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TELEGRAPH. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY
1,978 Years Ago
CICERO
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FRANCO-GERMAN RELATIONS
There can be no disputing the point that one of the chief obstacles to European and world peace lies in the continu-
The man was Cicero,, Rome's greatest orator, who died in the year 43 B.C.
His death date is a plen to the people of the world to realise the beauties and happincases of friend- ship.
For Cleero wrote the loveliest words that have ever been given to the world 'on friendship.
At the time of his daughter'a death he was more than sixty. He had seen all the rivalries and Jealousies of polities. He had tanted all #fe's pleasures.
*
E had known wealth and riches H
and fame, but he did not value them very highly. The philosophy he forged out from his life expers- ence in this time of trial was
"Put friendship above all things human."
And so of friendship he wrote, describing its virtues and why everybody needs it, showing what we must do to have friends and how people lose them."
He puts it in the mouth of the Roman general and man of letters. Gaius Laelius, but there is no doubt that the splendid philosophy of friendship is his own. Who, he asks first,
be friends?
Friendship, he decided, could only exist between good men,
could
On
1936.
Wrote These Imperishable Words FRIENDSHIP
If you can say to yourself tha! you have a friend, you may count yourself as a grand mall of woman, There is no friendship for those who are not good.
But who are the good people? You can measure yourself by wise Cicero's yardstick:-
and
"Those who so act and so live as to give proof of loyally and uprightness, of fairness generosity; who are free from all passion, caprice, and inao- lonce, and have great strength- of character."
*
*
THEN, Cicero writes of the attri- butes of a friend. He tells those things by which you may test n friend, of the beauties which we shull, find in friendship, and the things we must do to have friends.
of
First, he said, a friend is one from whom you have no secrets, and in whom you have ulter trust.
To a friend as Cicero conceived him you would not fear to con fide even something which would injure you if it were repented.
"How can life be what Ennina calls the life worth living' if it does not repose on the mutual good wilt of a friend? What is sweeter than to have some one with whom you may dare dis- cuss anything as if you were communing with yourself?" A friend, he goes on, is a person whom you never flatter.
"In friendship, unless you be hold and show an open heart, you can have no loyalty and not even the satisfaction of loving and of being loved, since you do not know what true love is.
Rome's
Greatest
Orator
Cicero was born in Italy four years before Julius Cacanr. He practised as a lawyer. At the age of forty-three he was conaul, one of the twin rulera of Rome elected for a year. He became governor of a ma. * vince in Asia Minor.
After Cacear's murder Cicero violently opposed Antony. became
1008
escape.
a marked caught while
??[21.
He
Ho trying to
And he voluntarily put his head out of the litter. It was shora of by a hired assaasin. He was sixty-three..
Then the head and right hand of. Rome'a greatest oralor were hung up in public in the Forum. Antony's wife so hated him that she came, pulled that cloquent tongue out of the mouth and repeatedly 'pierced it with a gold hair- pin.
CICERO
Cicero's oratory was so pathetic that it reduced the hearers to tears. His rhythmic sentences could rouse, them to transports of enthusiasm. Yet he never began a speech without acute inward
tremors...
valuing most highly those, which give hope of the highest gain.
"Thus do they fail to attain that loveliest, most spontaneous friend- ship which is desirable in itself and for itself."
A friend is some one in whose successes you really rejoice.
wise man, to maintain these two. rules in friendship:- First, let there be no feigning or
hypocrisy:
Second, let him not only reject
charges preferred by another, but also let him avoid even being Auspicious and even believing that his friend has done some- thing wrong.
"How could your enjoyment in times of prosperity be so great if "This flattery of which I spoke, you did not have some one whose "To this should be added a cer- however deadly it may be, can joy in them would be equal to your tain affability of speech and man- harm no one except him who re- own? calves and delights in it.
"Adversity would indeed be hardner, which gives no mean flavour
to friendship."
