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The Fifth Column
2 They learned it in
Col. William J. Donovan and Edgar Mowrer
When all allowance has been made for Hitler's superior armies, his re- sourcefulness, his daring, and the vital assistance by Germans living within the victim, countries, his suc- cess can only be explained by another factor. This is nothing less than the pre- sence among his enemies of what, since the Spanish Civil War, has been known as the "fifth column."
a
Since no country has ever been unanimous,
"fifth column" has existed poten- tially in every land in every war. But the despotic or totalitarian countries ruth- lessly suppress it at home while exploiting it elsewhere.
It is in a democracy that the "fifth column". can func- tion must freely and effective- ly. It remained for Adolf Hitler's genius to raise the creation, strengthening, or ganisation and activity of the "fifth column" in the coun- trics-that-opposed-him-to-a- decisive weapon.
"We need armies. But we shall not use them as in 1914. The place of artillery will in the future be taken by re- volutionary propaganda, break down the enemy psycho- logically before the armies begin to function at all.
to
to
The enemy people must be demoralised and ready capitulate before military ac- tion can even be thought of ... mental confusion, inde cisiveness, panic, these are our weapons. The history of revolutions .. is always the same: The ruling classes capitulate. Why? Defeatism: They no longer have the will to conquer."
The propagandu machine for creating and sustaining a "fifth column,"-ngnin accord- ing to Hitler's confessed theory--is of a double nature.
No one side it aims at in- fluencing the masses. For this purpose Hitler in the present war utilises his radio traitors. Lord Haw Haw for the English, Ferdonnet for the French, and to some ex- tent, particularly in the last two years, communist agita- tors whom he tricked or cor- rupted into serving him., But for the classes he had a much more subtle bait. As he him- self put it:
"The results at which I aim are only to be obtained by the systematic corruption of the possessing and governing classes. Business advantages, erotic 'satisfactions and am- bition, are the three main stops in our propaganda or- gan."
How did this work in the various countries?
✰
In the bloodless conquest of Austria, "fth column" Aus trian leaders like Seyss-In-
liko quart, dupta
Guldo Schmidt, played a decisive part.
This is the second of the sensational arti- cles made public by U. S. A. 's Secretary Knox of the Navy De- partment at Washing- ton, as part of the na- tional defence pro- gramme..
enthusiasm in favour of Nazi Germany, agents like Franz von Papen skilfully.convinced leading Austrians that only through Hitler could their secret aspirations be fulfilled.
The Slovaks, who had suf- fered their bondage under could be duped. Hungary, But Czechs and Poles could .not. Both peoples had lived far too long cheek to jowl with Prussians to have the alightest doubt as to Hitler's real intentions.
3.
•
There was no strong "fifth column" among the Czechs and Poles:. few Czech agrarians, the former Polish Foreign Minister Josef Beck. The Czechs were finally con-
Spain
But the Dutch Government had little enough to conceal. The Dutch National Socialists did what they could do to welcome, assist and succour the invading German para- chutists and air-borne infan- try, and somewhat half- heartedly took part in the German attacks upon the But Dutch police and army. of themselves they were re- latively ineffective.
In Belgium, without the shadow of a doubt, Flemings loyal to Hitler betrayed the main defences of the Albert Canal and opened not only their country, but Holland as well, to German invasion.
An eyewitness, the wife of a patriotic Belgian customs authority stationed on the Dutch frontier nearby, re- ported how Flemish soldiers deliberately neglected to blow the bridges over the canal which had been constructed primarily as a barrier to in- vasion.
Others took to their heels at the sight of the first Ger- man. In all the towns, pro- German Flemings and Rexista of Degrelle spread stories of
FUNNY SIDE UP
By Abuer Dean
BUER PEAN
"No, no, dear that thermometer is just to test the tempera- ture of the WATER!"
the uselessness of the war, the strength of Germany and the futility of resistance.
Others threw the villages into panic, creating hordes of refugees whose presence on
the roads southward slowed and even prevented the ad- vance of the French and British Armies that coming to Belgium's assist-
ance.
wero
quered by French betrayal, HEROES OF "THE BUMPER TRIP”
the might
of a nation three or four times as strong.
To see the "fifth column" in full swing one had to wait
for the attack on democratic. countries.
In Norway there is little doubt but that "fifth column" activities contributed to the success of the German blitz attack and were responsible for the quick collapse of all organised resistance,
Major and former National Defence Minister Quisling had been, if not actually in the pay of German Nazis, at least in close contact with them for years.
in stabbing His Success Norway in the back can be traced (A) to the fear of Socialism. carefully fostered among leading Norwegians by Nazi propaganda and (B) to the fact that numerous ap pointments to high
army commands had been made by Quisling's intimate friend.
There is some season to believe that the electrically controlled mines guarding the inner harbour of Oslo were put out of action by another highly placed Norwegian trai- tor.
