ONGKONG TELEGRAPH
1 1941
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TWO FORMS OF
DEMOCRACY
Americans are apt to think that our democracy is rather a sham, because it is. different in so many ways from theirs, and especially
By:
Prof. Julian Huxley
in a recent broadcast to the United States
grow up.
of
their mutual Insurance schemes, and later, our Co-operativo" "Movement, vil caino into being as vigorous ex- pressions of British democrney, Press, speech and opinion are as free with us as in any country in the world.
In its labour relations, Britain has on the whole been more stemocratie than the United States. Our strikes have never been marred by such violetico as In-America, nor turned Into miniature etvil wurn; and wo have not suffered so much from illegal or extra-legal vigilante or ganisationa.
Collective bargaining
wu
and political trade unionimin nru among the useful machinery by which British democracy has come to express itself,
As regards eduention, elementary eduentian Is free and universal, secondary education is now cheap
because of our monarchy the United States, and with the clos- privileged position for granted, and and of high standard, and, after many years, university education hus and our class system. How- Ing of the frontier, a new clasa rather forget their obligations
become pretty thoroughly demu- is very in this field and works on over, we must remember system, based mainly on money, but service. In small communities like cratised. Voluntary effort
prominent In part in the East) on ancestry, is the village, the local bigwigs may
the whole in a a democratie direction. that democracy is not some beginning to
But the easily become pelty tyrants instead of It has rest
resulted in
in the extreme variety and the freedom from regimented and attain that LONG-LASTING thing fixed. Any particular Bullish class system is much more leader or pubile servants. The fear of
uniformity which our educational
and which system enjoyn democracy is an attempt to rigid, and it is also historically in- losing privileges conselously or in-
grained, being a gradual evolution consciously may generate hostility or compensate for its class-structure.y
We still realise the democratic ideal. from the
great inequality of .rea feudal system. centuries overbearingness towards the 60-
wealth, though our taxation de- And that is, historically back. In fact, the development of called lower classes, while conversely atrova a
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Britisli society and Institutions has dealousy may make the under- of that fotelavably greater amount speaking, something very was bitter and resentful. Most growth of our social
In America; and
the
remarkabin
than does yours
recent. It is first of all this organic quality which Edmund Emportant of all, the class system that nobody shall fall below a cer- the belief that individual Burke defended so eloquently against does mean a considerable deprivation tain minimum standard of life, that the theorists who wanted to imitate of equal opportunity; and this is a unemployment and sickness shall not human beings are what the French Revolution by making a very real negation of the democratic spell destitution, and that the stigma
clean sweep and starting again from ideal. matter most-more than the us near scratch as possible.
or
Defects
of receiving charity or poor rellef has been now replaced by pensions and other benefis which men and women can accept as rights without any
·Joss of self-respect.
Sense Of Freedom
Hongkong Telegraph have certain basic oppor- still, and has had in the past quite from the past, and all the new anit- bound together by common values
Tuesday, July 1, 1941. Wyndham St., Hongkong Telephone: 20015
THE prefix "Sperial to the Telegraph
Is used by the Hongkong Telegraph" to indiesto news which is strictly copyright
cations Ordinance, 1936. Such news as bears the indicatón "UM je received in Jongkong on the date of publication by the "United Press Association, who re-
under the provisions of the Telecommuni-
either wholly or in part without previous arrangement.
back.
Juntunent; and still more oppor-, rupt as those
quote
10g
State, the
Please don't think that I am try- total of
ing to make out that the British class
All the saire, British democracy national wealth, or anything system is the best way, or oven a
good way, of organising a democracy, manages to work reasonably well, in else whatsoever. Then it is All I am concerned with is to try to spite of obvious and numerous de- the belief in equality, in the be with clear that it isn't incompati- fects. The best pront of that is that
o reasonable amount of our system has, in the last hundred Finally, British democracy in itz hnocracy (and also with reasonably years, become more, and not less, de imperial aspect has made one great sense that everyone should rapid progress inwords
more and mee
the mocratic-In spite of all the undemo- invention that of
Common- Getter democracy) and that it has cratie handleaps it has inherited wealth of free and equal Dominions, tunities. The European a lot of merits-orderliness and democratie burdens that the laissez- and idens Instead of by compulston
sense that everyone bas
Job of
So political theorists of the work to do for the community; the period managed to pile on Its or even by a formal constitution.