We must work hard to make and of the burden would be heavier even than keep our friends just as we work friendship in which one portles to it does not wish to hear to yourself. the truth and the other is ready
hard at our business.
to lie."
ing state of suspicion prevalent NOTES OF THE DAY There is nothing therefore in a to bear, without him to whom the
between France and Germany. There has latterly, however, WAITING FOR A SPARK been some indication of a feeling
has arisen from
ever.
tures to Herr Hitler on the
Day
something of the scene. In Europe strengthened by the receiving of a inferior should sland ов un latier."
*
FRIEND is some one whom we love whether we can get some- thing out of them or not.
"We believe," says Cicero, "that friendship is desirable, not because we are influenced by hope of gain, but because its entire profit is in
Α
"Love is nothing other than the endure.
*
about
rule decisions friendship should be formed after strength and stability have been reached in mind and age.
2
*
2
"For friendship adds a brighter
"Scipio used to complain that radiance to prosperity and lessens by day, it seems, the world A friend is one to whom we per- the burden of adversity by divid we were more painstaking in all other things than. In friendship: ing and sharing it." in France that the crisis which draws nearer to catastrophe. The form kindnesses.
This exchange of kindly acts, of the Italo- shadows of
A friend is a person whom you that every one could tell how. war and revolution heart-warming deeds of thought- treat as an equal in all circum- many sheep or gouts he had, but was unable to tell the number of Ethiopian dispute has made the always haunt us. For a little wefulness, Cicero thought, was the stances even though you may differ his friends; and that men took necessity of some sort of appear to progress, and then we very bricks and mortar of friend- in the eyes of the world.
"It is of the utmost importante pafns in getting the former, but ship. understanding between the two are cast down, Let-us" Hurvey
choosing the Yet jove is further in friendship that superior and were careless in nations more imperative than
It is well-known that M. the first stages of the naval dia-kindly service, by the evidence of equality BO that the latter But before you make these stend- Laval is auxious to effect a armament conference have failed to another's enre for us, and by closer should not grieve that he is sur- fast bonds of friendship be careful Franco-German rapprochement produce a formula even approximate familiarity, and from all these, passed by the former in intellect, of your man.
position. You must "You should love your friend and has made semi-official over the nations; and while the dele-may say so, a marvellous glow and as you can." ing the various requirements of when joined to the soul's first im- fortune or
pulse to love, there springs up, if I render to each friend as much aid after you have appraised him; you should not appraise him after you have begun to love him." subject. But it is equally clear gales search for a way to reduce greatness of good will,"
́naval strength, dockyards ring with
FRIEND-is-some-one of whom And what of the friends-of-our- that he is baulked to some cx- activity, and new. war vessels' take
we should never feel suspicious schooldays? tent by political opposition, in shape. In Geneva they are
and never feel slighted,.
"As 3 still
"Varied and complex are the which connection it must be laying plans for an oil embargo
experiences of friendship, and they borne in mind that the French against Italy, and we already know
afford many causes for suspicion partics of the Left, who form that such sanctions are #kely to
and offence which it is wise some- an essential part of M. Laval's precipitate a war. Great Britain
times to ignore, sometimes to make light of, and sometimes to "TOR' should men who in boy-
“ΝΟ Parliamentary majority, are at has suddenly decided to reinforce the love itself.
