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EDITORIAL
WEEK-END MACAZINE
Saturday, MAY 18, 1940.
By the Rt. Hon. VISCOUNT
HALIFAX
LIBERTY THE ISSUE
Tel. 27778/9
LORD HALIFAX
THE
"HE Blizkrieg was a week old yesterday. What have the Germans accomplished in that week. They have another three enemies. Tho vast overseas resources and merchant marino of one-Holland-ls now at "the disposal of the Allies. Every netiral neighbour knows that the fate of the Scandinavian and Lowland countries may be theirs. Hiler's circlo of sympathisers grows less.
Ho
OW can Holland and the Allies now she has been overrun? Study theso figures: The Dutch East and West Indies are iwo of the world's richest colonies. They have a total area of 700,000 square miles, rich in oli, minerals, food, and with a population of $1,000,000 (seven times the popu lation of the Motherland). Holland's navy, still Intach, has three cruisers, 8 destroyers, 10 submarines.
ΠΟΥ
precautions have been adopted, sons tourists" have been expelled.
neutral."
NTIL Friday last week, few of Hitler's neighbours worried about "Fifth
Columnists Every
very German in every country in the world viewed with suspicion. The reaction to the invasions of Holland and. Belgium has been instantaneous; frontiers have been manned, internal There is now Do auch thing as a RUSSOLINI may enter the war. But what of 17 When we went to
tvar Wills
Germany In September did we expect to fight Germany alone? It a "foregone conclusion" then that Italy would be a belilger- ent and there was more surprise at Mussolini's policy of "non-belligerency than there was at, say, the conclusion of the Russo-German Pact, Mussolini has sat on the fou
on the fenco for at least eight and a half months.
ELGIUM is by no means conquered. In the last war she was overrun in four weeks and in five weeks the Germans were knocking at the The gateway of Paris. The Kaiser was ready for the triumphant entry. Great Retreat from Mons had eaten into the sout of the gallant Old Flanders' bloody Contempubics, who contested overy inch of the way across Fla fields until the new B.EF. could come to their all.
LTD. SINCE Friday last week, Hitler has thrown every cance of bis power into
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He has sought a Blitakrieg victory and in eight Belgium and lolland. days all he has gained has been-the-strip-of-territory cast of the River Meuse and
Ia salient into France at Sedan. His generals 25 years ago did
T airforce or mechanised units. Don't for much better than that without get that the tallial advantage in every battle goes to the initiator. But so do the infilal losses. For every six soldiers England, France and Belgium This initial strength have thrown into the fray, Germany has thrown ten
is possible because, defensive forces cannot know where the blow is going to come and their troops must be scattered over a wider frant than the aggressor. But the Allied losses in man-power are proportionately less than the German losses, for the reason that the Army taking the offensive always pays more dearly. This was proved in the last war when the aggressor in the big Battles lost an average of twice as many men as the Tosers.
NLESS Hitler can gain a quick victory in France his :Blitzkrieg has alled. To win the war he must avoid peslilonal fighting. He ca only keep going as long as there is enough space for his mechanised unita to operate. Once the stalemate of trench warfare comesas come it must of when the present Naxi drive ends-filler is doomed. The invasion Belgium and Holland was the act of a desperate man-a man who cannot afford any longer to fight the war on
the economie front.
PROFESSOR BANSE, the Nazi military expert who was the author of the plan which Hitler last week put into effect, warned in the extracts from the book now appearing in the Telegraph" that a war of attrition or
Germany. stalemate would be fatal for
In almost uncanny fashion, Hiller has successfully carried out the stmtexy evolved by Banse for invasion of Poland, Norway, Denmark, and Holland. But Barse's plan falled Belgium. It did not take into account the extent of Belgium resistance, something that was also instrumental in the failure of the Shilen plan, upon which the invasion of Belgium and France in 1914 was based.
Which is just another way of saying
THUMBS UP
Germany, Russia and Italy are a trinity of totalitario states, but they are not a trinity in unity.
nuxd
There are those who are shocked when it is suggested that the simi- larity between Communiam Nazlism is so striking that they are almost indlatinguishable.
Lovers of Itussia are haters of Germany, while admirers of Musso- Int can see nothing in common be tween him and his rival-Stalin, except that each is the idol of his people.
There is no doubt that Germany, Russia and Italy have much in common, but they also are bliter rivals in many respects. Russia and Germany are neighbours and each covets the territory which lies on its borders. The Balkans and German and the Baltle are where Russion interests clash, and it is Impossible to believe that those two countries will ever really come to terms. The traditional antagonism is as great and unbridgeable as that between France and Germany.
-✩
IT is not so much the ideological differences that separate these peoples, it is something more ele--
for. [eban- mental--the demand
Germany
wants the Ukraine, where wheat grows so abundantly. and she also wants control over Rumania, where oil flows so fracly, but in addition to these ambitions, Germany, wishes to control the Baltic in which Russia has once more reasserted her power to the detriment of Germany.
The enforced withdrawal of the old wealthy German families from Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, was __N__VOCY Severa blow to German
prestige
weakness as it It exposed her revealed Russia's strength, or, at bargaining least, her superior power.
