Tuesday,
HONGKONG TELEGRAPH
Declaration of the
RIGHTS OF MAN
HIS Declaration is the outcome of the British Public Dobata which was conducted in the "Daily Herald" at the boginning of this year.
The Drafting Committoo is satisfied that the Dadaration is #prosentativa of the main body of opinion and of the principal considerations raised by those taking part in the Debale.
The Committee consisted of Viscount Sankoy (Chairman); Sir Norman Angell, Rt. Hon. Margaret Bondfield Sir Richard Gregory; Lord Horder; Sir John Orri MAH. C. Wells, Mr. Francis Williams; Mrs. Barbara Woolton and Mr. Ritchie Colder (Socrolary).
INTRODUCTION
W
ITHIN the space of little more than a hundred yenra. there has, been a complete revolui- tion in the material conditions of human life.
Invention and discovery have 80,changed the pace and nature of communications round and about the earth, that the distances which formerly kept the states and nations of man- kind apart have now been prac- tically abolished.
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At the same time, there has been so gigantic an increase of mech- anical power, and such a release of human clergy. that men's ability either to co-operate with, or to injure and oppress one an- other, and to consume, develop or waste the bounty of Nature. has been exaggerated beyond all com- parison with former times,
This process of change has mounted swiftly and steadily in the past third of a century, and is now approaching a climax.
I becomes imperative to adjust man's life and institutions to the In- creasing dangers and opportunities of these new circumstances. He is being forced to organise co-operation among the medley of separate sovereign States which has hitherto served tils political ends,
At the same time tends t necessary to rescue his economie fe from devastation by the immensely enhanced growth of prol seeking business and inanen,
Political, economic and social collec tivation is being forced upon him.
He responds to these now conditions blindly and with a great wastage of happiness and well-being.
Governments are either becoming State collectivisms or phasing under the away of monopolist productive and
financial organisations.
Plinse by phase theso ill-adopted Governments and controls are restrict- ing that free play of the individual mind which
the preservative of human efficiency and happiness.
The temporary advantage of swift and secret action which these mono-, polisations of power display is gained at the price of profound and pro- gressive social demoralisation
Bereft of liberty, and sense of re- sponsibility, the peoples are manifestly doomed to lapse, after a phase of servile discipline, into disorder and violence. Confidence and deliberation give place to hysteris, apathy, and in elulelency,
Everywhere war and monstrous economie exploitation are intensified, so that those very same increments of power and opportunity which havo brought mankind within alght of an age of Imitiess plenty scom likely to be lost again, and, it may be, lost for ever, In n chaotic and irremediablo social collapse.
Il becomes clear that a unided
politieni, ceumonie and social
these national and private appropria tions that now wasle possibilities of cur time.
the mighty
The history of the Western peoples has a lesson for all mankind.
It has been the practice of what are called the democratie or Parliamentary
countries to meet every enhancement and centralization of power in the past by a definite and vigorous reassertion of the Individual rights of man.
Never befort has the demand to revive that precedent been so urgent as it how
We of the Parliamentary democracies recognise the inevitability of world re- construction upon collectivist lines, but, after our tradition, we couple with that recognition a Declaration of Rights, so that the profound changes now in pro- gress shall produce not an attempted reconstruction of human affairs in the dark, but rational reconstruction
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conceived, and arrived at. in the full Hght of day.
To that time-honoured instrument of n Declaration of Rights we therefore return. but now upon a world scale.
1.-RIGHT TO LIVE
Religious organisations. education and the Press are subordinated to the will of dictatorial groups and indivi- duals while scientific and flerary work and a multitude of social activi Lies, which have hitherto been inde- pendent and spontaneous-fall-under -accumulated-by-sur-forerubnéts.
By the word "man" in this Declaro- tion is meant every living human being without distinction of age or sex.
the influence of these modent con- centrations of power.
Neither Governments nor great economic and financial combinations were devised to exerelio"Buch "powers;" they grew up in response to the r'ere quirements of an earlier age.
Under the stress of the new conal- tions, insecurity, abuses, and tyranales increase; and liberty, particularly berty of thought and speech, decays.
Every man is a joint inheritor of all the natural resources and of the possibilities powers, inventions and
Ho la entitled, within the measure of these resources and without dis- tinction of race, colour, or professed belles or opinions, to the nourishment, covering and-medical-caro-needed-to
realise his full possibilities of physical
and mental development from birth to denth.
Notwithstanding the various and un- equal qualities of Individuals, all men shall be deemed absolutely equal in
the eyes of the law, and equally en- titled to the respect of their fellow men
2.-PROTECTION
OF MINORS
The natural and rightful guardians of those who are not of an age to protect. themselves are their parents. ·
In default of such parental protec tion in whole or part-the-com- munity, having due regard to the family traditions of the child, shali Bccept or provide alternative guardians,
3.-DUTY TO THE
COMMUNITY
It is the duty of every man not only to respect but to uphold and to advance the rights of all piher men throughout the world.
Furthermore, it is his duty to con- tribute such service to the community as will ensure the performance of these Accessary tasks for which the incen- a free tives which will operata in society do not provide.
