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DB-3729-30 (Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra of New York). ELGAR Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4
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Arms And The Freeman
Basically democracy is stronger than allitary power. Nevertheless the effect of milltary developments on the evolution of free government has at times been profound. Semne students of history even infer that the ups and downs of democracy through the ages follow changes in
relutions between the various ***the
groups of arms.
For example, when cavalry was n decisive factor in warfare, aristocracy assumed the saddle of government; because only the well-to-do could afford control of the equipment Recessary to military power. But when infantry became the decisive factor, the placing of weapons in the hands of
of the masses brought with the necessity of meeting in a degree the demands of those masses. More over when every man could by the possession of a small arm make a con- siderable defence of his home and liberty, polities had to take account --of-the-fact,
more is
Thus, we are told, has evolution- and sometimes revolution-in mili- inry equipment cflected deep changes in social organisation.
To-day the world once passing through a period wherein the big and expensive type of armament appears to be more and more deci- nive. Airplanes cost more thon horses ever did. Tanks, battleships, submarines, and even smaller types of artillery-these are! not designed to fit the small mon's pocketbook. But neither, happily for do they fit the wealthy democracy, man's parse. They are indeed so ex- pensive that only the co-operation of all the people-with the bulk of the means necessarily less well-to-do- can finance them
some of the
In the present war, therefore, the revolution of mechanised warfare has most meaning for democracy simply in the striking power which at the outset it has provided for the declared enemies of democracy.
Military experts aro assessing the changes in land and naval warfare that result from the use of tanks and airplanes on an unprecedented scale. These changes appear disadvantageous to naval power as traditionally exer- cised; this is one of the more striking conclusions of the experts. The Nor- wegian campaign indicated that air power has made naval operation near land risky and even Ineffectual, unless supported by an adequate air arm.
Thus paval strategy may have to be revised. It may become more like land strategy," As infantry is moved into a position prepared by artillery and
advance of mechanised forces, so airplanes must be brought up to make tenable the positions that battleships take.
the
simi-
Land warfare has undergone lar modification. It has become more like naval warfaro. Tanks are, its battle ships, the experts say by way of illustrating this point. fanks, nided by airplanes, break the peth for man-power lo pour over. in addi- tion the development of the air arm has added a new sort of artillery to warfare. The airplane is like a mo- bile gun
-the most mobile men have ever known-delivering. Its fire with an accuracy and concentration ap- parently more demoralizing than any artillery fire of the past.
This war has indeed uncovered a revolution in military method. Where such alterations have occurred in the past they have affected democracy in- directly. To-day they may still exert Indirect influences. But the effect that concerns democratic peoples at this moment is a most direct one. It iles in a frank and even boastful in- lent to destroy democracy's founda tions with monsters which, however, democracy can harness to work for. the protection of freedom.
July 5, 1940.
Will Nazis Stand the Test? WORLD
writer's firm belief that in a
EMARKABLY enough, By "An Old Stager" thorough-going military sense REMARKABLY Crunc
I refer
seems to have been attached in any responsible quarter to one of the most significant re- velations yet made as to the course of this war. to tho account, published by our own authorities, of what really happened at Mon- tevideo after the naval action between the Graf Spee, and our amall cruisers.
We now know that, after hastily making urgent repairs to their slightly battered poc- ket-battleship, which was in perfectly adequate fighting trim, the officers ordered the crew to their stations with the intention of steaming out to renew the fight with our sorely hammered light cruisers. But the German sailors virtually, if not actually, mutinied. Only sixty of the older hands stepped forward, and the rest, out of nearly a thousand men less battle casualties, refused to obey orders.
We are told authoritatively that they were appealed to. eight times, by their captain and other officers, but nothing would budge those youthful To quote Nazl enthusiasts. our incomparable King Hal of Agincourt fame, they had no stomach for this fight. Or, as our modern lower-deck Jack Tars would phrase it in good terse Anglo-Saxon, they had already had more than their bellyful of British naval gun- nery.
