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Arms And The Freeman
Basically democracy is stronger than military power. Nevertheless the effect of military developments on the evolution of free government has at times been profound. Some students of history even Infer that the ups and downs of democracy through the ages follow changes in the relations between the various groups of arms,
For example, when cavalry was a decisive factor in warfare, aristocracy assumed the saddle of government; because only the well-to-do could afford control of
the equipment necessary to military power.
But when Infantry become the decisive factor, the placing of weapons in the hands of the masses brought with it the necessity of meeting in a degree the demands of those masses. More over when every man could by the possession of a small arm make a con- siderable defence of his home and liberty, politles had to take account of the fact,
Thus, we are told, has evolution- ...and....... sometimes-revolution-in-mili- tary equipment effected deep changes in suclal organisation.
To-day the
world
once moré is through a period wherein the passing big and expensive type of armament appears to be more and more deci- sive. Airplanes cost more than horses ever did. Tanks, battleships, submarines and even some of smaller types of artillery-these are not designed to fit the small mon's pocketbook. But neither, happily for democracy, do they fit the wealthy man's purse. They are indeed so ex- pensive that only the co-operation of all the people with the bulk of the means necessarily less well-to-do- con Anance them.
"The
In the present, war, therefore, the revolution of mechanised warfare has most meaning for democracy simply in the striking power which at the outset it has provided for the declared 'enemies of democracy.
Military experts are assessing the changes
in land and naval warfare that
result from the use of tanks and airplanes on an unprecedented scale. These changes appear disadvantageous to naval power as traditionally exer- this is one of the more striking nclusions of the experts. The Nor- wegian campaign indicated that alr power has made naval operation neur land risky and even inci
ineffectual, unless supported by an adequate air arm.
As
Thus naval strategy may have to be revised. It may become more like land strategy,
infantry is moved into a position prepared by artillery und the advance of mechanised forces, so airplanes must be brought up to make tenable the positions that battleships take.
Land warfare has undergone simi- lar medication. It has become more like naval warfare. Tanks are its battle ships, the experts say by way of illustrating this point, Tanks, aided by airplanes, break the path for man-power to pour over. In addi- tion the development of the air arm has added a new sort of artillery to warfare. The airplane is like bile gun
the most mobile men have ever known-delivering its fire with an accuracy and concentration ap- parently more demoralizing than any
Are of the 1
past.
mo-
war has indeed uncovered a revolution in military method. Where such alterations have occurred in the past
they have affected democracy in directly. To-day they rany still exert Indirect Influences. But the effect. that concerns democratic peoples at this moment is a most direct one. It lies in a Tranic and even boastful tent to destroy democracy's founda- tions with monsters, which, however, democracy can harness to work for the protection of freedom.
July 5, 1940.
Will Nazis Stand the Test? WORLD
REMARKABLY
enough,
Mite box importante By "An Old Stager" tough-going military sense
seems to have been attached in any responsible quarter to one of the most significant re- velations yet made as to the course of this war. I refer the account, published by' our own authorities, of what really happened at Mon-, tevideo after the naval action between the Graf Spec and our small cruisers.
to
We now know that, after hastily making urgent repairs to their alightly battered poc- ket-battleship, which was in perfectly adequate fighting trim, the officers ordered the crew to their stations with the intention of steaming out. to renew tho fight with our sorely hammered light cruisers. But the German sailors virtually, if not actually, mutinied, Only sixty of the older handa stepped forward, and the rest, out of nearly a thousand men less battle casualties, refused to obey orders.
We are told authoritatively that they were appealed to eight times, by their captain and other officers, but nothing would budge those youthful Nazi enthusiasts. To quote our incomparable King Hal of Agincourt fante, they had no stomach for this fight. Or, as our modern lower-deck Jack Tars would phrase it in good terse Anglo-Saxon, they had already had more thun their bellyful of British naval gun- nery.
