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THE EYES
September 26, 1941.
AREA-THE AREA THE
The massing of Bulgarian troops on Turkey's Euro- pean frontier is once more causing anxicty in Kemal Atatürk's cubist concrete capital at Ankara,
Bulgarian troop. move- ments, concentrations and decrees of mobilisation have long been a main interest of Turkish observers and a principal fear of ever-sensi- tive, nervous, rumour - mongering Istanbul, glitter- ing on the shores of the blue-watered Bosporus. To-day anxiety is all the more urgent. For in the last nine months many bas- tions of what Turkey used to regard as her advance defence regions have fallen.
Marshal Fevsi Chakmak, the old-world chief of Tur key's ill-armed military forces, has long based his
Hongkong Telegraph plans to defend the Dar-
Friday, Sept. 26, 1941.
Wyndham St., Hongkong Telephone: 26015
TILE predx "Special to the Telegraph" is used by the "flongkong Telegraph to
danelles on a line of de- fences, the Chatalja Line, following the east end of the lofty Rhodope Moun- tains and the banks of the meandering River Maritsa
Indicate news which is strictly copyright under the provisions of the Telecommunion cations Ordinance, 1936. Buch now
Hangkeng on the date of publication by
Lie Unlled Press Associations, who
the Thracian border.
OF THE WORLD ARE CAST ON THIS NEXT POSSIBLE SCENE OF STRIFE
Allir and dominated areas III Axir and dominated areas DD Parrible Nlied mover
Possible Axis movar da Chatalja fortified line + Turkish nalot barer Turkeh railways Oil pipe linas
VAIN.
CAMAH
TRANS- JORDAN
Kermanshah
SAUDI ARABIA
TURKEY'S Position TURKEY'S Grows in Peril
Sears the Indication "Up" is received in The advance bastions of and experts have that line are naturally on Italy's Dodecanese the Danube. The Germans ly held. *
serve all rights and forbid republications, either wholly or in part without previous Arrangement
ERSATZ MORALE
In "Mein Kampf" Adolf Hitler has
written of the inability of Imperial Germany to comprehend the forces
that would lend men to face death of their own free will. A report by the Committee for National Morale, a group of university psychologists, medical men and social scientists with
By Patrick Maitland
judged that styled the logician of diplomacy are secure for his sharp penetration, could more easily afford to sit on the
The possibility of Russian moves in the Caucasus region to counter any threatening ad- vance from the Aegean or across the stormy waters of the Black Sen, has long been foreseen, even dreaded, in Ankara.
The secret hope, scarcely mentioned in Ankara above a whisper, was always that Tur- key might, if threatened, make crossed it in March.. Then South of the Dardanelles Tur- fence of neutrality, now Allied lightning dash into northern Iran, establish a protectorate they took Greece, and from Thrace either they or the key's advance defence line lay pressure-it is no aggressive over the 600,000 unhappy, op the less-has revived. Syria is that area who had been im- Bulgars could now outflank along the Pindus Mountains of threat but it is pressure none pressed Turki-speaking folk of
Greece. But these are gone the Chatalja defences.
and Turkey is now ringed by back among the Allies. So is pressed by the Shah into aban- doning their nomad life and set Iraq. And now so is Iran. to work on his estates beside the enemies on the west.
Though Turkish relations Caspian Sea. From that posi- In the north, her fleet is her have been closer with Russia- tion, Chakmak's general staff
protection. But
Behind that line, on the Euro- pean shores of the straits, near- chief
even
more or less esta-
ly half the Turkish Army was though the Axis fleets have suf- the first country to recognise have long since been arguing, government-than with any be parried by a movement into. concentrated last Spring. Now, fered heavy losses, Axis naval Kemal Ataturk's revolutionary Soviet threats or thrusts might if It were attacked, it would forces are have the greatest difficulty not blished on the west shores of other power, they have never Soviet Azerbaijan.
confidence-perhaps the peak Line at all, but oven in evacuat- val power is surely no greater has been 75 per cent. For Mr only in holding the Chatalja the Black Sea and Russian na- been relations of 100 per cent.
