THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPHI, MONDAY, JUNE 1, 1936.
DEWARS
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C-2835 Gertrude Lawrence Modley-Parts 1 & 2
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And So, Europe Arms
WHAT lies behind the
arming of Europe? That a feverish arms race is threatened is, unhappily; only too true.
This vast aggregate ex- penditure on the most fear ful modern weapons of des- truction will entail financial and economic sacrifices.
Germany is experiencing great difficulty in purchasing the necessary raw materials from Fabroad and in maintaining the vast number of workers employ ed in this non-productive capa- eity.
It has been stated that during 1935 the Reich spent £1,000,000,- 000 on arms. Even if this is |100 per cent, overstatement, the
sums spent are enormous.
France, clinging to the gold standard, is suffering from the full effects of deflation. The Banque de France has had to borrow heavily from the Bank of England to maintain the ex- [change.
*
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*
By Lord Strabolgi
they acquiesce in vast preparu- tions for a possible war.
True, Italy has been engaged In what her rulers are pleased to call a colonial war.
An in- tensive propaganda has whipped up some popular enthusiasm in Italy and a few easy, victories have helped. Disillusion would follow rapidly if there was any serious actback in the Italian campaign in Africa,
In Germany, an unexampled governmental propaganda ma- chine has been used under high pressure to 'militarise the thoughts of the German common people. Nevertheless the rulers of Germany always begin and end the fiercest of speeches by proclaiming their devotion to the cause of peace. Indeed, the Germans have been taught to be lieve that the very armaments and conscription which entall such sacrifices upon them are. first and foremost, a means of insuring a pencoful future.
BRITAIN herself has only just emerged from the trough of a serious industrial depression, and even now has only recovered a little more than half her form- The reluctance of the masses er export trade. Not one of of the French to engage in mili- these countries is paying its ex- tary adventures is well known. ternal debts in full. Britain and Frenchmen would fight if their
France, in particular, have de- country was actually invaded by VOILA CE QUI NOUS ATTEND
Hongkong Telegraph faulted on the debts of the last a foreign army; but not other-
MONDAY, JUNE 1, 1936,
FRANCE'S NEW RULERS
Warto the United States of wise, The bulk of the English Amerien..
people would only be induced to engage in any war with the greatest of difficulty. The same holds good with regard to all the European peoples."
Russia is still struggling to re- organise her industries and to build up new ones, yet is engaged in a colossal armaments pro gramme both in the air and for the increase and strengthening.
land, Sweden, Czechoslovakin, Poland-are still straining their financial resources to increase their fighting forces.
The new French Government, of the army. The smaller states under the leadership of M. Leon-Belgium, Holland, Switzer- Blum, takes over the reins of office to-day. It is a Leftist regime, of distinctly different political complexion from that Taxation is very high in all which it succeeds. The perpc- these countries. There is no of doubt that the will of the masses tun shifts and changes
of the people in all the states concerned is toward peace; but
French politics are somewhat baffling to the outside observer, for in recent years it has seemed
#
**
WHY, then, this tremendous re-
arming?
SI LE FRONT POPULAIRE ARRIVE AU POUVOIR!
This is the type of scare propaganda, used in the recent French general elections, that helps cause the mad armaments race that grips Europe.
There are a number of causes. They act and react on each other, out, mean the absorption, or re- The principal canas is fear. absorption, of the German Hostility to Communism is part speaking inhabitants of Austria, of the creed of the National Czechoslovakia, Poland, Den- Socialist Party which rules Ger- mark, Luxembourg, Lorraine many. This means, in practice, and Switzerland. Some of the hostility to Russia. The Rus protagonists of this racial doc. sians, remembering the early trine Include the Dutch and declarations of the National Flemings of Belgium within this Socialist leaders, notably Hitler hoped-for great German system, the Germans can buy off or in Socialist regime declare that the and Rosenberg, believe that if The apologists of the National timidate the other European na- effort is to be only cultural; that
Nationalist A successful experiment in hold-tions they will seek expansion any
penotration toward the East; which means at would be political and not by the expense of Russia. They be force of arms. Yet Germany's lieve, further, that it the the neighbours believe that this German policy to seek for allies racial desire can only be consum- allies in this adventure, and that these mated by force of arms, which
will probably
include would mean a general European Japan and possibly Poland, war. proceedings Because of this fear the Russians
that the more the Government NOTES OF THE DAY
able recommendations. It is
12,000,000 men.