Swastika Swagger
It was when this predica- ment was communicated to Hitler, by 'phone in Berlin from South America, that he sent the order to scuttle the Graf Spee outside Montevideo harbour.
This dramatic episode docs more than cast a tragic light on the subsequent suicide of the German pocket-battleship's commander: It suggests most significantly that the younger generation of post-1914-1918 Germans, who are the most hectic disciples of Nazi doc- trine, are not at all what they have been cracked up to be. It is one thing to swagger about in swastikas, giving theatrical Heil Hitler salutes, or bullying elderly non-Ayrans, It is quite another kettle of fish, however, when these young hooligans come up against real fighting.
Our gunners had, in fact, obviously knocked all the Nazi swank out of the Graf Spee's "younger lower-deck hands, andTM these pseudo-heroes, after be- ing prematurely feasted by their Montevideo compatriots, found themselves severely cold-shouldered by their recent entertainers.
Not As In 1914
Without seeking to make even hillocks out of molchills, it may be reasonably suggested that the Graf Spee crew can be taken as a fair sample of post-last-war German fighting morale. Those best able to judge, including by all ac- counts the German, Higher Command itself, have all along held that the German Army of to-day bears no sort of com- parison in efficiency, or morale with the pickelhaube legions who took the fleld in August:
1914, What happened at Montevideo, moreover, strik- ingly confirma impartial cri- ticism of the bearing and looks of those German divisions who took part in the Czech and Polish operations.
There was nothing ersatz. about the Germany of 1914. It was probably the best or- ganised "national machine in existence. Yet that mighty German Army, with all its Immense superiority of artil fory and ammunition supplies, was held eventually, within a few weeks, and actually partly repulsed at the Marne, by a France that then possessed no impregnable Maginot for- tifications, and had only the assistance of a highly trained but numerically Inconsiderable British expeditionary force.
These facts, for facts they are, are certainly worth pon- dering when we come to con- sider the existing military situation. How far is the German military machine of to-day, with its Gestapo-rid- den divisions and battalions and its ersatz morale of cal- culated theatricalism, likely to sustain itself against any heavy blows on the embattled field is a really intriguing question?
Short of Officers
The Graf Spee officers ap- parently were right enough. It was the crew who wilted under ordeal. But we know that, when this war began, the German Army was short of sixty thousand trained and ex- perienced officers.
No wonder the German Higher Command has not looked with any favour on ad- ventures, not merely against the Maginot fortress line, but elsewhere in flanking opera- tions. It has always been the
FUNNY SIDE UP
writer's firm belief that in a
the German Army of to-day is probably just as gimcrack an affair as the whole gospel. of Mein Kampf gangsterism. It may be that time will show conclusively, and maybe rather sensationally, how far this opinion is a shrewd one...
The Goebbels theory that. the German Army of the last war was never defeated in the field,
and that it finally cracked under collapse of the home front after being stab- bed in the back by non-Aryan traitors, is an Rudacious fa- brication, worthy of its author, which will not stand the test of cast-iron facts.
The Day of Reckoning
Long before the German home front had collapsed, the deterioration of its field-grey legions on the Western Front was palpable. The Hymn of Hate had given place to the Kamerad act. Within a few weeks of determined aggres- sive fighting the Franco- British Armica had captured half a million German pri- soners, immense numbers of guns and equipment of all sorts, and driven the German legions back scores of miles.
Bluff, artifice, munke-believe, and bluster may be invaluable in diplomatic encounters. Certainly Hitler and his en- tourage have exploited these to the uttermost. But when it comes to real fighting, against determined and intelligent well-armed forces, we get right back to the morale of the Graf Spee fiasco.
The acid test, as the Shavian Caesar well phrased it, is when every man must take his life into his hand, and fling it in the face of Death. Only sen soned and hardbitten soldiers can stand up to that test, not boosting gangsters or youthful sadists.
By Abner Dean
"With I could remember what I was going to be when I
grow up!"
