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0-25
Why
D. DUCK SALESMAN
MAGAZINE PAGE
Our
The war has pro- vided
the proof of 'superiority of design and construction of British airplanes. In- deed, the proof is so conclusive as to make Britain's pre-war claims appear ridicul- ously modest. It is in numbers only that the enemy has the advan- tage,
will and this soon be offset by the gigantic effort initi- ated at home and in the Empire.
To appreciate the achie- vement of the British air- craft industry, it is well to note that, owing to Bri- tain's gesture of disarma- ment, the Air Force ranked fifth among those of the nations in 1932.
The British hesitated long in the hope that an arma race could be. avoided. Eventually the need of expanding the R.A.F. could not be denied, and in May 1935 a programme was on- nounced for completion by March 1937.
Government
Airplanes
Such achievement, after a poor start, was only possible by virtue of the amazing effort on the part of the air- craft firms, "ahndow" factor- ies and sub-contractors. There were the great schemes for aircraft production in the Do- minions and rapid progress was made and is being made -in Canada, Australia and Now Zealand. Britain and the Empire were at last fully alive to the situation, and a powerful if belated drive for the prosecution of the war In the air took shape.
It was fortunate indeed that quality in men and materials served to make up leeway in quantity. It was this quality that decided many an issue when weight of numbers ap- peared to be overwhelmingly against British airmen,
The response of the aircraft industry to meet the need was spontaneous and full-blooded. For
the famous example, Rolls-Royce Company almost completely discarded their mo- tor car activities. With the exception of a skeleton staff to ensure post-war efficiency in the motor car trade, the entire resources of Rolls, Royce were concentrated on production of engines urgent- ly required for such vital arms
3.9
the Spitfires, Hurricanes, Deflants, Whitleys and Falrey Battles.
Developments in Germany revented this step was not So it was throughout the in- -enough,_and_before_the_ori_dustry, and a truly staggering
Was
tell
ginal programme launched, a second and larger was announced in schemo February 1936 for completion by March 1939. At the same time wise preparations were made to enable the industrial resources of Britain to meet a further and sudden call for vigorous expansion.
The year 1988 produced de- finite warnings that Britain was still lagging behind, and the resultant acceleration in output was such that the rate of aircraft delivery,was more than doubled.
Just before the war, the rate of production was four times that of the preceding year. Present day figures or estimates cannot be published, but it may with justification bo believed that Britain is at last equalling. Germany's out-
put.
revelation will be made when the actual facts and figures of this changeover are eventually published.
With the reorganisation of so many huge plants, research and development continued, not only unhampered but in-
enhance creased, to superiority of British chines generally.
the
ma-
A notable step was the new Rotol constant speed airscrew, designed for the single-en- gined fighters. The Spitfire, already the fastest aircraft in service in any air force, was made still faster by the intro- duction of this airscrew, and the Hurricane's performance, too, was correspondingly im- proved.
The Spitfire, with its arma- ment of eight machine-guns which together can fire 9,000 rounds a minute, became capa-
Are
Best SOLVING WOMEN'S
ble of over 400 m.p.h. and. to add to the striking power of this formidable pair came the Defiant, with power-operated gun turret amidships.
1
Among Britain's bombers the Wellington is one of the most successful heavy types ever built. This twin-engined midwing monoplane has range with full bomb load of 3,200 miles, which means that it could fy. non-stop from London to New York and still have a substantial mileage in
reserve,
The Wellington's geodetic construction $0 distributes stresses that the aircraft can withstand a very heavy, bat- tering and still remain air- worthy. The aircraft also carries a very heavy defensive armament, which includes power-operated gun turrets in the nose and tails, each equip- ped with a battery of chino-guns.
ma-
Next on the bomber list come the Hampden and the Whitley, both twin-engined The midwing monoplanes, range of each is about 2,000 miles, which would enable them to fly non-stop with full load from, say, Sydney to Perth
or from Montreal to Vancouver. The Hampden has a top speed equal to that of the Wellington, The Whit- ley's maximum is about 20 m.p.h. less.