In view of the efficiency of relatively weak constal de fences, it is safe to say that without "fifth column" ac- tivity in Norway, the Norwe- gian resistance would havo lasted several days and tho invasion conceivably failed altogether..
In Holland the "Afth column" was more numerous than effective. This was doubt- less due to its open charactor. The five odd per cent. of nil Dutchmen organised in Mus sert's Dutch National Socialist Party for years provided the Nasis with military and econo-
While the discontent of the ITDESDE WAS” whipped up tomic information.--
By A. J. McWhinnie
Hitler's gauntlet in the THE convoy boys who run
Channel fittle more than a dozen miles. from his long-
call
"the range
it guns bumper trip.**
And when their ships are safely through the multiple perils of the narrow Straits of Dover, they say, "It's still the English Channel."
I'd back the daring, the coolness, the courage of the convoy boys against any heroes in the world.
I've done "the bumper trip." I've seen our sailors--both R.N. and Merchant Navy- accepting 1,000 miles an hour shells from the shore bat- teries, bombing, Nazi mines, E-boats and U-boats as just parl of the day's work, though they are on the most danger- ous run in the world.
But it needs more than dar- ing to keep the waterways of the English Channel safely open, in spite of all Hitler's tricks.
The daring men must have the latest weapons. And bo- hind it all must be careful planning.
All-Weapon Convoy
There was a special signi- ficance about that convoy which bent Germany's guns, bombers, mines, Ebonts and U-boats the other day.
It was one of our "all- weapon convoys"-rendy for anything.
And the whole world knows now that our all-weapon con- voy get through.
He only knew I was at sea. He didn't know I was in the shelled and bombed convoy until my story was coming through over the phone after we had reached port.
Before we
the crews of
the
convoy were addressed by their captains.
They were told that they were doin
"the bumper trip" under special circumstances and that they would be at "action stations" right through the run.
Kel
the warships Salled.
We know our ships can through the Chunnel under cover of darkness. But that is not suf ficient.
in
The convoys must get through
daylight, under clear skies, broad facing every weapon of the enemy with an effective antidole. And that is just what they are doing. I them do I, I salted with
saw
them.
"We expected those long-range guns on the French coast to roar their shells at us. Up on the bridge of an escort vessel they were taking bearings of the flashes which revealed the situation of the shore balleries.
Then our bombers went out to deal with, that side of the business,
Now Defences
Meanwhile, our warships were trying out a new smoke screen de- velopment. We're well pleased with the result under its first bapilsin of fre.
We have the measure, now, ot the enemy's dive-hombing tactics. Only by dive-bombing can they be reasonably certain of scoring direct hita,
So our convoys are now pro- tecled against dive-bombing at- Lacks. Each convoy
kites currics on "the bumper trip." They are the barrage balloons of the sen.
Then there are the all-purpose guns of the destroyers-the big guns-and there are the pom-poms,
are also the down
as well as the Lewis guns which carried in every ship in Iners convoy from cargo
to little, grimy colllers, The Spitfires and the Hurricanes are quick off the mark whenever the enemy gets after our convoy ships. They proved it when shell- ing gave way to bombing on thie trip. And they are still proving it now.
Not a word leaked out about the nature of this con- voy. I was pledged to secrecy with everybody else, I could not even telephone my news Zuma editor and tell him that I was So much for the attack freen sailing on the bumper trip.!!. the air.
Those E-Boats
You hear a lot about E-boats, The E. stands sunply for enemy motor-torpedo boats.
We've got Our the measure of those, too. destroyers and our own M.T.B.S have got their answer ready for signal, "Prepare, to repel enemy M.T.B. attack.”
And more than once in the post few weeks they have given the
Dnswer.
Then U-boats. It wouldn't sur- prise the Royal Navy at all if there is a sudden wave of U-boats playing a part in Hiller's fight for suprenuncy in the Channel.
We have the secret Asdic up- paratus carried by the escorting warships.
And what the Asdle picks up in the way of U-boats our depth charges can blow to smithereens beneath the sen.
Every ship in convoy these days has been degaussed against mag- netic mines. Contact and floating nines we deal with by rifle fire and bullets from our machine- gunt. We dealt with six when I was on "the bumper trip."
Then there ore other secret answers to Germany's now wea- In addition, there are secret pont, weapons of our own.
And for whatever Hitler thinks up next our scientific and engineer- ing experts will have the job of finding an antidote.
The Antidote
After the speed with which we were able to smash his theory that his magnetic mines were in- vincible, there is not the slightest the reason for swerving from essential fact of every war-that emerge whatever new weapons there will always be an antidote.
The escort vessel from which I saw all the Channel battle is one of our crack warships. There are very few parts of the ship where there isn't something which is on the "hush-hush" Ist.
What difference from tho stages of the wor at sea, cariler Then, as in other phases of the struggle against aggression, we weren't ready.
But the scientists, the inventors, the engineers, the shipyard workers and the skilled craftsmen have been "going to it."
They are the unknown men be- hind the bumper_trip."
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