Scourge of Song
THE scene is a moonlit hotel
were victimised by "pirates." garden overlooking the sea. Their tunes and their words were The place is not too fashionable used thousands of times in concert Italian hotel in a second-rate Italian halls, donce 'halls, in restaurants: In fact, every place where music resort. In an illuminated arbour a local band is playing an English is played, without the proper fees By being guld, But that has all been changed. To-day, even if the music is being broadcast to you on the high scos, you may be certain the people to whom that tune belongs are being paid the appropriate fee. Victimisation Stopped
tune, while crooner. croons. providing these entertainments free the enterprising hotel proprie for attracts large numbers of even- Ing visitors to his wine gardens.
One
the proprietor is morning startled and disgusted to receive a demand for fees from the Perform ing Right Society in respect for mil English songs and muste performed on his premises. How did the Per- forming Right Society in London know about those performances In an Italian hotel garden?
же
The victimisation of composers and others concerned with musle has been stopped. In an almost miraculous way by the activities of the Performing Right Society. When a dance band plays a
a request In a hotel fa Africa, In course of time a note of the fact will be made. in the files of the society, whose offices are in Hanover Square, Lon- don. Thus it is assured that com poser, lyric writer, and publisher each gets his share of the fee which the dance band or maybe, the hotel proprietor has puid for the right to particular sumber, Amicable infersational understand- ing safeguards the Interest of all music-makers, whatever their na- tionality, f
They knew because they are a very remarkable organisation, and because, like the Canadian Moun- ties, they have a reputation for "al- ways getting their men. More particularly, in this case they
know Весливо they are linked with a similar institution which guards the 'Interesis of Itallóns. The Perform-
ing Right: Society, would probably: | play, Chat have known about these particular songs.if that hotel, garden had been in Mexico. Paraguay, Tangiers, or Harbin.
Twenty-five years ago composers, lyric writers, and music publishers,
The Society makes no charges. for entrance fees in the way of
Pirates
annual subscription. A.percentage of the receipts is retained for ex- penses.
the
In the sixties of the last century, and indeed later, a vast amount of music was played in Britain "and abroad without any payment. Pay- ment was apt to be more the ex- ception than the rule. For in- stance,' a hotel-keeper of organiser of the local dance hand could play whatever tune he liked without the composer benefiting in any way, and he and his lyric- writer and publisher had to pretend that they liked it,' on the ground that it was probably good publicity.
· The ‹ Performing · Right-Boclety: was instituted in 1915, and it: astonishing that at fral it was not well supported. But when it began to produce results in the shape of hard cash, those who had doubted Its effectiveness. rushed to join. To-day its influence extends to the ends of the earth, those responsible for the making of music are corning sums in proportion to the popu- larity of their work, and the former "pirates" are brought to heel.
The going has not always been perfectly smooth. Botk in Britain and abroad constant attempta HavoTM been made, to use musle, without payment, but it is a very rare thing Turn to Page 3, Second Colu
WITHOUT
BRITAIN
By Albert Vitori,
(Excerpts from "Great Bettalj. : ari Empire in Transition.” Reprinted by special permission of the publisher.
Jolin-Day Company/p
4
The British Empire hat,
affected since the beginning of the eigh= teenth century the lives of more human beings than any other poli- tical structure over erected; its induence has spread over territories more veat than that of any previous human organisation; for good or for evil, its tremendous power enabled it, during the past two or three centuries, to direct the course of world history with μποτα authority than that exerted by any other Slate.
ly,
Until the last few years, certain-
Great Britain had the resources. and influence to crush potential disturbers of world peace buy diplomatic and economie weapons long before resort had to be had If the Pax Britannica to arms. has been no more real than the Pax Bomann in ancient times, the ex- planation does not lie in Jack of potential power.
