctic and South Operations with the rank of America in defence of free Vico-Admiral. In mid-April COLONEL STACEY points out Second Front. dom, who were at Gibraltar, Mountbatten and his staff be- that at that meeting both records, the one thing Hitler blunder. and who in the final battle gan planning for what Colonel Mr Churchill and the President drended. helped to roll back the Nazi Stacey calls this "perilous en- agreed that a major operation But Mr Churchill, reports bombardment from
must be attempted against the the Stimson book, "categorical- called An Outline Plan was drawn Germans In 19.12. by Colonel C. P. Stacey (published by up. On April 25, a meeting at George Marshall, Chief of of a cross-Channel invasion in tanks. The only air support the authority of the Canadian Minister of Combined Operations head: Staff of the U.S. Army went to 1942." Mr Roosevelt was also Canadians got was a brief attack categoric in his insistence that by cannon-firing Hurricanes. (When there must be some action in the 1944 invasion 1942.
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WHY, then, did the attack fall? provided by On the evidenco in his diaries that he was 8 Colonel Stacey I find these reasons:
of the It folled because advocate vigorous
It
he attack on Dieppe was,
the frontal
was a strategle
it falled because the preliminary the air was off on the itiexplicablo would All tho
Generally refused to accept the notion grounds that rubble
streets and bar the way of the
WHAT HAS BRITAIN DONE
TO HELP EUROPE?
up
overdraft of
There чуде also
funds.
Mr Churchill was determined on an attack In the Mediterranean, the Instead of the Second Front Alles made the landings in North Africa.
took place the
combined efforts of the British and American Bomber Commands pre- pared the way.)
Bald afterwards that a battleship
do so. At the same time the German Are of six battleships.) A wartime agreement, and a re-
in Russia successes
It failed because there was 'not Tho sumclent naval co-ordination. frontal attack was covered by four only. They prepared It was in the midst of this be destroyers AN important part in the the war in Europe. was allowed to like £100,000,000 in insurance money wildering and frustrating atmosphere what Colonel Stacey calls "a miny The naval forces European Recovery Pro- run
about paid for ships sunk in Allied service that Mountbatten and his headquar- bombardment."
ters staff conceived the idea of the commander, Captain Hughes-Hallett, gramme is to be played by sup- £150,000,000 with the Bank of during the war. Norway got new
England. This was partly repaid ships from Britain to rebuild her Dieppe raid. plies of reconstruction goods during 1046 and 1947, but more than sea-going trade, and payment has
have operated off Dieppe "The public in the Allied coun- could from the United Kingdom. In £100,000,000 are still outstanding. been made out. of the insurance tries," says Colonel Stacey, "was during the first hours of daylight
calling loudly this field, as in others, ERP
risk "and would for action, and without undue currency Fellet, loans, and
tide havo furned tho liquidation of considerations of morale suggested probably merely provides the means for stabilisation loan to Greece of wartime balances have not been the the desirability of meeting the de- ashore in our favour." (In the 1944 continuing and accelerating a £10,000,000 a credit to the Soviet only form of British aid to Europe. mand as far as it was practicable to invasion the naval force included the Job that is well in hand.
Union of £4,050,000 in execution of A contribution of even greater lasting beneft has been made towards the
last re- it rendered
It failed because the "Post War
Since the end of World War II, construction loan to Czechoslovakia revival of Europe by the diversion
essential to give any diversionary maining element on which is suc Britain "Gandy's Dream
has given assistance to of £2,120,000.
of British trade.
cesa aid possible to our Soviet allies."
depended-surprise was lost Europe
the on a vast scale.. In
In 1940 the United Kingdom sent
ran into But Dieppe was far from being when a German convoy earliest period the largest single
to Europe almost twice as much in the attack that the times and the some of our landing craft. Why,- contribution was one of £155,000,-
exports as she received from Europe
when this last hope had gone, was 000 to UNHRA, which formed about BY R. H. FRY in imports (exports £380,000,000; fortunes of war demanded.
Imports £2 balanced, but-oven-so
£232,000,000. In 1947 trade When the rald was first proposed the operation not called off? Because -became-more
the military side of the planning of an order which said that any must como-before-3 Europe received about £60,000,000 was in the hands of Lieut-General cancellation All these were Government loans, worth more goods than she sent to Montgomery, GOC-in-C, South- a.m. The convoy struck at 3.47 a.m. There has also been a great deal of Britain. (UK exports £428,000,- eastern Command.
It failed because there Was private. credits to Europe. 000; imports £300,000,000. Seen in Colonel Stacey, attended
lack of communication Montgomery, reports complete Substantial
· beaches: some of between the men on the recently another way, Europe received 40 been given by London banks (with percent of Britain's total world ex- the later meetings of the planners and the reserves. the approval of the U.K. Treasury) ports in 1946 and 30 percent in 1947. under Mountbatten. He gives no
Of course, the planners of Com- to Norway. A credit of £15,000,000
reason why, as the man fesponsible bined Operations learned lessons has been opened by a banking group Taking the two years together, the for the military aspects of the un- from the failure. to finance exports of raw
continent of Europe wool to
received even dertaking, Montgomery did not at- France, which will be repaid out of British exports, such as metals and.
