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THE
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THE MONTESSORI SYSTEM
(Continued from Page 2)
TELEGRAPH. TUESDAY, APRIL 19, 1932.
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woman opens the windows it is CONSIGNEES' NOTICES: not, as a ruls, to let in the spirit of logic but the glow of sentiment; and santiment can pronounco both. strawberries and a musical sonata to be "awfully nico" without giv ing pride of place to either. It seems to me that a reading of Dr. Montessori, as well as some of the works about her, makes it clear that she rings the changes, now on one, now on another- of the following hazardous five points:
her College was "a plant, not of intellectual gymnasts, but of Or enlightened, useful women." we might rotraco the uphill fight of Margaret McMillan for all the ideals embodied in the nursery school. movement. I we did thle, wo should find many 1. Due importance attached to women opening many class-room sonso education; 2. "Spontaneous windows for the sunshine of hap- Development" and this socms to piness to stream into them and the be the kernel of her system; 8. In light of common sense to brighten dividual-Characteristics studied; thom. Not least amongst them 184. Perfect liberty; (not whim); 6. the Lady Doctor, Marta Montessori. Environment.
Debt to Seguin.
Developing the Sensen, One can hardly say that she is
It can be easily seen that if a pioneer in educational theories. apontaneous development be the She goes out of her way to acknow- centre of the system, early educa- ledge her debt to Seguin. She does tion must concentrate a good deal not know how deeply indebted on the senses, for the sense life is Seguin was to Pereira (1715-1780),the first to manifest itself in the in spite of Seguin's writings. child and, oven as the reasoning Pereira's work was devoted to deaf- mutes, who were sadly neglected. Power grows, the senses must supply the material for thought. The Latin poot Lucretius had writ- If the development is spontaneous,
individual it must clearly be the outcome of characteristics which cannot unfold themselves under the unduo restraint either of the teacher or of the environment.
ten of them: .
To instruct the deaf no art
could ever reach, No care improve them, and no
wisdom teach."
St. Augustine did not seem to be more optimistic. But Pedro Ponce de Leon, a Spanish monk in the monastery of Ona, wrote in 1678: "I have had for my pupils sons of great lords and notable people who were deat and dumb from birth. I have taught them to apoak, read, write and reckon. They calculated, prayed aloud, served
Mass, know Greek, Latin, Italian, and understood natúral philosophy and astrology." It is probable that Pereira, who had lived in Spain, knew something of the work of this monk. Pereira's special contribu- tion was his discovery of the all important function of the sense of touch. Through Seguin Dr. Mon- tessori learnt the possibilities of this sense, and we know the part assigned to it in the use of her apparatus by children. The sense education of the Savage of Aveyron by Itard and the principles involved deeply influenced Seguin who stu- died under Itard; and so they reached Dr. Montessori.
We remember that she com-
feeble menced bar work with minded children. Seguin had de- voted his life to them. But she soon convinced herself that "the child who has not the force to develop, and the child who has not yet deve loped are in some ways alike." And so that the elementary methods of Instruction of both groups should be similar. Hore wo have the starting point of her whole system. When one comes to ask what precisely the system is, the natural anawer would be rend her own book The Montessori Method. However,
we are immediately confronted with the strange anomaly that, when wo begin to talk with others who have read it, their interpretation sp- pears to be different from
ours. Turning to one ог two written accounts we find in Monroe's Encyclopedia of Education, that the essentials are 1. Sense Training; 2. Great Stress on Freedom. To Sir John Adams the system appeals especially as sounding the knell of clans-teaching; while Pitman finds 4 chief points: Greater freedom in the child's choice of occupation; opportunity of self-education: fuller training of the senses; more natural groupings of children. Yet another says: "the biological principle of liberty is. for Dr. Mon- tessori the fundamental prin- ciple of education."
We think that Dr. Montessori herself ls to blame-if blame be the word-for the uncertainty. If a
The lecturer dwelt for some time on the unity of these ideas in prac- tice, and continued:
I do not intend to say anything about the apparatus. No doubt the apparatus is the first thing that strikes the visitor to a Montessori school. Some of it is original, much of it is a woman's practical realisation of the theories of
Seguin and Itard, or a modification of Frochel's "gifts." Dr. Montes- sori, herself, does stress the im- portance of her apparatus, but we feel sure that future historians of educational development will de scribe Dr. Montessori, not உத classroom Santa Claus opening windows to hand in pedagogical toys, but as a woman with the rich instinct of a motherly heart under- standing child life and child needs, and with the sympathy born of this instinct davising practical and means to fill them.
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You, students of education, easily put your finger on flaws in her cnunciated theory. Though she was a doctor you may discover that some of her biological concepta aro deficient-I bellovo, that our would-be medicos sometimes and biology difficult, you might point; out her failure to link adequately organism, function and environ the child. If in the course of your ment. You might especially call attention, to her neglect of the training you learn this lesson of enormous Importanco of the sympathy with the young whom nervous system in our reactions to you are preparing to instruct; and You if Madame Montessori be the one experiments. educational would stress the fpet that it is the who has taught it to you, you will nervous system which links the bring to your work the richest of highly specialised organs and teaching qualifications, which various organic elements and binds miere Tamination can tost, and no
of degrees them together in the mysterious distinction physical unity of the human body. guarantes. When you do begin to apply logle to her written works you find that there are many wants and many inaccuracies. It is well that you, this. future teachers, should do But it is still more important that your scholastic efforts do not carry you away from the world of facts- oh, I do not mean the examination world of facte-for if the world of men were ruled by logic -the Pence Conferences of Geneva would either have been unnecessary would have long ago attained their ends. Still less is the playful world of children ruled by logic.
Dr. Hence I think that when Montessori opened her class-room windows it was above all to let out! the stern air of logic and to fill the room with a more congenial at- mosphere of spontaneity, created by a sympathetic understanding of
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