Tuesday,
HONGKONG TELEGRAPH
October 10, 1939.
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The
Hongkong Telegraph.
Wyndham St., Hongkong 'Phone 26615 October 10, 1939
Double Tenth
tionary war which took place at Wuchang on Octo- ber 10, 1911, and which so rapidly led to the abdication of the Manchu Emperor and the creation of a Republic in China
Twenty-eight years ago to-day this startling blow was struck at the old regimo and since then the history of China has been one of the most interesting perlods through which any section of humanity hna had to pass. It has also been fraught with much suffering and unrest
for the Chinese people.
.:
Twenty-eight years! What a vision) of strife and struggle, kaleidoscopie change and frantic effort the very words call up. Disappointments have been many and at times it seems ng if much has been in vain.
MARSHAL CHIANG KAI-SHEK WITH HIS WAR
LIEUTENANTS
"Peace Struggle - Save
Elut to-day in celebrating the biridoy of the Republic we may look back and see that it is not so.
Despite all the set-backs, und all, the disasters, the 28 years havo fundamentally been 20 years of Honolulu to stay with his brother clung to his ambitions, persecuted the being steady progress towards making and attended school there for five Kuomintang, and, falling, at the last China." China a Modern State and securing years. Here he was influenced by moment, died in 1916 a broken and So died Sun Yat-sen, the "Father for her to use the terms of San American ideals and become imbued disappointed man. Out of his col- of the Chinese Republic." the "Great Yat-sen's Will) "a position of inde- with advanced conception. On re-lapse sprang the period of the Tuchuns Tsung-ll"; and, as subsequent events pendence and equality among turning to Hongkong he
of Military Governors who held most Queen's College. At that time he at China in thrall until the National-proved, he was to be even greater was already profoundly dissatisfied ists occupied Peking in 1028.
i death than in life. political condition
entered
legal
then ..Fritz Kreisler
S. MOUTRIE & Co., Ltd.
York Bldg.
Tel. 20527
Chater Road, SAOUNCEURANTANENSACO
some two decades.
In
Foreign
against
✩
JENERALISSIMO Chiang Kai-shek
of
the
nations."
The revolutionary movement in with the Chinn is not as old as some people China.
No sooner wag Yuan Shil-kel suppose. During the eighteenth cen-|
formally installed as President than In 1885 he graduated from Queen's he proscribed the Kuomintang as a tury, the great Manchu Emperors raised China to a high pitch of great College and the following year en seditious organization and unsented ness but early in the nineteetis centered the Pao Tsi Medical College all members of the two Houses be was born in Fenghun, Cheklang tury the period of decline act in and at Canton and made the acquaintance longing to that Party, thereby de-in 1888. by the fifties it was plain that the of Cheng Sze-lang who strongly priving the Legislature of a
He graduated at the
Pacting Manchus bad long passed their supported his revolutionary ideas. quorum.
Military Academy and the Tokyo zenith and that China was slipping In 1887 he. was transferred to the
In January, 1914, the National As-Military Staff College and was an Medical OF THE twenty-seven occasions| badly behind the rest of the world. Hongkong
College
and sembly was dissolved by Presidential early member of the Tung Men Hul. graduated in 1892. London Philharmonic Orchestra Conducted By-Antal Doration which China has celebrated the
In 1923 he came to prominence as Even then there were thinking
mandate, and a new advisory body He began to practice in Macao but, was created to act in its stead, filled Chief of Stair to Dr. Sut: Yat-sen und The Dancing Years-(Ivor Novello's Latest Drury Lane Success) anniversary of the foundation of the Chinese who were dissatisfied with
went to Soviet Russin to study its. the condition of things and the wide-as already indicated, his medical with the President's nominees. With Mary Ellis-Ivor Novelle-Olive Gilbert and Roma Beaumont Republic, five have been spent in spread ruin caused by the Taiping profession career was short-lived, for Two years of absolute rule by military system.
hostilities with Japan, a record that Rebellion served further to unsettle he gave it up and spent his days in Yuan Shih-kal fallowed, and
Influenced by Sovlet examples, he Rondo from "Haffner" Serenade (Mozart)
revolutionary effort.
his Monarchical project was launched became the founder and principal Ballado No. 3 in A Flat Major (Chopin) ....Benno Moiseiwitsch has been responsible for chormously men's minds.