now than it was when the con: Sarajoglu and his predecessors Here, too, is a Turki-speaking ating to Anatolia.
flict with Germany began. Yet have known, Ataturk knew and minority, gathered on the slopes. After the fall of Greece the Turkey had always counted on his successor, Ismet Inonu, has of the Caucasus, nestling un- Axis forces wooped upon the Russian naval aid.
never forgotten that to the Bo- easily around the inflammable islands of the Aegean and three
headquarters in New York, indientes that a similar inability to appreciate fundamental values exists in Naz! Germany to-day. The Nazi soldier, plied psychology plus medical and the report shows, is a product of ap- alcoholic stimulus, Analysis hundreds of German books on the psychology of war has disclosed an attempt to foster a sort of synthetle morale out of ersatz ingredients.
The morale consists of a one-track line of thinking wholly absorbed with the idea of attack, It is
of these Thasos, Samos and To the south and east the Al- viet the Dardanelles are a vital oil wells. But this hope has Samothrace turn the Dar- lies have moved forward. If, interest. Now that they are been crushed by the Anglo- danelles from the south. Axis after the collapse of France, virtually enveloped by the Axis, Soviet occupation of Iran, whose enigmatic Foreign Russia's need is to make her independence and neutrality. It air bases are now established Turkey's throughout the Aegean islands-Minister-Sukru Sarajoglu, once Caucasus defences doubly sure. has been a Turkish aim to up-
Shanghai Experiences New
Economic
Dislocations
-hold.
bolstered by uniforms designed to rive the soldier an exaggerated sense
To Turkey these outlying de- of his own prowess. Evidently rc-
fensive regions-stretching to treat and defeat are concepts con-
the Danube, the Pindus Gorgea, selously excluded from his mental
the north and west .shores of equipment. He is protected from
the Black Sea, the Turki-speak- ridicule. When all these applications
ing region of Soviet and Iranian fail to overcome his fear in combat,
Azerbaijan, and to Syria and ap- resort to drugs and alcohol in
ihe
Iraq-were the far-flung bas- parently in order, according to
tions of her guarded neutrality. Committee's report. Thorough us is
of beef, sirloin and pork chops It was mainly to bolster her the German soldier's training, the
Suffering from the impact of By Robert P. Martin
increased between 300 and 400 neutrality that Turkey sought extensive development of psychologi-
four years of war, which has United Press Staff Correspondent percent; chickens and fresh milk in turn to encourage or cal methods by. the Nazis Indientes
reduced trade and manufactur-
went up over 400 percent, and
neighbouring moral weakness rather than strength.
appease the Moreover, in this war as in the last, ng tremendously and virtually ly in turn, causing food riots, fresh fruit prices are up over great powers by signing the An-
600 per cent.. the emphasis on purely material fac-stalemated all foreign business, strikes and more terrorism.
kara pact of mutual assistance Britain and France, by
jors has led German offelaldom to Shanghal is undergoing new make the mistake of underestimati shocks as a result of the freez- the staying power of their chief op- ponent, Britain.
It is obviously impossible that the British public could have been ex- posed to the so-called benefits of applied psychology as practised In German military circles. The in-
dividual Briton has had to learn to
Shanghai
Foreigners drawing salaries Apartment rentals increased with
in gold or sterling between Oc- from 100 to 200 per cent. during improving relations with Greece, ng of all credits and Japanese tober 1939 and January 1941 the past year, while servants' by keeping on Stalin's right side retallatory export embargoes.
found that their cost of living wages increased over 100 per and, more recently, by signing a cent. during the same period, pact of friendship with the Official reports indicate that had risen by 91.98 per cent. omitting previous increases Reich. Neutrality is the key to
manufacturers are
During the same period Chinese prior to September 1940, which Mr Sarajoglu's policy. facing a catastrophe due to the currency, in relation to the were not as spectacular as in United States export licensing American dollar, increased by the past year.
ystem, which has cut off Shang- 46 per cent., leaving a gap of 63 hal from badly-needed raw ma- percent, which foreigners had to
modities will be rapidly reduced during the coming months, un- less present restrictions cased up.
stand on his own moral feet. in 20 doing Britons have discovered "sur- prising reserves of courage and of criats. Prezent stocks of com- hear due to the war. physical as well as moral strength in themselves. Some have been at a loss to
explain their experience, Others have recognised that their strength came from a consciousness of the righteousness of the cause to which they had dedicated themselves. For example: when in 1030 Britain's
more.