Swastika Swagger
It was when this predica- ment was communicated to Hitler, by phone in Berlin from South America, that he sent the order to scuttle the Graf Spee outside Montevideo harbour.
This dramatic episode does more than cast a tragic light on the subsequent suicide of the German pocket-battleship's commander. It suggests most significantly that the younger generation of post-1914-1918 Germans, who are the most hectic disciples of Nazi doc- trine, are not at-all what they have been cracked up to be. It is one thing to swagger about in awastikas, giving theatrical Beil Hitler salutes, or bullying elderly non-Ayrans. It is quite another kettle of fish, however, when these
hooligane come young against real fighting.
up
Our gunners had, in fact, obviously knocked all the Nazi swank out of the Graf Spec'sTM younger lower-deck hands, and these pseudo-heroes, after be- ing prematurely feasted by their Montevideo compatriots, found themselves severely cold-shouldered by their recent entertainers.
Not As In 1914
Without seeking to make even hillocks out of molehills, it may be reasonably suggested that the Graf Spce crew can be taken as a fair sample of post-last-war German fighting morale. Those best able to judge, including by all ac- counts the German Higher Command itself, have all along held that the German Army of to-day bears no sort of com- parison in efficiency, or morale with the pickelhaube legions who took the field in August
Scourge
D
THE Bсere is
mooni hotel garden overlooking the sen The place is not too fashionable Italian hotel in a second-rate Italian resort. In ar Illuminated arbour a local band is playing an English tune, while a crooner croons. By providing these entertainmenta free the enterprising hotel proprie tor attracts large numbers of even- ing visitors to his wine gardens.
One morning the proprietor is startled and disgusted to receive a demand for fees from the Perform- ing Right Society in respect for all English songs and music performed on his premises. How did the Per- forming Right Society in London know about those performances in an Italian hotel garden?
They knew because they are a very remarkable organisation, and because; like the Canadian Moun- tics, they have a reputation for "al
their ways getting. men." More particularly, in this case they know because they are linked with a similar institution which guards the interesis of talions. The Perform Ing Right Society would probably have known about these particular songs if that hotel gardes had been in Mexico, Paraguny, Tangiera;, or Horbin.
Twenty-five years ago composers, lyric writers, and musle publishers
1914. What happened at Montevideó, moreover, strik- ingly confirms Impartial cri- ticism of the bearing and looks of those German divisions who took part in the Czech and Polish operations,`·
There was nothing ersatz about the Germany of 1914, It was probably the best or- ganised national 'machine In existence. Yet that mighty German Army, with all its immense superiority of artil- fery and ammunition suppes, was held eventually, within a few weeks, and actually partly repulsed at the Marne, by a France that then possessed no impregnable Maginot for- tifications, and had only the assistance of a highly trained but numerically inconsiderable British expeditionary force.
These facts, for facts they are, are certainly worth pon- dering when we come to con- Rider the existing military situation. How far is the German military machine of to-day, with its Gestapo-rld- den divisions and battalions and its ersatz morale of cal- culated theatricalism, likely to sustain itself against any heavy blows on the embattled field is a really intriguing question?
Short of Officers
The Graf Spec officers ap- parently were right enough. It was the crew who wilted under ordeal. But we know that, when this war began, the German Army was short of sixty thousand trained and ex- perienced officers.
No wonder the German has not Higher Command looked with any favour on ad- ventures, not merely against the Maginot fortress line, but elsewhere in flanking opera- tions. It has always been the
FUNNY SIDE UP
ARNER DEAN
the German Army of to-day is probably just as gimcrack an affair as the whole gospel of Mein Kampf gangsterism. It may be that time will show conclusively, and maybe rather sensationally, how far this opinion is a shrewd one.