It is only by doing his quote of ser vice that a man can justify his partner ship in the community.
Interested a citizen as his capacity allows.
Purthermore, it is the duty of the community to render all knowledge Available to him and such special edu cation na will give him equailty of opportunity for the development of his distinctive gifts in the service of man- kind. Ho shall hafa saay and prompt Access to all information necessary for bim to form a judgment upon current
· events and issues.
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5.-FREEDOM- OF
THOUGHT AND WORSHIP
Every man has aright to the utmost freedom of expression, discussion, asso- clalian and worship
com-
-RIGHT TO WORK Subject to the nerds of the munity, a man may engage in any law. lui occupation, earning auch pay as the contribution that his work makes to the welfare of the community may justify.
Ho is entitled to paid employment and to make suggellons as to the kind
of employment which ho considers him- self able to perfom.
Work for the sole object of proht. making shall not be a lawful occupa- tion.
7.-RIGHT IN PERSONAL
PROPERTY
In the enjoyment of his personal pro- perty, lawfully possessed, a man to en--- itled to protection from public or private violence, deprivation, compul. klon and intimidation.
8.-FREEDOM OF
MOVEMENT
A man may move freely about the world at his own expense.
His private drcling, however, and any reasonably limited enclosure of which he is the sccupant, may be en- tered only with his consent or by a legally qualified person empowered with a warrant a the law may direct. So long as by his movement ho does not intrude upon the private domain of any other citizen, harm, or dizägure or encumber what is not his, interfere with. or endanger-ita-proper use or seriously impair the happiness of others, he shall have the right to come and go wherever he chooses, by land, air, or water, over any kind of country, mountain, moorland, river, lake, Bea or ocean, and all the ample spaces of this is world.
9–PERSONAL LIBERTY
to
Unless a man is declared by a com- petent authority to be a danger himself or to others through mental abnormality, a declaration which must be confirmed within seven days and thereafter reviewed at least annually. ho shall not be restrained for more than twenty-four hours without being charged with a definite offence, nor shall he be remanded for a longer period than eight days without his consent, nor imprisoned for more than
No man shall be conscripted for mi}}- tary or other service to which he has a conscientious objection, but to perform-three months without a trial. no social duty whatsoever is to remain unenfranchised and under guardian-
ship.
4.-RIGHT-TO-
KNOWLEDGE
It is the duty of the community to equip every man with suficient educa- tion to enable him to be as useful and
June 4, 1940.
Contents
The Introduction.
1. Right to Live.
2. Protection of Minors.
8. Duty to the Community,
4. Right to Knowledge.
5. Freedom of Thought
and Worship.
6. Right to Work... 7. Right in Personal
Property,
8. Freedom of Movement. 9. Personal Liberty.
10. Freedom from Violence, 11. Right of Law-Making.
criciam of mis fellows, a man, ahali have adequato protection from any itsrepresentation that may distress ar injure hilm
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Secret evidence is not permissible. SILK &
Statements recorded in administrative dostera shall not be used to justify the lightent infringement of регланд liberty.
A dossier is merely a memorandum' for administrative use; it shall not be cd as evidence without proper con- Hrmation in open court,
10.-FREEDOM
FROM VIOLENCE
No mnt shall be subjected to any shrt of mutilation except with his own deliberate consent, freely given, nor to forcible handling, except in restraint of his own violence, nor to torture. beating or any other physical ill-treat-
ment
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He shall not be subjected to mental AERTEX PANTIES distress, or to imprisonment in in- fected, verrainous or otherwise insani- tary quarters, or be put into the company of verminous or infections people.
But if he is himself infectious or a danger to the health of others, he may be cleansed, disinfected, put in quaran- ting or otherwise restrained so far na may be necessary to prevent harm to his fellows.
No one shall be punished vicariously by the solection, arrest or ill-treatment of hostages,
11.-RIGHT OF
LAW-MAKING
The rights embodied in this Declara. tion are fundamental and inalienable. In conventional and in administra tive matters. but in no others, it is an obvious practical necessity for men to limit the free play of certain of these fundamental rights.
(In, for example, such conventional -matters-na the ruin of the.road_yr_the__ protection of money from Lurzory, and in such administrativa matters as town and country planning, or pubile hygiene.)
No law, conventional or administra. tive, shall be binding on any man or on any section of the community un- less it has been made openly with the active or tacit acquiescence of every adult citizen concerned, given either by direct majority vote or the com- munity affected or by majority vote of his representatives publicly elected. These representatives shall be ulti- mately responsible for all by-laws and for detailed interpretations made in the execution of the law.
In matters of co-operative and cal lective action, man must abide by the majority decisions ascertained by elec- toral methods which give effective ex- All pression to individual choice. legislation must be subject to pubilo No
At a reasonable time before-his-discussion,-revision or repeal.. trial, he shall be furnished with a copy of the evidence which it is proposed to use against him.
At the end of the three months period. If ho has not been tried and sentenced by due process of the low. le shall be acquitted and released.
No man shall to charged more than once for the sams offence.
Although he is open to the free
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