Obviously Germany resented this and could not, except temporarily, accept this proof of her inferiority. It was Russla's advance in the Balile and her conquest over Fin- land that forced Germany advance up the other arm of the Balile.
to
Now all these moves, are clear and strategie, but the moral price that Germany has paid for her advance up the Baltic as one that
never be recovered.
The United States which can be regarded as a detached onlooker, comprising within herself as she does all the representative nations of Europe, has not hidden her opinion of this last act of violence. Germany's betrayal of the Baltic States stands out in her eyes in marked contrast with the refusal of the Allies to be a party to such a plan with Russin.
GERMANY'S invasion of Den- mark, Norway, Holland and Bel glum still further emphasises the depths to which German methods have sunk so, that it is impossible to find in any neutral country a reputable apologiet for Hitler ond
his soveplan
The
seem to have succeeded is forfeiting the respect of every neutral state except Italy, whose pallon is now so dimcult, that she does not know where to turn or what to do.
Gradually Germany is retreating. from Rud, just as Russin in naturally growing moro auspicious "of Germany To remove the mentice to Leningrad from Fixand
WE are under no illuston Fabout the war."
We know how great are the issues the liberty and Indepen- dence of our own country and Commonwealth, and of all European States,
.'
Nolther do we underrate the strength of our enemy or the eterness of the struggle upon which wo are engaged. We realize that to secure victory in that struggle will require all the energy and all the re- solution that we can com→ mand;
There is a profound difference be- tween. a dictatorship and de- In this business of mocracy
The dictator
making war.
en-
joys great Initial advantages His preparations
and his policy
ment in the time of preparation and planning. But when trouble comes the fact that the people know and the people have approved in- vests the decision reached with the
destroying the conûdenco of Eur- ope, and all through the summer the operallon of the now familiar technique was going on by way of preparation for the real offensive
overwhelming force of free judg-which culminated in the crisis of ment and united will.
It is just that unity of moral pur pose which Herr Hiller rates so low which will be, if I mistake not, the principal cause of his defeat. The strain of mudern war is very mind, and there is no doubt in my and
I think there will be none. in youre that it will be borne more easily by the man who is in it from conviction, than by the man who is in it by roercion.
There is no need to recall in more than a sentence the history of the last years, during which Europe walted and Ban watched and wondered, much as we wait through the sultry, heavy days of
for the breaking of the stormer
can be made in complete secrecy. But the people have no part in that policy. They do not know what it 18. They cannot place themselves In opposition to it, and therefore the ncllons of a dictator appear t the outside world as the expression. of a single will. In a democracy
attack of private there is no surrender judgment. There is no suppress- lon of outside contacts, and there is no sinister coercion by a secret police, and undoubtedly that in- creases the difficulty of any Govern-
became Foreign Secretary at the end of February, 1938, and within a fortnight of my going to that office the German Army marched Two months later, in into to
Austria. May, there was the crisis over the of Germany to alleged preparations of Gerr
and. Czecho-Slovakia, whatever may be the exact truth of those days, the immediate anxiety
of aroused was the measure
the extent to which even then the Ger- man Government had succeeded in
GRIN AND BEAR IT
6-10
By Lichty
"Something wonderful happanod to-day, doar!- baked my first pio and it was stolen right off the window sill!** Weekly Commentary By “The Scrutineer”
DISUNITED TRINITY
the insignificant, peaceful state, by a costly war, and to find the threat increased tenfold from Copenhagen under German rule is not what Russin wanted.
Germany, however, thought the war in Finland showed that the Russian Glant had feet of clay and could from a military point of view be treated with the same contempt or indifference as in 1014. Germany then hopes that Russia will fulfil the duty allotted to hr of supplying oil and such things, but she does not want her military assistance, as it might embarrass her. If Russia can be cajoled now into being a docile economic ner. then Italy might be co bechute she hus
fleet and an alr arm, is nearer to the Allies, can inflict much damage on them in the Mediterranean,
and is kely to prove an asset rather than a ability.
☆
IF Mussolini falls into that trap, he
will prove to be the most foolish of the dictators. His suc cess up till now like that of the others has been gained by threats and by victories over weak and helpless opponents, in Abyssinia and Albania.
very well Mussolini has done out of the axis, but heresis every reason why he should remain satis fed with his achievements rather than jeopardise them by engaging in war with the Allies.
an
or its skill. The battle in the River Plate certainly proves the contrary, Italy is definitely inferior to the But it Allies in both categories. will be said Italy has an air force and it is because Mussolini is con- vinced that the air arm is to play decisive role in this war, that he
take feels inclined to
the plunge. He is not likely to find the Allied
deficient forces
in this respect, for the Empire air scheme is the pro
turning
out pilots and
CCSS of machines
a far greater pace and
of a
a higher can hope
squat
than Mussolini
The
weakness, however, of great Mussolint lles in his following. The Italian people have been whipped up inte mliltant ecstasy during the past fifteen years. Abyssinia and
outlet Spain gave scope for the
of
that enthusiasm. The former was a war of conquest, pure and sim- ple, while the latter was, in the of religious eyes ol
of Italy, a sort against Communism. In both cases the Church was able to bless the soldiers and the 'colours and send them off in good heart. Can the Church do the same in this present ense?