A general outery for political re- With the support-political and Anan-f the Whampoo Military Academy relarding the growth and unification But the definite formation of a re- farms rose from every side of China tial of Llang Shih-yi
and others and speedily made a namie. only antedated after the country's defent
olher the The Japanese and of this great but young republic who Yolutionary party
Maisters warned Yunn the outbreak of the Revolution by Sino-Japanese War of 1005.
The continued disorders In our neighbour,
mounting the Throne, and in Decem-Period of the Tuchunate, the rivalries Sun Yat-sen found more converts) ber, 1915, a revolt, organized by of the various military lenders in the To-day is the twenty-eighth It began as the Hsing-Chung Hui than ever before but the discovery Tsai Ao. broke out in Yunnan. Other North, and the disgust of the popula-- Double Tenth. It is also the 825th (Society for the Regeneration of of arms that were being secretly Southern Provinces joined in the re-tion with their conduct, all paved the day of hostilities with Japan. As China), which develop successively transported caused a large number of bellion, and Yuan Shin-kul, too late, way for a great effort on the part of the war has lengthened from weeks into the Tung-Ming fui (United his followers to be captured,
recognized that the fulfilment of his the reorganized Kuomintang to con- League), the Kuomintang (National! This was the first fatture of the ambitions was impossible. He re-quer the country from the base of into months and from months into People's Purly). The Chung-Hwa Revolution and Dr. Sun had to flee vuked the Monarchient scheme, and Canton and on June 11, 1926, General years, the declared Japanese objec- Ke-ming-tong (National People's to Hongkong and thence to Japan, died in June, 1016, being succeeded, Chiang Kai-shek assumed office a tive of establishing a "pescoful re- Parly of China), ·
the Nation- In accordance with the Constitution, Commander-in-Chief gime" seems more remote than at
Li Yuan-hung. Feng allat Army at Canton, and at a sub- by General These various organizations were In 1890 he sailed for England and Kuo-chang became Vice-President. sequent meeting of the Central Ex- the beginning. In actual fighting in essence one and the same purty the famous incident occurred in
under the Japan was successful for the first 10
same revolutionary which Dr. Sun was ensnared by the The new President reconvoked the ecutive Committee of the Kuomin months, but she has now reached an leaders, existing at different Umes, Chinese Legation where he was con-old Parliament, which pursued an in-ang was invested with dictatorial
1017 the same purpose the fined for 12 days but was released effective existence until June impasse from which there appears no overthrow of the prevalling autocracy through the agency of his tencher. when its dissolution was demanded General Chiang Doon afterwards. `retreat" but surrender-of-what she and the establishment of a demo-Dr. James Cantile, who thus frustin-by-the militarists on various pretexts, became known-as-an-anti-Communist set out to attain.
cratic Repubile.
ed the scheme to smuggle. him back General Chang Hsun, who had come and broke with Borodin.
Hsuchow to to the Manchu Government in Peiping up to Peking from There were, of courac, a few men for execution.
In March, Chiang effected an anti- mediate, attempted to restore the boy Communist coup and, with the al- who desired the evolution of the
into д Consitutional! After the Boxer rising in 1000, the Emperor Hsuan Tung in August. but sistance of General Wu Te-chen then
Tuan Chi-jul attacked the autocracy Monarchy but the
capital of the Canton Police, carried out a Manchus were cause of the Chinese Revolution and overthrew Chang who fled to number of arrests. commonly regarded as foreigners by made
great progress and
when the Dutch Legation. President Lal the mess of the Chinese and this Wuchong fell in 1911 the doom of Yuan-hung who had sought refuge in Wong Ching-wei was forced to was a fatal obstacle to a process the Manchu dynasty was quickly seal the Legation Quarter during the con- leave Canton and take refuge abroad.
felt would ed.
office, flict, refused to resume which many observers
and In May, Borodin and. Hu Hart-min have been a better thing for the
On January 1, 1012, Dr. Sun Yat-Feng Kua-chang become President of returned to Canton, and for bome Chinese than a Republic on Western zen bezame Best President of the the Republic. The Government now time there web temporizing but times. But a Republle it had to be Chinese Republic which was formally fell into the hands of the militarists General Chiang Kai-shek remained from the very nature of the case.