鼎
that they
#
*
*
4
Why it, then, that the British Government, in particular, is breaking away from all previous national tradi- tions? Why this feverish programme for the expansion of our armaments, involving an expenditure over
and
above the considerable naval and mill- tary budgets of previous years of
c240,000,000 to be used in the next three years?.
the
The answer is that the offency of collective system in practice is
doubted. Its first real test was in the their imperialistic conquests in slan- fall of 1991, when the.Japanese began thuria and North China. According to the Covenant of the League of Nations, China could have looked for protection to the other states-menbors of the League. The Chinese Govern
Nations, because it was told that sane- tions against Japan would not be forthcoming.
I need not here enter into the. reasons why sanctions were not appli. ed to Japan, but the fact that they were not used, nor even an attempt made to use them, was the rat serious setback to the League of Nations it- self. This had a profound, though largely unvoiced, eflect on puhe opinion. everywhere.
most dat not appeal to the League of
against Ethiopia. It was known for Then came the Italian aggression months beforehand that Signer Musso- lini was determined to embark on an imperialist war of conquest. Yet so serious preparations were made by the other members of the League to pre- vent hostilities. When the Italian anmies actually invaded Ethiopian ter ritory the Council of the League acted with commendable rapidity and firm- ners, but only in a limited direction.
It full economic sanctions have not been applied against Italy, the doubt- ors naturally ask what chance would there be of complete economic sanc- tions being applied to Germany, whose foreign trade is far more important 7 And if the advocates of collective security cannot even guarantee that full economic sanctions would be ap plied to Germany in case of aggres sion, how much less can they be sure of the far greater sacrifice of military sanctions being undertaken?
changes, the more it is the same thing. Only a brain of Gallic subtlety could explain or justify some of these changes, or stateng a special matrimonial court wherein the difference consisted has led to the advocation of certain between one set of Ministers and reforms in the system of hearing matrimonial canes. Fifteen months another. In the recent elec ago a matrimonial court was set up tions, however, the cat jumped in London, and the widespread much further to the Left than interest which the most political prognosticators aroused led to the appointment by have created a standing army of NOW it may be asked: Is there thought likely, Socialists of the Home Secretary of a Committee | 1,300,000 men and are believed not a preventative value in many hues, sheltering under the of Enquiry in October, 1934. This to be capable of mobilising the League of Nations and the title of the Popular Front, won Committee has now issued a report built up a very strong air force, bodied in the Covenant? It is They have system of collective security em- a great victory. Whether they which contains a number of value which, when speaking in the true that the whole of the nations will be able to make good use strongly urged that matrimonial Chamber in Paris in February of Europe, with the exception of of it and improve the position of cases and other matters relating to last, was described by the French Germany, are members of the their country, domestic and in- family ilfe shall be considered by Air Minister, Pierre Cot, as the League: Until the Ethiopian ternational, remains to be seen. Magistrates at special sessions, the strongest in Europe, comprising adventure the Italians were pre It does not seem that they will Bench of Magistrates to include a 3,000 first-line machines. The pared to play their part in the woman Justice. The atmosphere Red armies are heavily mech. League also. When, two years be an altogether united family. of the court should, morcover, be anised. No doubt much of this ago, there was a serious threat The gentleman's agreement of a far less formal nature than is armament expansion by the by resurgent Germany to Austria, the which contributed to the win-the case at criminal hearings. The Soviet Government is with the Italians were prepared to resist any ning of the elections may not these cases should be limited to ern Siberian territories from an
number of Justices adjudicating in object of safeguarding the cast incursion into Austria by the Germans by force of arms, and they, also ex- pectul assistance from other states- withstand the strain of being in three. Admlasion to the court anticipated Japanese attack; but members of the League. authority. As far as Britain should be restricted to persons the Germans belleve it is direct-
In theory, the collective system directly concerned, Newspaper ze-
should preserve the pence of Europe, and other Powers are concerned, ports should be limited as they ed against them.
entalling only a moderate military ex- immediate interest centres inire at prescht in Divorce Court
penditure by the parties in the system. the policy that the new Govern-proceedings. These, and other re- ment may follow at Geneva. commendations, are proposed in the THERE is another reason for the German rearmament.