I think it is
Is fair to say that idea among the more fortunate of
the average Englishman has had the eighteenth century thought bervice; a very considerable amount Democracy means something real sense of being remonably free to de of freedom within the boundaries set to the average Englishman to-day, and say what ho likes, of being able in terms of "natural rights"; by the system; sufficient fluidity to First, Britain is politically democra- to express als pollient viewa freely
give talent a reasonable chance to tic. There is real universal suffrage, and fairly effe
effectively, the American Declaration of rise, and to allow new classes, as We have never had any anti-demo- to organise
of being free with others to
to stand up they
became important, to take their cratic organisation so powerful as the for his rights and interests, of be Independence speaks of share of leadership and responsibi- Ku-Klux Klan during its brief but longing to a
country which on the "life, liberty, and the pursuit to take part in their own local leal machines so ruthless and cor- freedom, of being given a reasonablo lity; plenty of opportunity for people unenviable prominence, nor any po- whole lins consistently stood for
to mako serve all fights and forbid republications, of happiness." To-day we
of certain American opportunity
something for them to form voluntary are more inclined to use associations to look after their own days, or as Tammany. In its bad old worth while out of his individual life. And that is a real form of de- This is a very important phrases like "privileges and aspect of Democracy:
Our local government has on the mocracy, if very far from a perfect from Fightin
Burke,
ke, To be attached whofe been in the hands of local of Inte years that sense has been RELIGION IN THE CAMPS opportunities."
to the Subdivision, to love the little people, duly elected to represent the 'platoon,
is the first principle (the balance of local interests; the small somewhat shaken by economie in- PROVISIONS being made by But what each age has meant germs as it were) of pubile affec- political boss, with his inevitable security and the threat of war loom-
ing over tions."
from Europe. But the atmosphere of graft, has never play- Englishman is now very much deter- the United States Army for the is that everyone should have an
ed so prominent a role here as in mined that the freedoms and The Crown
parts of the U.S.A. And our local tunities he has achieved in the spiritual welfare of men in equal chance to a reasonable
government is largely in the hands shall not be lost; and this is another working people. The mayor of a expression of the democratic spirit. millions of Americang who man beings, irrespective of ac- much. Everyone should, 1 hope. Council, is just is likely to be a recognise the basic place of cidents of birth or fortune, even in the republican United States, working man as an aristocrat, or
realise that being king means rich merchant, or a business man. | religion in national defence.
The democratic ideal is also the something very different to George
from belief that governments should The British King is no
what it did to George III.
Britain's Tradition * Jonger an In a message to President
exist not only to benefit but to Autocrat, and indeed has lost almost Roosevelt, Dr Rufus W. Weaver,
every vestige of political power. He Britain's legal system is reason- represent the people as a whole. is now in one sense only a symbol ably democratie. The high cost of speaking on behalf of the
So democracy, since it thus pre- of the unity of the nation, and of the going to law is its only serious General Committee of Army supposes government by con- important, and our twentieth century little corruption, among either judges Empire, But symbols can be very handicap. There has been very and Navy Chaplains, declared
sent, implies tolerance; since it and useful members of the communi- regions in the United States used
kings are very active, hardworking, or
or police, which is more than some that the United States is facing
WASHINGTON, June. 30 presupposes equality, implies focussing loyalties, giving the be able to say of themselves; and (UP)-Major Alexander P. de erunt opportunities; and since muressonal machinery of a modem testiering has never be me, the Sestrner, hus, refterated his
touch to the racketeering been able to noted ultimate than the Fuehrers or the Duces, Day Our Civil Service is warning that the United States
state, and infinitely more democratic cou
ΟΙ
WHITEAWAY, LAIDLAW & Co., Ltd. training are encouraging to development as individual hu- About the monarchy. 1 needn't say small city, or a member of a Borough
TOUG
MOUTRIE'S
FOR
BRITISH RADIOS
a religious crisis unparalleled in
G.E.C. OVERSEAS TEN, SEVEN & SIX
VALVE.
PYE. BAND SPREAD RADIO
TRIAL DEMONSTRATION ON REQUEST.
York Building
Chater Road.
Going on Leave?
its history. Our times cause it presupposes the
with
Д
to
ордог-
past.
Independent Air Force For U. S.
deep questioning. And the up-value of individual men and wo. their bodyguards and their pomp. The of examinations; the undemocratie must create an air force inde
by the democralle va
system rooting of young men from -accustomed-walks of life-through- conscription, the transfer of men fields for work in defence industries, tend
American Prealdent, too, is a demo- "p ferntie personal head; but Presidents spells system" has never played the pendent of both the army and
part it has in the -are-also-members-of-political parties. Then we must remember thatTM Bri-
United States. navy "if we wish to survive as a and some of the amoke and powder tain was a ploncer of religious free-nation."
to
new
to
separate many from normal
doubtedly present a challenge to the church.
men, implies freedom.