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PHOTOGRAPHS of the children become
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Japan may control the great ports, the railways and the commercial
while waterways, but
nominally more than a third of Chinu is under her control, actually her rule does not extend beyond the range of her guns, so that to-day Chinese every where in the occupled areas will let off their fire-crackers and celebrate their great National day with as much enthusiasm and impunity an they have done in Hongkong.
There appears, Indeed, to be more cohesion in China to-day" than in Japan, whlek zecnis, after 27 months of warfare, to be trembling on the brink of the abyss. She has changed her governments with bewildering frequency; her allies have deserted her; she has antagonised her old friends; and her people are heartly sick of the adventure that hus cost them
Uves SO many economic welfare.
and their
It is interesting to note, in the last
but with
☆ *
Honolulu and America.
proclaimed.
followers gathered end, lald their these centres hla colleagues and together.
to hold
*
powers.
elmost completely and the Parlin-opposed to Communion and after Borodin was But the stirring events 1911ment which met in August, 1918, and various vicissitudos,
uf proved to be only the beginning of a elected Hsu Shih-chang as Pre- compelled to leave China, lung period of struggle.
ident, was known as the "Tuchuns"
Space does not permit detailing all Meanwhile, China has been welded
Parliament," Yuan Shih-kal, who had been
the events of General Chiang Kai- . under the hammer-strokes of Japan TE Hsing-Chung Hul was orga-
shek's campaigns nor the various nized by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1802; called in during the last days of the Into a nation whose solidarity is in the city of Macao following his Manchu dynasty to uphold the tatler-
politician vielesiludes which attended. grenter than anything witnessed graduation from Queen's College Ining Monarchy, had ambitions of his!
them. Suffice to say that General The Southern leaders declared it to Chiang displayed a veritable genius during the first quarter-century of Hongkong and henceforth, until his own; he headed the military party republicanism.
death in 1923, the bistory of the re- and had great weight with the more be legal and a new "Government," for military operations and was able volutionary movement is very largely conservative elements in the country which Sun Yat-sen, Tang Shao-y to overthrow his fors by superior the life-story of this remarkable
und Wu Ting-tong hid the leading strategic abilities and the good dis- While Sun belleved in the awaken-roles, was set up. It is not the pur-cipline of his troops, mon.
Ing the masses of the people to pose of this article to trent in entirely
Nonking was evacuated by the In order to carry on the netivities political knowledge and power. Yuan the quarrels of the Southern Jenders Northern forces on March 23, 1927. of his Society, Dr. Sun established thought that military force was the or the campaigns against one another and occupied by Southern troops un- drug stores in Canton and Macao. In one thing needful
China of the Northern militarists.
der General Cheng Chlen, the follow- After various vicissitudes, Sun Yat-ing day. Ile began, too, to dream of a new sen was elected "President of the] plans.
dynasty with himself ng Emperor. Chinese Republic" in April, 1921, by
The capture of Peking ord the The Manchus had already abdicated the remnants of the old Parliament nauguration of the National Govern- The Tung-Meng Hul came into on February 12, 1912.
assembled in Canton.
ment at Peiping did not result, how- Existence in 1005 as the result of a
ever, the immedinte saltlement of merger of the Hsing-Chung Bui Not realizing how for Yuan's
The very next year, however, Chen the country. The reign of the with two other revolutionary organi- schemes went, Dr. Sun yielded him Chiung-ming revolted and Sun had Tuehuns Ind gone but there were zations. Branches were formed the Presidency after he had held it to leave for Shanghai, Chen Chtung atili a number of high military com- among the overseas Chinese all over for the short space of three montiming's hold on Canton did not prove minders with considerable forces the world and the overseas Chiness Realgning on April 1, he
travelled
a lasting ono and, after making use who sought their own interests and three months, the changed tone of rapidly came to play a very im-through a number of provinces and of Shen Hung-yin's troops, and then, who were disaffected towards the the Japanese newspapers.
