Saturday,
HONGKONG TELEGRAPH.
EL CAUDILLO
March 8, 1941."
BY BILLIKEN
10
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I
"Binimin
18+
"Yes, he's the head of the government!"* "Looks more like its tail!"
IF
SPAIN
COMES IN
Answers to: Will she or won't she? Can Gibraltar hold? BY
·HENRY. BUCKLEY-
LISBON.
from batteries scattered over a HAD raised my voice to large area which could change A DIPLOMAT who should know something of what positions casily, so that it would
goes on commented. "I motor- not be easy to silence them.
ed through Spain from France "Bat for all that, the fact still several months ago, and every
make the colonel hear me. Lisbon's Avenida Palace's mar- row bar is crowded these days,
The Air
War Against Ice
by John Cashel
The worst enemy the Royal Air Force has to face--next to the Luftwaffe-is ice.
All the year round, that foe is lurking somewhere in the at- mosphero, but winter makes it an urgent problem.
It has to be reckoned with before every machine takes the air. It influences even anti- aircraft gunnery.
Since long before war broke out a spécial branch of the British Air Ministry has been waging a ceaseless war, of its own against ice formation on aircraft. Nazi experts have been doing the same.
On September 3, 1935, neither side had mastered the problem. Certain known vital facts told where and when in the atmos- phere the menace is greatest. Chemical paste compositions were being applied to aircraft party vulnerable to ice forma- Lion-wings, engines, controls—→ but were not entirely success- ful.
Another method, tried out on civil aircraft, was to attain to the front edge of the wings a long rubber tubo, which was ex- panded by forcing into it a jet of compressed air, thus brenk- ing up the coating of ice.
It is no secret that during last winter's 'Great Freeze large numbers of aircraft on elther side were immobilised by ice. Had either side completely mas- tered
the menaco by then it might have been disastrous for the other.
The Great Freeze taught our ice formation experts a lot. New devices were rushed into service. This winter will prove their worth.
Meteorological officers are al-· tached to every important R.A.F. aerodrome. Several times a day their reporta go to the Operations Room giving de- tails of weather over this coun-
try, or, if it is a coastal or
and there is the noisy bubble of remains, of course, that the Rock where I found people very kindly bomber station, of conditions tongues from the throng of would be likely to hold out firmly and on the whole very sympathe over the seas or enemy territory
smartly dressed refugees.
and its big guns would still'domi- nate the straits.
carried out from Britain in the
tic towards Britain.
Colonel X, a distinguished "If the naval base of Gibraltar
"But I think it should be re- military expert of a neutral could-not-be-fully-used-as-the-membered that possibly the tre power, sat next to me at a mar- centre of the British blockade mendous difficulties facing Spain ble-topped table drinking port, activities, these would have to be might just as well encourage her and I repeated my question, north or Bathurst in the south, to take a decisive step in the "Suppose Spain should enter the which would mean that it would hope of remedying the situation war, what do you think the main be exceedingly difficult to carry despite the risk involved, as objective would be?"
out any close blockade either on make her withdraw into herself the Spanish peninsula or North and stay outside the conflict.
"My opinion is that Spain will Africa."
N Irishman recently ar- enter the war within
11 short
The colonel, who knows Spain well, fingered the stem of his glass reflectively. He was one of the first military experts to draw attention to the new tac-
Arived from Spain chipped time, assunting limited commit-
as well.
The_Danger Zone
In every summary is included the "freezing level," Mark hose two words. They are two of the most Important in flying. Discoveries made known by the meteorologists
just before the war made them so.