*
Both carry big bomb loads and a heavy defensive arma-. ment. Like the Wellington, the Whitley is equipped withTM power-operated gun turrets in nose and tall. These turrets have been used by the R.A.F. for some time, but it is in- teresting to note that only re- cently have the Germans dis- covered the principles which they work.
021
Bomber squadrons of the R.A.F. have also perfected a technique of formation flying. This formation flying is one of the main reasons for the low casualties among British bombers.
Best-known of Britain's multi-purpose aircraft is the Blenheim with a top speed of 295 m.ph. and a service ceil- ing of approximately 30,000 feet. A recent addition to the R.A.F. in this class is the Beaufort, another twin-en- gined machine from the same designers.
WARTIME PROBLEMS
Since May British do- mestic life, like the war, has undergone a rapid change. New problems of housekeeping have to be solved and the average woman is solving them by little in- exercising genuity, but without dras- tically altering the fami- ly's mode of life.
a
. Of these IMV wartime of problems rationing is, course, the most important. With the one possible excep- tion of tea, rationing has not so far caused any discomfort.
Slight changes in the daily food routine have been suf- ficient to get over the pre- cautionary rationing of the three of four foodstuffs which, up to the present, are all that the Food Minister has put
the Even under control. coupon system has been simplified by the shops keep- ing the whole sheet cut from the ration book, filed with the consumer's name and address on it.
At first control of ment caused big changes in the kitchen. The sum of 18. 10d. per head per week, which is the official allowance, does not buy chop sand steaks for every day, and only in medium and large families will it run
By DAPHNE CLARE
the well-known woman journalist
Then there is always fish, though some kinds have gone up a little in price. But the herring, one of the finest foods available, is plentiful and cheap. Here again cooks are using their imagination and discovering new ways of Herving it.
LES
Herring, too, kippers and bloaters, or fried fresh, help out at Ureakfast time. People who have been used to bacon and eggs every morning of their lives have had to change their habit and make do with substitutes two or Uree days a week. To help out with eggs people everywhere uro few hens in keep beginning the back
garden, and household scraps go towards feeding them.
Homemade cakes have been hit rather hard. The rationing of butter and sugar and the need of eggs for breakfast have helped to
luxury. make them rather a homes where mother's home-baked cakes used to be on the table every day, they now appear only occasionally. The dark kinds such as gingerbread, fruit and spice cakes are being made with black treacle, of which there is no shortage, instead of sugar, and cooking fat instead of butter.
In
Every housewife now snves scraps of fat from the meat and reduces them into dripping which makes excellent pastry and can be quite well used for the homeller to a "joint"-traditional Sun-kind of cakes A new habit ly to day dinner in the English home.
are
So wonten have had to think up alternatives, and there are plenty. For the first time the ordinary woman is learning the meaning of 8.9E; the butchern term "offal"—all ̈un- rationed. Included in this kidneys. tripe, liver, chitterlings, heart, chaw (lower jaw of pig). calf's und sheep's head and feet. From the poulierer she can get, even if she cannot afford to buy chicken, duck, or rabbit, rabbit's the giblets from these birds,
and hore. All these "ex. are today being made into meals which fre welcomed In homes where they were unknown
a year ago,
The very cheap cuts of beef, parts which sell for about God. a lb., are minced and cooked as "steaks" as a loaf or Rausage in the oven, or a "shepherd's pie", the
lish of an English dish
minced meat with the ple-crust made of mashed potatoes and baked in the oven.. Neighbours are vying with each other to find new ways of serving mince these duys.
WE ARE POUNDING THE RUHR TO PIECES
Heavy aircraft of Bri- tain's Bomber Command are blasting a big hole in Germany's industrial heart-the Ruhr.
Since the Nazis over-ran the Low Countries and boasted "now the Ruhr is safe". formations of the R.A.F's most powerful bombers have given the Ruhr no roat,
The only "accurity" it en- joys is the knowledge that within the next twenty-four hours thero will be another crash of British bombs, an- other race by the public to shelters, another hold-up in production.
Regular raids on the Ruhr by the Royal Air Force, fol- lowing earlier sporadic at tacks, began on the night of Juno 12.