Yet even if unable or unwilling to assure permanent world peace, the British Empiro has been power- ful enough to prevent dozens of wars during the past century and a half. There is hardly a European or Asiatic State which has not been prevented by British disapproval or threats from grasping the sword. To realize Britain's position in the contemporary world one, need only consider what would happen as a result of military defent the British Empire ceased to exis: to- morrow. A few minutes" reflection will
show
hat the very foundations
of Western civilisation would be shaken by such a cataclysm more profoundly thun by any other event since the collapse of Rome. Not because the British Empire has been so invaluable. a civilising rather, because all the aggressive powers as well as many states at prosent without aggressive foreign policies would immediately rush to occupy the vacuum created by the dis- appearance
civilisation would tre
of Britain. Armies, navies, and alr forces would be set In motion from one end of the world to the other.
ля
Ger-
funda-
The solemn fact is that collapse of the British Empire would serve all the hungry a signal for Powers of the world to launch new It and greater wars of aggression. is a grave mistake to think that nothing more trugle would happen than the replacement of Britain by, ns Germany the dominant say, Power in the world; that instead of British Empire there would be a German Empire. The situation is not nearly so simple: Aside from the all-important fact that man Empire would mean a mental
the change, cultural repercussions of which would affect the every section of the world, iragic reality is that a victorious Germany would be unable to esta- bilsh even n temporary settlement,
A German victory would be followed. not.by peace, but by wars which nicht extend over a century or intra, Such a victory would release a new im periallat eyele over the world, and li tho suffering which that would entail. Britain, however, in satiated empire. having long since reached the limits of her possible expansion; and a British victory would be followed not by new imperialist expansion, but by the be sinning of the disintegration of the Em- pira.
Britain's defeat would be the signal for a general scramble between Ger- many, Russia, Japan, and Italy for parts of the Empire. For not only does each have designs on certain territorios; the hungry States are not in. agreement ament themselves as to the division of the spolls. Their confieung claim are too fundamental to be resolved in any other way than by force of arms. Fur ther aggrandizement by these States would compel Turkey, Holland, Belgium if only to maintain their relative position dr the delicato European balance of power to enter the race. Nor could the three score and six Slates forming the British Empire de- fend their independence. During century of its world preponderance Britain became the policeman for more than a quarter of the globe. and the members of the Empire came to depend on her for protection against foreiga aggression. Some handed over their tafety Into British hands voluntarily as a measure of economy; others were compelled by the British to do so for their selfish imperialistic reasons. The projection the mother country has, bear. able to give them until now has been. no doubt, effective; but, as a result, those states have come very close, to complete disarmament..
the
It is inconceivable that such world- shaking convulsions would not leave their imprint on every person in the Americas - International trada would disappear; new cultural problems would confront the even more pressing would be the new political currents. Certain.. ly we would not have to: night for Canada; it would come on is: knees
begging for protection or incorporation
the Union.
British possessions in the southern part of the continent would also fall under our wings, while, self- protection would doubtlessly fofeo tha United Blotes to ostabilaḥ exfective domination over the whole Western Hemisphere and adjacent, lalanda epit. But can anyone imagine that wa would tolerate the extension of Japan's domination over Singapore. India, Aus, traits, and New Zealand, which would give it complete control over the Peclic? Even, it excrifice of our vital Interesta on other continents kept um out during the first stages of the gigantis scramble, the day • When "one, or the other of the mighty world empires would 'cross hot släst with scoute- not be far postponed. For the new Napo leons would dream, as did all those at the past, of world domination.
Today, when the lives of millkina of men are in the balance and a false sep may spell, the doom of nations, In- formed clear thinking an International Affairs is no longer a virtue and luxury for the fow: It has become of vital in- terest to the multitude. For this, Brat Time in history, public opinion new dow termines internal and foreign policies of governments; the mistakes of officials, dom and this consequent disasters can no longer be blamed on closed cath separated from the "maksów. And," an I have attempted to Indicate. events in no political structure hold greater. In. terest to humanity than thoes in the Brith Empire,