larger percentages of "essential" tend them all. the proceeds of finished cloth exports from France. A further credit of metal products, clothing, footwear, 1 commercial vehicles, lubricating -oll £1,000,000 has been given to a
for the import of jute, and machinery. re-equipment of the
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"AGAINST THE WIND"
EAGLE-LION DISTRIBUTION
COMMENCING SATURDAY ·
Dennis MORGAN
Jano WYMAN :
in “CHEYENNE"
Was
15.5 percent of that institution's total resources...in, addition...assis. tance in money and supplies
to European countries for relief and reconstruction to the value of £110,000,000. divided as follows*
siven
Italy
Greece
Austria Poland Hungary
£ milion
55
31.5
10.1
7.7
0.2
0.02
In these amounts are such items as assistance to Austria before UNIRA moved into action;
credits have
a gift of machine tools to Hungary: French group credit of £1,000.-
maintenance and initial equipment and yet of the Greek armed forces; a free 000
ས
for the
gift of wool and other supplies as a Normandy steel works,
destroyed
General
Best troops
One was that any future attack must be planned round the flanks of an enemy position and not on his front. 'Another was the néed for from overwhelming fire support GENERAL Montgomery
thought the air and the sea. A third was the best troops for the Job that the "classical" plan of taking Further aid was rendered by mak- were the Canadians. He approached beach by landing Infantry at dawn General McNaughton, then Senior is not practicable where there is a of "essentials only," which had been Army Overseas. General McNaugh adopted to restore the British ba-
the fon accepted the assignment Imports", which
contribution to Poland's recovery, during the Battle of Caen just after ing exceptions to the import policy] Combatant Officer of the Canadian strongly held position.
for which payment
WILS waived; the Normandy landings. medical supplies and foodstuffs given to Rumania,
were
In
when
for
This
on
These were the "omclai" lessons. And some of them, says Colonel
A
This steel credit is typical of lance of payments. In 1946 Edale was fixed-July 4, or one of Stacey, were "obviously not new." Next, supplies valued at £38.000,- Integration plans already under way scheme of "token 000
Western Europe. A part of the permits shipments of up to 20 the days following. But bad weather under were distributed free
ant and equipment plant
Another lesson the percent of the average prewar value intervened. The raid was abondoned, combined military arrangements,
At this stage General Montgomery mainly before the end of the war, reconstruction of the Caen steel- of imports of certain consumeuro- advised that the raid "should be off POR my own part it seems that
come from the United was est
was extended to a number of far short of works will Finally, amounts not
Kingdom, and
the plant Is pean countries.
was further for all time." £1,000,000.
there was another lesson wo 10 contributed
completed it will export steel billete exter-chattered economics" started every appearance of finality
By the schema to help The operation, called off with failed to learn: the need for dis- provide relief
organisations Fin
to Britain, where finishing capacity
Operations and Europe.
exceeds basic steel making capacity, in October 1946, under which Britain July 8, was revived by Combined persing Combined
returning the posses to their com- On July 20 it received monds, For its first big under Among other bank credits are two glassware from Czechoslovakia, and the
to Poland, ono of fruit from Italy, Altogether Britain gave for relief recent ones
a difference, It was a plan with a
The conclusion to be drawn from to and recovery purposes about £304,- £6,000,000 finance shipments Both these schemes have latelyed from the scheme. After recom- the planning
General Montgomery had disappear Colonel Stacey' fine account of 000,000 worth of supplies and money from England of machinery and been modified owing to the extremo
and the assault is 10 European countries. This dosa other capital goods under the Anglo- pressure об the British reserves. mending that it be "off for all
was an ad- not include U.K. expenditure for folish trade agreement signed last But on the whole it is intended that he ceased, in Colonel Stacey's words, inescapable. Dieppe the upkeep of Germany, which cost June, and
£1,500,000 to Britain should not sit back and let to have any further connection with yealure, an Ill-conceived and badly-
planned adventure. about £80,000,000 in
Crerar, of 1947 alone, Anance Polish purchases of wool. the United States carry the whole the operation. General
It would have been better to much of
of it in the form of purchases
loans The direct
and credits, weight of aiding
ing Europe.
the Canadian Army, took over.
have launched tho made by the British Government in whether governmental or private,
modifications
full-scale While credits and
And there had been grants on the
Now attack and secured a permanent the U.S.A. against doilars for slip- do not show the full
to the extent of senlo of the early postwar period the original proposals ment to Germany. As a result of British help to Europe. Very large can obviously not be continued for the raiders could no longer count on toe-hold in France. The plan was ary bombing attack. This there, ready. But instead of the
has been taking textiles from France, Ope of the Chiefs of Staff. taking had ended in disaster.
Germany, this liability has been greatly reduced.
་
.one of
But it wo
time"
the recent agreement on Western amounts have been placed at the long by a country in Britain's debtor a preliminary, bombin been cut out. Second Front we got Dlappe. In-
disposal of var
various European position, there will be no interruption "softening-up" countries by the
simple ... pro-
In what the U.S. State Department And the reason? It might all the stead of a reasonable chance of suc-
cess we got utter failure. cess of running
down
the has described as the basis of Eng-streets with debris and impede the
For the light it sheds
on these Apart from relief contributions, bank balances which
the tanks which were to be landed. had land's large contribution. to the British Government made largo accumulated in, their
"The elimination of the air bom- events, Colonel Stacey's book is a "the favour in general European recovery loans to A number of European Londen. Probably the largest single UK's policy to manufacture and ex-bardment," says Colonel Stacey, unique and valuable contribution to countries. France, in the critical case of this kind was that of Norway port thoro goods which
"had removed from the plan the one the history of civilisation's greatest element of really heavy support test. period Immediately after the end of which had accumulated, something needs?''
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