He has sat on the fence; and now it is beginning to creak. If the Germans cared to attack, the Turkish armed forces would To relieve the situation, both be in a far worse position to re- Chinese workers being paid in the officials of the International sist than formerly. And com- • are Chinese dollars suffered even Settlement and the French Con- munications are so poor in East cession encouraged importation Anatolia-the few roads are in poor repair, Comparative figures showed of rice and flour. They also im-ill-surfaced,
of these two-ton truck would crush to Owners of machine shops and that the cost of living between ported rice themselves and or strung with bridges which B
1930 and 1941 has increased by ganised cheap sales
commodities. However, even rubble that it would be hard Government decided to oppose metal works report that their 600 per cent...
are disappearing fast
then prices were beyond the to make Allied aid effective. Nazi aggression even at the cost of stocka
Authoritative sources estim-means of the ordinary working war, British people felt a sense of and many of them expect to be peace in their country that had been forced to close down soon. ate that due to the recent man, who has been forced to de absent throughout many months of
freezing order and embargoes, pend on vegetable imported ement." This was a mornie Being the bottleneck through the cost of living will be in- from the interior as staple food. that no
psycho-
which flows all trade between creased generally by approxi- With increasing Japanese res logy could have produced. Nor could
the outside world and the rich mately 16 to 20 per cent., des- trictions,
oxperts anticipate the military forces schooled theories of ruthless attack break Yangtze valley, Shanghai is pite a slight increase in the value still worse conditions in the fu- through it. Just as the German most sensitive to trade controls, of Chinese currency in torms of ture. authorities in 1014 had learned title which were first instituted by foreign exchange."
Hundreds of Chinese die from the history of free peoples making willing sacrifices for righte
Adding to the difficulties dur- every winter from starvation ous causes, so the Nazis have ap- parently leamed Hulle. Nor has cles.
ing the past few months was and cold, but the figures are ex- Hitler, who in the days when he
the hoarding mostly done by pected to mount this year duo Increasing malnutrition, EDW so Imported commoditică are be Chinese merchants and bu to Kampf clearly the German mistake of under- coming scarce and expensive, sinessmen, who, anticipated fur- which is bound to decrease the ed a similar mistake in German and the shortage of shipping ther shortages as a result of power of resistance.
threatens further price rises in price increases, thus creating the future. Restrictions and the most acute shortage even in
"apperamount of applied
out
the Japanese and then by third welcome!
Windsqualls are
airworthy!
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Main
powers due to wartime exigen-
On the other hand, if. Turkey should waver toward the Axis the Allics would be in fine shapa- to call a halt. They could argue that free passage for German arma would only mean that they would be forced to advance on to Turkish soil themselves, and would be Central Anatolia turned into a battle aren
"But if "war does come, if tho Axis does seek a short-cut to the Caucasus, effective.reals- Modical figures. recently tance would be difficult now that It should be a cause for end
encourage- ment among champions of freedom control over movements of raw such a staple article as rice, published record a tremendous so many advance bastions have and justice everywhere that the materiala and fuel, particularly which reached the highest price Increase in the tuberculosis and fallen. For Ankara the choice consumption incident rate, es- which opposing belligerents are natural ingredients of bravery and to Shanghal from the interior in China's history,
pecially among the poorer beginning to impose is difficult. strength are native to the couse for have curtailed the output local- which free men stand. For they canly. Serious unemployment has Foreign food prices showed classes which will aggravate It is only certain that foreign know why right la might, and that resulted, and prices, on locally the following advances; bread the conditions during the com- encroachments on Turkish soll
will be, bravely' resisted. they are supported by: everlasting
produced goods have risen sharp-800 percent; meat, such as fillet ing winter.
estimating truly moral values,
avoid-
organization for the present war.
ormal"