Thus, take the particular case of a hope of encouraging conciliation There have been suggestions between
real breach of the peace by Germany, the parties concerned. The disarmament clauses of the
It is known at the present time that |that it will be less ambiguous That they will succeed in many treaty of peace enforced on the German army is by no means in supporting the British cases there is no doubt. Out of a Germany by the victorious allies. ready for war. In March, 1935, Herr
total of 906' maintenance, “sum- Government
Hitler decided to face, the signatory than
in 1918 have been represented to the Sar-monses in Manchester in 1934, the German people as a humilia with the fuit accompli of the
powers of the Treaty of Versailles raut administration. There is, more than one-third of the parties tion and a badge of inferiority. introduction of conscription. The pro- of course, a marked change failed to appear as they had already The very fact that Germany was fessional army leaders in Germany
difference. composed their
In
wore opposed, on milltary grounds, to in the situation as between Italy cases adjourned to give an op: not allowed to have warships the step being taken at that time and and the other League Powers, portunity for conciliation,, fully above the modest tonnage of in such a sudden way. To increase as a result of the occupation of half came to nothing for the same 10,000, or heavy artillery, or Ethiopia, but the sanctions is reason. Should concillation fall, tanks, or war airplance, was a the court probation officer should bo reason for desiring these things sue still remains to be disposed called upon for a written "State as a symbol of equal sovereignty, of, and mich speculation exists mant of Allegations." which would Almost the last of the penal
The airmen themselves believe that with the increasing ceiling and speed as to the line the Blum Govern- serve as a busts for examination of clauses of the Treaty of Ver-
An efficient army must have its proper of the bombing altplane there is no ment will follow in this connec- the parties. Further, the Com-sailles, the demilitarised zone proportion of ofleurs and non real defence against it. The advo-
mittee recommend an increased re- tion when the League Council course by the probation officers to along the Rhine, has now been commissioned officers. There were not. catos of disarmament have carried on an intensive campaign for years dee- again meets in about a fort-medical assistance, and they pro violently swept away by one of nearly enough of these professional
Only
soldiers avallable, Retired officers and cribing the horrors of aerial warfare. night's time. On the Rhineland pose that all candidates applying Hitler's coups de theatre.
War, were called to train the new re- concerned are, therefore, inclined to for appointments as probation of the non-possession of colonies sergeants, veterans of the last World The common people in the countrics issue, it is stated that M. Blum feers should undergo a training remains as a sign of the final cruits. It a generally accepted that support their governments in the hope of creating hir forces of such strength will notify the League that particularly suited to modern social France will act vigorously to requirements.
the great war. This German re- capable of taking the field. It may keeping the pence.
the Yet the air weapon would be the armament has alarmed all her be considerably longer before prevent German re-fortification
neighbours, and they, In their equipment and organisation are avail-means of enforcing peace it only some of the former demilitarised they will be primarily concerned turn, are building up their de-able for a completa mobilisation. effective system of collective security, Germany's neighbours, notably in which the peoples believed, could be zone. The
measures in con-in future, as they have been in fences; for it has been coupled, France, Poland, Belgium and Czecho created: templation have not, however, the past, with making their with an extreme Nationalist pro- slovakia, have large conscript armica If the general pence survives the been disclosed. In general, it national security stand four-paganda advocating the incor- completely equipped and organised and present Rhineland crisis, there will be may be sald of French foreign square to all the winds that may poration of all German-speaking ready for mobilisation. Even after almost a certainty of two or three policy that Frenchmen, what, blow. Precisely where that their party colours, are policy will take them in the Frenchmen first and last. It is present troubled condition of
be assumed, therefore, that Europe remains to be seen.
ever
re-
the Reichswahr from a nominal strength of 109,000 men into an army, raised by conscription, of 600,000 men, and to attempt to do it in 12 months, was bound to place a great strain on the existing army organisation. There has been much confusion as a result,
There has been, therefore, a loss of faith in the collective system through the League of Nations, and it is re- Rected in the armament programines now in hand.
**
*
If the will to war exists, wars can
ments, as all history shows; but it is also a fact that great armaments create a war, mentality. The swift- ness and terror of the new air weapon in a very real causo of war fears and war mentalties.
be waged with light or primitive arnia.
defeat of the German armies in it will be at least two years before
the enrged German army will bo as to terroring their neighbours into
the
the German army has boen re- years' breathing space, for the reasons peoples within the Reich.
constituted in full strength, if explained. This racial doctrine, which Is collective system could be made effer- Provided the necessary statesman- as fundamental to the National tive and could be relied upon, the ship is forthcoming, that breathing Socialist creed as is opposition to existing military forces available would be, at any rate on paper, over-
Communism, would, if carried whelmingly stronger.
space can be used to create a real system of collective security in which Germany could play her full part.