Sadly Imperfect
That is the democratic ideal.
of politics inevitably hangs around dom, as well as of political freedom. He spoke during an "Ameri-
theni
Actual democracies represent the picture. The traditional side of and camestions, played bate in opposition to Represen-
By Lichty
The growth of nonconformity, with can forum of the air radio de
Independent, There is naturally another side to its myrinds of attempts at realising this ideal. monarchy can be overdune, and may great part in encouraging indepen-tatives Melvin J. Maas, Republl-
and all kinds of crusading
can, Minnesota, ranking make its ritual too much a survival dence and MARCONIPHONE, ALL WORLD RADIO civilian relationships and un- But to date they still sadly im- of the Coronation ceremonies, ut alive in variosts ways, and one of Naval Affairs Committee, and
movements. Democracy
corno
moj minority member of the House difficult for the existence of a Court perfect; and also they have pur- net to encourage a certain not very them is by having a sense of mission El Gossett, Democrat,. Texas. sucd different methods in dif- desirable snobbery. Certain tradi- about various democratie ideals. The Modern warfare,' Severaky sald, tional vested interests may manage to British anti-slavery movement was has been "completely revolutionised" The Army's answer to this ferent countries.
eatrench themselves under the shel- a notable example of this.
by air power, and no surface opern- A3 | development is expansion of its
tering wing of monarchy. So democracies can differ in
This Protestant tradition of inde-tions now are possible unless control Corps of Chaplains to provide two quite different ways. They system. It undoubtedly
Similarly with the British class pendence also found embodiment in of the air is first obtained.
"In any military action--on land stimulates all sorts of organisations for self- one for every 1,200 men in
can be more or less imperfect. snobbery. Many among the privi- help. Our British Trade Unions, our or sea, across a channel or an ocean
leged classes.come uniform and
to take their innumerable Friendly Societies withthe first essential is to drive hostile construction of
aircraft from the skies overhead," There are democracies in which
he said. chapels at every cantonment considerable sections of the and base at the rate of one for people are not allowed to vote. GRIN AND BEAR IT every regiment or comparable That was so in Britain a cen- unit.
tury ago; and it still is so in the Carrying on a tradition of 125 southern United States (for it years, the American Bible does not matter whether people the are disfranchised under Society will supply each of the constitution, or in fact just chapels with a pulpit Bible and are not allowed to vote). arc ob- the Gideon Society, which for Such
viously less perfect than those years has provided Bibles for where there is real universal hotel rooms, is prepared to dis- suffrage. tributo 4,500,000 books contain- ing the Psalms and the New Testament.
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In addition, denominations which do not have a chaplain at a camp are providing spiritual leaders to minister to the need of members of their faith and nze receiving the co-operation of Army chaplains in carrying on their activities.
democracies
an
But besides differing on up-and-down scale, they can also differ sideways, so to speak, Just like different kinds of animals. A dogfish is a higher kind of animal than a jellyfish. But no one can say whether it is higher or lower than a lobster. So with democracies. The
American and British brands are both on about the same level of progress towards the ideal; but they are very different in their organisation.
Class System
The chief difference lies in the British closa system. Of course, in
It is a wise decision to provide the now army with every oppor tunity for religious worship, In a world where dally develop ments tend to bring dis-illusion-negroes and recent immigrants gots ment and diamay there is need for men to turn their thinking to spiritual foundations.
the United States, colour and na- lonality take the place of class, to a certain degree. On the whole, fewer opportunities, in the same sort of way as the working classes in Britain gols. fewer opportunities. It is, of course, also true that, with the Intense growth of industrialiam in
11941, things Viam, Ins
"Tho strawberry tarts aren't any good--| had seven and ́I
oughta know!'
Fearful Responsibility "A separate air power, Independent of the older military services, is in- dispensable in this day and age. those who insist on the illogical and utiorly childish division of American nir power Into twe artificial segments are assuming a fearful responsibility before the judgment of history. "Air power must be freed before our programme of national defence has congealed in a wrong und backward pattern. It must bo freed from the bondage of the older services-freed to become the true, untrammelled air power which we must Possess Iwo wish to survive as a nation."
now,
Mass argued that an independent air arm does not fit the military needs of 'the' nation at the present time; adding:
naval.
U.S. Problem. "Ninely percent of the military problem of the United States in the initial, critical stages is Naval aviation is just as distinct from army aviation as the navy is itself. distinct from the army.
"It 90
ble percent of our military pro-
is naval, then it stands to res Bon that the same amount of our aviation problem is naval aviation," Gossett contended that the war has demonstrated the "Impracticability" of a seperate air force, declaring | Great Britain early In the war "pald dearly because the Royal Air Force was unable or unwilling
to, co operate with either the army of
that
strengthen the army," lin continued, "the British were com- pelled to establish in the RAF, a now command-known as the Army Co-operation Command, To streng then the Navy, the British were com- pelled, tà, tnico from Uie R.AF. the Fleet Air Arm and turn it over to the Admiralty