portant part in the revolutionary busled himself with the advocacy of when Shen turned traitor, of Yunnan-National Government,
in national railway system. He then can troops, Sun Yat-sen was able to
visited Japan but on his return help establish himself once more in Can- The movements for which they Just to hand, strikingly indicates the 1006, in the Tsaihung village, Chung- tion"
Dr. Sun was born on November 12, ed to organize the Second Revolu- to us the Intler part of 1923. The were responsible continuest growing worry
1013) against Yuan twelve-months were stormy down to 1932 and may perhaps people. The people, complains the parentage. In 1877 he went
ple, complains the shun district, Kwangtung, of peasant Shih-kol, of whose ulterior motives following twelve months oford them be considered to have closed only to he had now become suspicious and selves into a constant struggle be- with the outbreak of the war with newspapers, have no idea of the goal
whose scont treatment of the Parlie-tween Dr. Sun and his mercenaries Japan. their country is aiming at in China.
ment, especially in the conclusion of and the Cantoresc.
The most disturbing feature of the Chinese situation. to-day remains the They are left in the dark because except what has been translated in the "Reorganization Loan" in face of parliamentary opposition, had raised
relations between China and Japan. there seems no national policy to terms of hostilities in China..
considerable their Kuido
The efforts of the National Govern- whole If there is any national policy about up for himself n thought. The China Affair was called an Incident; the proposed peaceful construction in position.
TN November,, 1924, Dr. Sun acceptment to improve the condition of the it would have been truer to pay it China, the people (of Japan) have The revolt, however, Was
acon nothing of it.
theed the Invitation of Tuan Chi-Jui country by such measures us· cur- began as an accident..
At least there pressed without dimculty by has been no achievement to bear Northern Armies, and. Yuan's
Poto Pelping to take part in a con- rency reform and the establishment "Little more is known about the testimony to such polley. And yet itical opponents were so
overawed ference designed to settle the differ- of new Industrial, economic and 'construction of a
the Northern War-educational movements have been re- new order in the people are supposed to stand by Is failure that he was elected ences between Chino.' The expression has already behind what their Government is format President of the Repubile by lords. He arrived in Peiping on tarded by the 27-months of warfare.
Nevertheless, ensued. become trite,”—and: the newspaper doing in China,”
enfeebled that goes on to complain of the draining [**
the requisito majority on October 6, December 31, in very 1913. General Li Yuan-hung was health, suffering as he was from accelerated progress in all that is of the country's stocks di rico and We have never before seen critic-elected Vice-President the Arai cancer on the liver, and had to take most closely identified with the corisequential rise in prices, ‚":"
welfare of the Chinese people has. tum in. a Japanese paper of Japan's ballot, Foreign
recognition of the to his bed.
been observed and if the question of action in China. It is a henithy Republie by the Treaty Powers His hopeless condition had become relationships with Japan could only sign, dcooling that Japan, fa awaken-lewed, and the Diplomatic Corps known after an exploratory opera ho settled it is universally admitted Government will always adopt an Ing to the fact that her hot-headed attended President Yunn's formal tion conducted by foreign doctors that the future of the long and sore- independent diplomatic polley. It millarists have had their way for inauguration...
January 28, but he lingered on until
An issue of the "Japan Times",
It has often been said that our
movement.
(July,
+
upon
DD-
*
has
right
the
rounds as if the Government did not too long. conduct te diplomacy along in-
There were widespread hopes that March 12, when he passed away in y tried Republle could be regarded dependent lines at some timo or an» It is a happy augury, for a inors China was about to enter
u the presence of the members of his 45 assured.
"National unification" Is the watch÷ other in the past People have Joyous celebration of the Double period of peaceful progress under the family, his personal followers, and nothing to pass judgment on the Tenth in 1040 than is possible in wing of Constitutional Government, one member of the Government, word to-day, and China is nearer to
It was not to be Yuan Shih-kal Yeh Kung-cho, his parting words the Ideal than ever before! diplomatte policy of the Government · 1939.||