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Monday,
HONGKONG TELEGRAPH
MAGAZINE
SCIENCE IN WAR
Germany has mobilised her scientific resources for conquest. How does Britain stand in this regard? Book reviewed here, which has been compiled by a group of British scientists, states the problems and gives the answers.
W.
TE live in a technological world, which means FL world made possible scientific discovery If we do not make full use of science and the techniques and makes mechanisms that available, we shall not make the fullest success out whatever we undertake,
Selence and scientific method (besides being pure know-
lished by Penguin Books Ltd. is that we have lagged. badly behind the Germans in realising the importance, or rather the necessity, of ex ploiting scientifle technique to the uttermost in modern war. and that we cannot hope to win unless we speedily take steps to repair our error
How many
people know that a German professor called Haber enabled Germany to
By Professor
JULIAN HUXLEY
An
tu-
រដ
ledge) constitute strument for acquiring con-
It trol of the world, only an instrument and thus can be used for ends that are good, bad, or indifferent. But it is also the only instru- ment for securing cthcient control of the forces which surround us.
The main thesis of "Science in War," a volume just pub
1ght for four years in the last war? Without his discovery
of how to make nitrates from the nitrogen of the air, Ger- many would have had neither fer- enough explosives nor tilisers for more than two or at most three years.
war.
And one example from this
The
mine magnetic seemed to constitute a major threat to our shipping. But
Even fifty years ago Germany was thinking in terms of balloonist troops. A German engineer named George Rodek was the Inventor of this saddle-balloon. A saddle with stirrups: took the place, of the ordinary balloon car. Around him were suspended various instruments including a grappling iron fixed to the belt at his back; and sandbags securely within his reach. A powerful Incandescent searchlight was turned on at will by. a string held in his hand. That was before the invention of
anti-aircraft gun,{
Uncx-
within a few weeks of the first dismantlement of
An ploded mine, science had not only discovered but applied methods for making steel ships as safe from the T11:ཀ mence as wooden ones.
What of the present and the future? The authors of this book clain not only that the Germans have been much more scientile than we in de veloping the tank (n British invention) and the strategy of tank-warfare which is fairly evident-but that scien- tific imagination, drawing on the experience of the Spanish War, could by now have solver
of the problem
measure.
anti-tunk
THEY Assert that the failures of our and the French anti-tank
guns could bave been prophesied, and that without doubt the solution seems to be in the liberal time of high explosives, probably in large grenades.
Food is one of the major problems of modern war.
Here, too. Germany is being more scientific than we, for instance, in issuing vitamin supplements to all children, Our authors maintain that for less than £2,000,000 a year every man, woman and child in this country could be pro- vided with a “vitamin biscuit"
September 23, 1940.
By Walt Disney
SAFETY
ISLAND
PAGE
containing enough of the len Important minerals to main- tain health even if the rest of the diet were grossly deficient in protective foodstuffs.
In general, the nation's food policy in this war has not been a scientific one. That does not mean that scientists have not been consulted or that scienti- fic idens have played no part; but policy as a whole has been a compromise between the Ideas of the scientists, tradi- tion, the views of the National Farmers' Union, and various vested interests. If it had been radically scientific, it would have posed the problem In straightforward terms- first, how will it be possible to ensure to every human being in Britain a diet up to the
which standard
modern physiology has discovered to Le necessary for full energy? Secondly, how can we ccono- mine to the maximum extent (consonant with our foreign economic policy) on shipping space needed for imported food? If the Government had thought along these lines, we should by now have had a very different result, both in the pattern of our agriculture and the average diet of the people.
Here are a few of the other topies which the book raises. This war is producing new types of wounds. Science is beginning to think out new ways of treating and prevent-
ing them; but the efforts are haphazard and fragmentary, not co-ordinated on a large scale.
A
New and rapid miniature methods enable X-ray photn
for
Jew graphs to be taken pence instead of nearly as MAN shillinge. By utilising these methods, all recruits both for the services and for industry could be X-rayed, and so early diagnosis of tuberculosis (and other diseases) obtained. This would make not only for Increased war efficiency, but better national health in the Inture.
have
bren
Camoulage depends un perfectly definite
which principles,
have been very thoroughly studied by blotoglsis and physiologists. Yet, policy and execution left almost entirely in the bands of civil servants and artists, with, I appears, some not very satisfac- tory results.