hood were devoted to hunting the moment disinclined to make her fighting units in Africa and is great esteem and affection felt for "There are certain men who and games of ball keep as their any gesture of friendship to commandeering liners for troop him who inspires that sentiment, reader friendship disagreeable by intimates those whom they liked at Germany. There are also diplo- transports. The Italians apparent and it is not sought because of thinking themselves slighted that period simply because they ly intend to ignore world opinion, material need, or for the sake of thing which rarely happens, ex- matic obstacles in the way of and will bomb anything and every-material gain. accord, based principally on the thing on the Ethioplan side of the "The majority of men recognise fact that, since the Great War, lines, Including ambulance units. nothing whatever in human ex- There are British ambulance unitsperience as good unless it brings French security has been built in the war one. We wonder what some profit, and they regard their upon alliances, under the Longue will happen if some of the British friends as they do their cattle (or of Nations, with those nations dcctors and nurses on duty there their securities, as we might say), which belleve they have reason to fear a resurrected Germany What dreadful danger for the world on that Ethiopinn -Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Ru-may be born
front where two savage armies face mania, Yugo-Slavia, and, more
nne another? We need look no recently, Russia. Any tendency farther for cause for alarm; and to conclude an understanding yet there are other spheres where some relatively irivial incident may with Germany would be re-
cause disaster. It brings one sented by these nations as a be- sense of futility that, for all the What, endeavours of the great minds of trayal of their trust. then, can be done in the matter? our time, for all the patient labours of statesmer and humanitarians, In the opinion of a foreign cor- we can still be so very near to in respondent in Paris, France, if credible horrors. Still, he would she is to conclyde any
be a pessimist indeed who did not effective agreement with Ger- admit the value of these works on behalf of the préservation of peace. Even if that which has been built must, either let many,
at so painstakingly be torn down and alliances (or
destroyed, the task of the future
of these
go
least relax to a point where moat of their efficacy will dis- appear) or she must obtain from Germany convincing assurances that any agreement renched con- tains no. implied threat to the status Coin Central and
are shot down by Italian machine- gunners on these aerial adventures,
a
will not be so arduous, for others may proaper by our and experience. The pity of it is that the human mind is still no feeble that it cannot grasp the lessons the past thousand years of history plainly holds.
Eastern Europe. But in the ment remains
the exclusion
fear, hatred or revenge." There
last resort the solution lles with from the publie consciousness of the people of France and Ger- many and with their leaders. are at the moment some indica- Above all, at the present mo- tions of progress in this direc- ment, it lies with the people of tion in France, and the promiso France, for on the other side of lasting peace will depend on
LANE, CRAWFORD, of the Rhine such decisions are this progress being confirmest
LTD.
Perfumery Dept.
Mezzanine Flr.
reserved to leadere. The posi- and continued. This prospect tion is well set out in the obser will come naturally when the vation that "the primary point thought of the two nations has for-both peoples, the first stop been made ready for it--but towards any real rapproche- not before.
SIDE GLANCES
cept in the case of persons who think they really deserve to be alighted; but they ought to be re lieved from Buch thoughts not only by words but by action.
"It is characteristic of the good man, whom I may also call the
By George Clark
"Now, we sometimes have to change the rules a little bit
because of Jerry's temper."
were fond of the same pursuits."
And suppose the man you call your friend shows himself to be of such a character that you can no longer want his company?
"The ties of such friendship should be sundered by a gradual relaxation of intimacy, unravelled
rather than rent apart.'
"Care must be taken lest it appear, not only that friendship has been put aside, but that open hostility has been aroused,
"For nothing is more discredit- able than to be at war with one with whom you have once lived on intimate terms."
Despite all the dangers of choos- ing unwisely, Cicoro's advice was: "Keep on making new friends.":
"Are new friends who are worthy of friendship to bo pre- ferred at any
times to old friends?" he asks.
*
*
"THE doubt is unworthy of a
human being. There should be no such thing
too many friends, as there can be of other
things.
"As in the case of wines that Improve with ogo, the oldest friendships ought to be the most: delightful. But new friendships are not to be scorned if they show hope of bearing fruit, like green shoots that do not disappoint us at." harvest time?” “bell..
For those who think that they can do without friendship or can. rub along with mere nequaintances: Cicero said:
"If it is evlilent in animals that they require and eagerly search for other animals of their own kind to which they may attach themselves -and this they do with a longing in some degree resembling human love thon how much more, by the law of his nature, is this the case with man, who loves himself-and- uses his reason fö soek out anöther, whose soul he may so mingle with his own, as almost to make one out of two?