*
ITALY has a strong historical sense which Mussolini has stimu- lated by his continual references In that to the Roman Empire. history Italy has little or no Ger man emilations, but many with Great Britain. It will not-be-a united Italy, that will cleave to the former and become the enemy in war of the latter. It was because mood half-hearted thero was a among the Italian people in the last war that defeats and retreats to wore conspicuous from time time. It is not likely that the heart of Italy will be in this war, for she is not threatened by the Allles.
of
Unlike Germany, Italy has oversen Empire, in which she has great pride. It consists of Libya,
and Somaliland
the Ethiople, Dodecanese lands in the Aegean, It is not possible to believe that she can retain these in face of the overwhelming Allied naval forces in the Mediterranean which sup«. port the very considerable army from Australia and other parts in Polesling and Egypt. Modern naval battles depend to a certain extent on the spirit of the forces and not only on the weight of armament, hiut ho ono has over suggested that the British Navy ban-lost-its daring-bé crippled.
If the joins in on the Germany, then one important route to Germany will be shut off, her colonier will be lost, her ships will become prizes of war, or will be scuttled, and as nation whe will
Septentber, 1930.
cd
The Munich settlement gave Ger- many all that she immediately. wanted. In opplying that Agree- ment I think it is true to say that ed in Germany's favour, and yet it " contentious point wan decid-
became dear, at once that Herr Hitler was profoundly dissatisfied. In private he inveighed against the Agreement and against those of his advisers who had stood on the sido of peace.. In
wlthe public he began
n
in a few days to attack, this coun try in speeches, and German news- papers that were closest to the Ger- Ministry of Propaganda In many launched a violent Press campaign against this country: It became rapidly evident that Herr Hitler, In fact, objected to the way
procedure by settlement through negotiation and that, if we are to judge' by all the evidence, he se tually resented having been balked of a
a war over Czecho-Slovakia. During several stages of dis- cussions which preceded Munich, Herr Hiller made it quite clear to those taking part in them that he the was anticipating with relish opportunity of chastising Czecho- Slovakia, and I have no doubt that ho was also disillusioned because he hoped that after Munich we should be lulled into security and would close down on our own rearmanent, making no attempts to compete with Germany, with the consequence that Germany would have been loft in possession of what "Hitter htmsoil has called the
mighllcat armaments that the world has ever known, without a com petitor, and in that position he could have made himself the dieta- tor, not only of Germany, but of Europe.
But there was some reason to hope that,, having vented his on- noyance he would neverthelesa abide by the settlement which he had signed; but we all know, of course, what happened. Within six months of the signature of that Agreement, in spite of many solemn promises, he annexed the remalader of that unhappy
State and it was
the forceful incorporation of mill- ions of men and women
of another- race that showed the world as aash that there was no question of German rights, but something that was the symptom of his real purpose German domination-that struck at something very deep in the hearts and minds of the British people the world over.-
It is certainly true that that Instinct of our people has always, driven throughout their history, them to resist attempts by any one nation to make itself master of Europe. They have always seen In any such attempts a threat both to their own existence and to the general course of liberty in Europe, and I have no doubt at all that the history of the nineteenth century. provos-them-to-
that
Just look brot been right time, instack. During
command of the sea, the power of Great Britain was unchallenged, and it was no coin- cidence that that century-the nine- teenth-saw a great development of liberty throughout the world. There is, I think, no more striking Instance to be found of the different uses to which great strength can be put than that” provided" by "this. country and by Germany. No smail nation has ever regarded our ses power as a menace to its orderly and legitimate development.
Not so with Germany, for no sooner had the land and air forces of Germany regained their strength after the last War than a kind of trembling began to Fun through the smaller States of Europe, and all Germany's neighbours felt not their liberty, but possibly their only very existence threatened by it, and, therefore, 1
I say without hesitation
that if the British people have been right, as they had before, in realst- Ing domination by any one Power in Europe, they are doubly so right to-day
The occasions of war are not, of
course, always their fundamental couse. It is true that the case of aggression on Poland was covered by our formal commitments to Po- land, but it was not Poland in it- self, but the whole picture of Ger- man palley, as by then it had been revealed, that drst of all caused that commitment to be honoured with practical unanimity in this
this country when the time came.
It has been suggested that we might perhaps have stood aside and have allowed Germany, to do what she liked in the East and South- East of Europe, and that we might havo reached an understanding with Herr Hitler by which Ger- many would not challenge British” Cor French vital interests. We have always been willing to recognize: the special interests that Germany had in those parts of Europe which, for geographical or coonornic rea- Bons, occupied for her special, Im=" porlance and in which therefore she was entitled to plan such special Interest,
But once It became clear that the purpose of German polley was do- mination by absorption of non- German people, then it was, to my mind," "overwhelmingly plain that we were once again faced by tha: identical challenge to history.no ¡amoual of Herr "Hitler's assurance
could disguise.