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LINKS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST.
LITERARY INFLUENCES
DISCUSSED.
A meeting of the Hongkong branch of the English Association was held last night in the Cathe- dral Hall. His Excellency the Oficer Administering the Govern- ment presided, and after the minutes of the last meeting had been duly read and confirmed, he called upon
the Revd. Fr. Mc- Donnell, S.J., to deliver his address on "Literary Links between East and West."
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 2, 1930.
as
We think of literature writings which have a universal interest by reason of their subject, and delight the aesthetic sense by their beauty of form. It has a pro- found human significance for it is the vital recreation of man's vision, experience, thought and feeling; it is the artistic expression of life through language. Western litera- ture springs admittedly from life itself, and springs from the great impulses of interest in people and their doings, motives, passions, re- Intions; it deals with the drama of human life. It comes from man's and the love of self-expression, various forms of literature disclose the social instinct.
China's Poetry.
As in all countries the earliest form of literature in China Is poetry. The "Si King" or "Odes" of Confucius are gathered from ancient collections, some of 1765- 1122 B.C. and are probably the oldest secular pems extant: they consist of songs, bulinds, and
Fr. McDonnell began by remark- ing that one of the best-known fucts in the history of European literature is that a nation's litera- ture is never isolated from other literatures and other epochs, but is often modified by profound in- fluences from outside; as, for example, the Renaissance brought hymns, Poetry has fived ever sitice the minds of men into contact within China where all men know the names of the ports and works Greece and Rome, and enormously of the Tong dynasty, the golden age affected the whole evolution of of Chinese literature. Contacids' modern literatures. One question "Book of History" was based on to be considered is are there any
more ancient documents; among similar connexions between East-
his writings are also "Spring and ern and Western literature. An
Autumn" and "Annals" which have examination of Chinese writings served as a model for historians in detail for traces of Western it since. He wrote philosophy too, Buence would be too big for the particularly moral philosophy which scope of a single paper and only has been responsible for much high an outline of the thoughts so sug moral teaching until the present gested would be possible.
time. These works combine superb The audience might have come style with high ideals. Chinese to the lecture hoping to hear the literature, however, unlike Euro- | newly-discovered and almost in- pean, is not considered to include: credible tale of ancient China be-fiction and the drama. There in civilisation in much of both written, but it is not included in true literature. Per- haps this fact is best to be explain- ed by the remark of John Adding-
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The particular themes of Chinese literature are as varied as life it- self. As in the West so in China these may be grouped thus:
1. Pieces portraying the per- sonal experience of the writer, as "A Wife's Memories" and "Night- Long Tryst" (both from the Odes| of. Confucius) and a later poem! "The Prisoner."
modern China looks back as to a golden age, and which survives as the noble tradition of a great peo-ton Symonds: "All art to be ple. The empire had settled down truly great must be moralised". from being a land of nomadic hunters to being a prosperous community of farmers. In the Weat, beyond the Ural Moutairs, dwelt a noble people with a high moral sense And a deep love of learning, who had through the growth of self-interest lost their exalted morals and narrowed their Interests; in fact they had become almost harbarian, until raised again 2. Poems dealing with man as by Christian culture, which is still man, the great questions of God. Iriving against savage reactions. life, death, sin, and immortality: This people sent investigators to these transcend the limits of the discover new lands over the Urals merely personal. They are sub- into Asia to the unknown regions lime but cannot equal the Hebrew by Eastern *CAS. There they psalms. The Prayer of the Em- found the farming nation flourish-peror Ting" (Odes of Confucius) ing and living in harmony like is of this type. brothers; in the Augustan phrase "people of Ceres." The scholarly explorers settled there and taught the natives, translating their national writings into Chinese, and
3. Those whose theme is the relation of man to his fellows, the social world with all its activities and problems which
ure the source f deep emotion, thence
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teaching them the songs of the of literature. "The Friend For TALKING TO BRAZIL. ' West which are preserved in gotten." "The Bulwarks of Em- fragments in the "Ode" of Con-pire" and the prose letter of an
fucius.
по
However, not a story, but the truth must be told: there is historical record of any important influence on China from the West, If nor on Europe from China. then there are no patent links in origins or modifications of the two literalures is there any other bond? If owing perhaps to the peculiar Chinese character-language (the literary wall of China) no direct influence is felt, may there not be indirect influence through religion, philosophy, or social customs? There is no satisfactory evidence of this. Chinese social customs have their own individuality.
Chinese Religion.
The early religion of China was monotheistic, but became mingled with superstitions and the cult of junumerable deltles. It remaine to examine the substance of the literature and see if any internal influence establishes a bond. Opinions of critics vary as to its merits. One sinologue has called it a "barren wilderness;" others claim for it high merit of beauty and form. Some say the language is too hard and inelastic, yet European sinologues say it has a rich vocabulary, delicacy of touch, and conciseness of style. There is a voluminous quantity of litera- ture ranging from before Con- fucius (551 B.C.) to the present day, and those best fitted to judge of it, the Chinese themselves, have a deep and widespread literary ap preciation that is rare in Europe. Even little children know and love good writing.
exile in Tartary are of this kind.
FRENCH WIRELESS TELE- PHONE SERVICE,
1. Poems treating of the ex-
Paris, Apr. 1. Wireless Telephone conversation] ternal world and our relations to it; in this class are many gems of between France and Brazil has been verse, such 38 "The Crescent successfully inaugurated by the Moon" (Tong dynasty 600-900 respective Ministers of Posts and A.D.}
Telegraphs. They conversed most clearly for 15 minutes.--Reuter.
tivities.
5. Pieces showing our own ef- forts to create and express under the forms of literature and art, including literary criticism.
Literary Elements.
a
The lecturer concluded by expressing his desire for better understanding of the ideals In Chinese as in European and thoughts locked in the trea-i literature we may see the elements sure-house of Chinese literature, which an author brings to bear in and by saying that the English As his work; there are the intellectual sociation can bring the English and the emotional (the latter con- into touch with Chinese thought. cerned with the writer's own probably to the great gain of Eag- feelings and, those he wishes olish literature: for the benila hare arouse in us) and the imaginative, are not superficial but intimate 30 strong and lusting: they are bonds of the that faculty of vision and intense that it almost gives soul and not of accidental growth. a similar power to the reader's His Excellency in thanking Fr. mind. The Chinese poets have a McDonnell for his able and learn- wonderful gift for calling upled address regretted the absence pictures of exquisite beauty as in of Sir Ceril Clementi. himself a the poem "On an Old Battlefield." literary link between England and A nation's literature is not a China by reason of his trans- haphazard collection; it is the pro-1lations from the Cantones. Kressive revelation of a nation's then declared the meeting open for mind and character, and though a discussion in which Mrs. Snu- an individual's departure from the thorn and others took part. After normal may be the most interesting a vote of thanks had been accorded and stimulating part of his work, to the lecturer, His Excellency the work as a whole will reflect the announced that this meeting would spirit of the age which is well be the last of the present session, It and that the Association would discernible and all-pervasive.
He
is through the study of their litera- now adjourn until October next. ture that we can best understand A vote of thanks to Sir Henry other taces. History deals with Gollan (Vice-President) who is, to externala, literature with intellec-the great regret of the Association, tual and moral characteristics and leaving the Colony next week, was the aims of a people's inward ac heartily accorded. The meeting
was then adjourned.
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