Each of these particular Isms is serious enough. But be- hint them is something more seri- mis because more general-an un- willingness to think in scientifle terms,
resistance to new ideas, failure to apply seientific method in the radical and thoroughgoing
which way
13 necessary. There re exceptions. For instance, welence seems to be used admir- ably and fully in all branches of nviation,
But a great many scientists are nut being employed at all for war purposes, and most of the rest are merely used in advisory commit- lees. This means that their job is to answer questions that are put to them; whereas any research worker knows that the first and in some ways most important busi- ness of selence is to suggest new questions. The background of our Civil Service is literary and his- torical, and its methods are on the whole critical and designed to ninkmise the risk of making mis- takes Instead of scientific and de- signed to achieve results.
In
THE military mind is stil large measure traditional Instead of experimental. In general there is up unconscious resistance, some- times in the highest quarters, to the idea that selence can be useful in purely human subjects like pro- paganda or morale, and to the use of selentific method in the general planning of the national effort.
But It is no longer possible to succeed by merely relying оп tradition. For better or worse, the world to-day is a technologi- cal world, and that means that the war can only be won by the utmost possible utilisation of science.
We have splendid scien- tifle resources. I is urgently necessary that they be fully mobilised and used in the right ways and the right places.
GERMANY'S ACHILLES HEEL
TOW much oil does Hitler's
H
-Europe need? Germany herself, including Austria. Czecho-slovakia and occupied Poland, normally requires about eight million tous per annum. France's requirements amount to about seven million tons, while Italy needs some 3 million tons annually. Among the smaller countries Rumania normally consumes 1.9 million tons, Holland 1.6 millions, Sweden 1.2 millions, Denmark 0.9 million and Bel- gium 0.7 million,
Allowing for the needs of the
rest of Europe (excluding Spain. Portugal and Turkey), the total; quantity of oil needed by Hitler's Europe adds up to no less than 27 millions tons per annum.
Consumption can .of course be reduced without any harmful effect on production and trade by the limliation of privalo' motoring and by rigorous economy in other uses. Further in view of the reduction. in shipping movements due to the British blockade, the quantity of oil needed for bunkering purposes will be below normal.. It is very· very unlikely however, that Europe's consumption can be cut below about 18 million tons per annum without crippling trade and inland. transport.
How far can Hitler meet these neers from Continental European sources? On the most favourable assumptions Greater Germany may be able to produce about, 0 million tons per annum; this figure in- cludes crude oil as well as oil pro- duced from cual
other and by methods. in the present year, however, the German outpul may not reach this figure.
France, Albania, Hungary and Estonia can add somewhat more than one million tons annually.
}
Much the most important source of supply, however, is Rumania. That country is now producing at thiên 6 the rate of rather more million tons per annum.
But even if none of the Ru- manian oll were allowed, to leave Europe and even if all of it could be transported to Central, Western and Northern Europe, the Nazis could not secure more than about 12 million tons per annum in the most favourable elraumstances, leaving a deficiency of: 8. million tons.
Indeed, unless Germany can ob- tala access to additional sources of supply, Europe as a whole will be ila desperately short of oil, and industries; and transport will be crippled. The stocks securod in France and the Low Countries can at best postpone the difficulties for a few months.
Where is Germany likely to look for additional supplies? Russia now produces at the rate of about 30 million tons per annum, and a lurge proportion of her oilfields are located in Southern Russia, with pipelines leading into the. Black Sea. But Russin has virtually nothing to spare.
Iraq can supply about four mil- tlon tons per annum by way of the pipelines lending to the Mediter- ranean through Syria and Pales- tine.
Iran, which is even less accca- sible, can produce more than ten million tons annually.
But although the French Gov- ertiment of Syrin has now ap- parently fallen in with the Potain regime, the British Navy should be able to prevent shipments from that source to Europe.
...
How will Hitler attempt to solve this problem? If access to the Near East across the Dardanelles is Barred by the danger of a conflict with Turkey and Russia, and if he is prevented from reaching his ob- jective by rea by the British Navy, the only other but by no means unguarded-route open to him 18 along the coast of North Africa, across the Suez Canal,
WALTER HILL
ANCHOR
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STOCK MARKET REPORT
Hongkong Stork Exchange Official Summary Issued Saturday says:
The firm tone at yesterday's close was carried into to-day's short mom- ing session, with business resulting in higher rates for Lands and Trams.
Buyers
H.K. Banks $1,305 H.K. Fire Ins: $150 Providents $4.40 Troms $15.85
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