"For the sixth night in succession", the Air Ministry communique announced on June 7, our aircraft bombed
the Ruhr." After the sixth the Ministry gave up counting, but its records show that since then scarcely any twenty-four hours have passed without the bomba being rained on Nazis' most vital industrial centre.
On only two nights in the first six weeks of their non- stop onslaughts did unfavour- able weathor hinder the bom- bers but it did not keep them back That is worth remem- boring in view of the Nazis' pro-war ancer that Britain's was a "fair weather" Air Force!
land to the west, and in West- phalla to the north and cast; not to mention objectives far- ther afield in Hamburg and Bremen, and, nearer home, like those in Holland and Bel- gium.
Essen, home of Krupps and munitions hub of the Ruhr ares, is being forced to spend many hours in its shelters. Though powerfully defended by ground defences, it has -suffered soven sevore bomb- ings on separate occasions, not counting the several raids that sometimes take place during one night's attack." Another thing to remember
scruppa itself has suffered when one reads In Air. Minis-"ous: direct hits on" iis munitions try bulletins 'of raids on tho
ed
педг
muny's industrial hub high explo- sives and incendiary bombs have been rained on targets in the militarily Important centres of Gelsenkirchen, Mulhelm, Ruhrort, Duisburg, Elberfeld, Bochum, Bar- men, and to the cast, Hamm and Soest. Homm alono hos been' bombed on fourteen different occa- sions in six weeks.
on
There have been fifteen attacks. military, objectives. In and. around Cologne, the Rhineland town lying just west of the Ruhr, where munitions and chemical works, oil refineries, blast furnaces and the aerodrome have been plas- tered with
Other objectives
In the RAF's successive onslaughts on the Ruhr have included bridges, am- aren wg munition trains and dumps, troop numor--convoys and concentrations.
Ruhr is that the havoc In or near Eseen, too," British wrought by these attacks ex-beavy high explosives, supplement
by incendiary bombs have tends over the whole Ruhr crashed on blast furnaces. Terri- area that is far, boyond the ne explosions have followed, Ruhr towns proper,
זה .
The raids almost invariably include the pounding of mill- tary objectives in the Rhine-
At Dortmund there have been elaven: raids, including five on iis
collect bacon
rinds into a stout for
or casserole and when you have enough, put it into a warm oven. Quite an amount of fat is saved in this way.
There are, of course, plenty of cakes to be bought in the shops and these are now appearing on almost every tea-table.
Managing the weekly allowance of two ounces of tea is more dimeult, but an increase in the ration is expected shortly. As it is, where most of the family have incals out during the day the ration is enough. So it is where there is a family of young children who do not drink tea and their quela becomes available for the grown-ups.
Omee girls, shop assistants and other city workers get all they want in the, teashops. Factory workers get their cups of tea in their canteens. But in the average home there is no ten to waste on the more casual visitor and many hostesses are serving coffee in stead.
•
The old-fashioned shopping basket has been revived. Shops are saving wrapping paper and reserve it for goods which need protection. So when she goes on her daily shopping trip a woman now carries her basket on her arm. As likely as hot, too, she wears a pair of slacks, a "shirt" or Juniper and a bright coloured scarf tied round her head bandeau fashion. Slacks have solved the clothes problem for many women. They silp them on If an air raid warning goes. They wear them spare time work in Air Raid Precaution services, and for doing the housework made of fishnet,
The "bandeau",
for
a light woollen scarf or a length of any other material twined round the head to suit Individual taste, is the commonest and one of the smartest war economies, in hats. But all women keep a guy frock or two in the wardrobe and a In many instances direct hits
frivolous bit of a hat to put on have been secured with the aid of
when the men folk in the forces parachute flares, and on more than
home on leave. one occasion night swoops by heavy
Silk stockings are now bombers such as Wellingtonk, Whit- leys and Hampdens, have been often kept for dressy occasions only and there is a fashion for augmented with daytime attacks by the lighter Blenheims,
sometimes made up to Jeg dhare attacks look inburnt with a pencil line Daring low-flying
down the back of the leg to Imitate the seam of the absent stockings.
canal and two each on its 'aero-which machine-guns as well as drome and petrol stocks. MET
bombs have been brought into
In scores of bihe: ralda on Ger- action have also been common.
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