The Goebbels theory that the German Army of the last war was nover defeated in the field, and that it finally cracked under collapsa of, the homp front, after being stab bed in the back by non-Aryan traitors, is an audacious fa brication, worthy.of its author, which will not stand the test- of cast-iron facts. The Day of Reckoning
Long before the German home front had collapsed, the deterioration of. ita fold-groy legions on the Western Front was palpable. The Hymn of Hate had given place to the Kamerad act. Within a few weeks of determined aggres- Franco- sive fighting the British Armies had captured half a million German pri- sonera, immense numbers of guns and equipment of all sorts, and driven the German legions back scores of miles.
Bluff, artifice, make-belleve, and bluster may be invaluable in
encounters, diplomatic Certainly Hitler and his en- tourage have exploited these to the uttermost. But when it comes to real fighting, against and intelligent determined well-armed forces, we get right back to the morale of the Graf Spec fiasco.
The acid test, as the Shavian Caesar well phrased it, is when every man must take his life into his hand, and fling it in the face of Death. Only sea- soned and hardbitten soldiers ean stand up to that test, not boosting gangsters or youthful sadists.
By Abner Dean
"Wish I could remember what I was going to be when I
grow up!"
of Song
by were victimised
"pirates." Their tunes and their words were used thousands of times in concert halls, dance halls, in restaurants: In fact, every place where music is played, without the proper fees being paid. But that has all been To-day, even if the music changed.
Is being broadest to you on the high scos, you may be certain the people to whom that tune belongs are being paid the appropriate fee. Victimisation Stopped
Performing
The victimbanation of composers and others concerned with music has been stopped in an almost miraculous way by the activities of the
Right Society, When a dance band plays a request inn hotel in Africa, in course of time a note of the fact will be made In the files of the society, whose offees are in Hanover Square, Lon- don. Thus it is assured that com- poser, lyric writer, and publisher his share of the fee which each gets the dance band or, maybe, the hotel proprietor has paid for the right to
that play
number. particular Amicable international understand- Ing safeguards the interest of all, music-makers, whatever their na tionality.
The Society makes no charges for entrance fees in the way of.
Pirates
manual subscription. A percentage of the receipts is. retained for ex- penses.
In the sixties of the last century, and indeed later, a vast amount of music was played in Britain and abrood without any payment. Pay- ment was apt to be more the ex- ception than the rule. For in- 'the Q hotel-keeper or stance, organiser of the local danca band could play whatever tune he liked without the composer benefiting in
and he and his lyric my way, writer and publisher had to pretend that they liked it, on the ground that it was probably good publicity. The Performing Right Society was instituted in 1914, and it is astonishing that at first it was not well supported. But when it began. to produce results in the shape of those who had doubted cash, Its effectiveness rushed. to. foln. To-day its influence extends to the ends at the earth, those responsible for the making of music are earning sums in proportion to the popu- larity of their work, and the former #pirnies"
hard
are
brought to heel.
The going has not always been perfectly smooth, Both in Britain and abroad constant attempts have been made to use music without payment, but it is a very rare thing Turn to Page 3, Fourth Column
WITHOUT
BRITAIN
an
By Albert Viton. (Excerpts from. "Great Britain,
Empire in Transition." Reprinted by special permission of the publisher,
John Day Company
The British Empire has affected aince the beginning of the eigh- teenth century the lives of more human beings than any other poil- tical structure ever etested; its Influence has spread over territorica more vast than that of any previous human organisation; for good or for evil, its tremendous power enabled it, during the past two or three direct the course centuries, to
history of world
with more authority than that exerted by any other
State. Until the last few years, certain-
ly, Great Britain had the resources and inßuence to crush potential
world disturbers of
praco by diplomatic and economic weapons long before resort had to be had lo arms.
If the Pax Britannicu has been no more real than the Pax Romana in ancient times, the ex- planation does not lie in lack of potential power.