Freezing level begins on the ground when you and hard frost outside your doorstep. On an average winter's day in this country It begins 3,000 feet up. day, at 10,000 feet,
average summer's,
On an
But wherever it begins, the im- portant thing to fighter and bomber plot is that for 7,000 feet above the
tics of modern warfare being into the conversation, "Very ments only with regard to the freezing level he is in the ice danger
nice and logical comments, colo- practised in the civil war.
nel, but I have just come from Gibraltar Straits and possible zone. He replied: "Gibraltar would Spain, which is very hungry and collaboration in North Africa in doubtless be the main objective, has little petrol, and which, in case of any developments there. particularly with a view to annul my opinion, doesn't want war. My information, too, is that Por- ling it as a naval base. This
"I think the Spanish soldiers tuga! will remain completely un- would permit France to have an casier and more direct commu- had enough war after two and a affected by Spain's attitude, and Do you that there is no question of nication with her North African half years of civil war. ports, particularly Oran, without think it would really be worth spreading the war to the Penin- interference from British pat Spain's while to go through ali sula as a whole." rols. It would help the trans. this just in order to try to cap- from ture Gibraltar, which would, as
N American
Within those 7,000 teet minute drops of water are waiting to form into ice on his aircraft,so that the low cloud the bomber seeks as cover may well provo a death-trap.
Higher up, on an average above 10,000 feet in winter or 17,000 in summer, the drops of water have already formed into ice crystals and to will not stick on an aircraft and affect its controls or engines, or force it down by deadweight on the wings, Ice can form in a matter of min- ules. Every airman's job is there- fore to climb or descend through the lee danger zone as quickly as he can. A Spitare can do it in just over three minutes.
Ice And Anti-Aircraft
port of food to Francefifter you yourself say, prove very A had trien reporter whe intervention from Europe in the difficult to capture?"
The colonel asked Domingo, tiently finally snapped. "I think case of internal discontent in Morocco or an attempt by the the barman, who is Catalan and you are all wrong. I think Hit- makes excellent Martinis, to ler will march down into the British to land in Morocco."
-bring some more port. Then he Peninsula and take it all over question answered: "In every army and that will be that. THEN I asked a
The Nazia know these facts as well THEN
which I had wanted to ask there are three classes of men.
as the British and they will govern "When was in Central
the height of their winter flying, some one technically fitted to Those who like war. Those who
untess they have, since last winter, give an opinion on for many don't mind fighting but want to Europe years ago I saw a map
and of future Europe issued by Ger-devised methods to combat ice forma- weeks. "Tell me, colonel, what get back to their homes effect has the development of normal occupations as soon as man propagandists, and Greater tion. modern arms had on the invul. possible. Those who don't like Germany in that included not and soldiering at all.
only the British Isles nerability of Gibraltar?"
France, but also part of North- The colonel replied: "Two "Now, I inspected some of factors directly affect its use us General Franco's troops on the ern Spain. I laughed then, but between 12,000 and 18,000 on cloudy. a naval base should Spain, at Ebro battle front way back in now I am not so sure." tack: First, the vastly increased autumn 1938, and it looked to The colonel did not agree. firing range of modern artillery, me as if there are a good many don't see what Hitler can gain which they fly in the coming months. and, secondly, the danger from of his soldiers who are first-rate by trying to repeat an operation. nir attacks on vessels necessarily soldiers, and come into the first which cost Napoleon so dearly." lying close together in the small category. Those adventurous
"The trouble with all of you souls who, strange as it may port.
"Unlike the days when Gibral- seem, enjoy war.
is you are trying to figure out war which hasn't tar was last attacked, over 100 "The food question is more logically a years ago, artillery now would difficult. But the staple Spanish shown any logic whatever in its not be situated near the Rock, import is wheat at the moment, course," answered the American Today the Rock and port could and from the current harvest reporter. be placed under a steady barrage, she must have some months'
In recent bombing raids the Ger- mans have generally been flying Over Britain at heights between 19,000 and 22,000 feet on clear nights,
nights or still lower if the cloud has
been very low.
"I
And about that time Domingo
from guns altuated behind hille aupply, for ahe used to be almost the barman decided it was time a considerable distance àway, self-supporting."
to close the bar for the night.
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The shifting Ice danger zone will substantially affect the heights at
That is why freezing lovel in formation is valuable to our anti- nircraft runners as well as to our
airmen.
If the raider avoids the ice-forming zone, the gunners can to some extent gauge his height. And if, instead, he takes cover in low mist and cloud, the drops of freezing waten of which clouds and mists in the fee danger zone are composed, may well to to any such foolhardy raider the job that the Spitfires and the guns are wanting to do.
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