Yet even if unable or unwilling to assure permanent world peace, the British Empire fins been power-
of ful enough to prevent dozens wars during the past century and a half. There is hardly a European or Asiatic State which has not been prevented by British disapproval or threats from grasping the sword. To realize Britain's position In porary world one need the contemporary
only consider what would happen If as a result of military defeat the British Empire ceased to exist to- morrow. A few minutes reflection will show that the very foundations of Western civilisation would be cataclysm more shaken by such a
han by any other event profoundly than by
Not since the collapse of Rome. because the British Empire has been so invaluable a civilising force; rather, civilisation would tremble because all the aggressive powers as well as many states at present without
aggressive foreign policies would immediately rush to occupy the vacuum created by the dis- of Britain. Armies, appearance navies, and air forces would be set end of the in motion from one world to the other..
The solemn fact is that collapse of the British Empire would serve all the hungry a signal for Powers of the world to launch new greater wars of aggression. It
AB
and
ns
is a grave mistake to think that nothing more tragic would happen than the replacement of Britain by, the dominant say, Germany Power in the world; that instead of a British Empire there would be a German Empire. The situation.
Aside from is not nearly so simple. the all-important fact that a Ger- man Empire would mean 'n fundu- the -mental cultural change, repercussions of witch would affect every section of the world, the trogle reality is that a victorious Gerinany would be unable to esta blish even a temporary settlement. A German victory would be followed "not by peace, but-by-Wars-which might extend over a century or more. Buch a victory would release a new im perialist cycle over the world, and all the suffering which that would entail. Britain, however, is a, satiated empire, having long since reached the limits of her possible expansion: and a British victory would be followed not by new imperialist expansion, but by the Dom ginning of the disintegration of the Em- pite.
Britain's defeat would be the signal for a general scramble between Ger- many, ilusain, Japan, and Italy for parts of the Empire. For not only does "cach have dealgus on certain territories; tho hungry States are not in agreement amang themselves as to the division of the apolis. Their corfleting claims are too fundamental to be resolved in any other way than by force of arms. Fur ther aggrandizement by these States would compel Turkey, Holland, Belgium -It only to maintain their relative European delicate position in the balance of power-to enter the race. for could the three score and six States forming the British Empire de- fend their independence. During the century of its world preponderaner Britain became the pollerinan for more than a quarter of the globe, and the members of the Empire came to depend on her for protection against foreign aggression. Some handed over their safety into British hands voluntarily us A measure of economy; others were compelled by the British to do so for their selfish" Imperialistic reasons. The protection the mother country has been able to give them until now has been. no doubt, effective; but, as a result, those Stater have come very clore, to complete disarmament.
It is inconceivable that such world- shaking convutztons would not lova their imprint on every person in the would Americas International trade disappear; new cultural problems would confront us; even more pressing would be the new political currents. Certain ty we would not have to fight for Canada; it would come on a knees begging for protection or incorporation the Union. The British possessions in the southern part of the continent would also fall under our wings, while self- protection would doubtlessly force the United States to establlah effective domination over the whole Western Hemisphere and adjacent lands.
But can anyone imagine that we would tolorate the exterion of Japan's domination over Singapore, India, Au tralia, and New Zealand, which would give it complete control over the Pacific? Even it ancrince of our vital interests on other continents kept us out during the first stages of the gigantio KTAmble, the day when one or the other of the mighty world empires would cross hot steel with us could not be far postponed. For the new Napo- ican would dream, as did all those of the past, of world domination,
To-day, when the lives of millions of men are in the balance and a false step may spell the doom of nations, In formed clear thinking on international afsira no longer a ̈virite and luxury for the fow; it has become of vital in terest to the multitude. For the firek Jime in history, publia opinion now des termines internal and foreign policies- of governments; the mistakes of official- dom and the consequent disasters cam no longer be blamed on a closed caste..
And, as separated from the massCE.
I have eltempted to indicate, events in no political structure told greater, In- terest to humanity than those in the British Empire,
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