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WEDNESDAY, JUNE 12, 1929.
MENACE OF MALARIA. volunteers, Dr. Manson and Mr. CONSTABLE'S LAPSE.
LECTURE BY DR. A. R WELLINGTON.
DEMANDING MONEY FROM
A SHOP FOKI.
Warren. Nelthor of these gentle men had over been out of Eng- land, nefther had ever suffered from malaria and neither of them had malaria parasites in his blood. within 10 days both went down with malaria, parasites were P.C. Tam Wing way yesterday round in the blood of each, and afternoon sentenced to six weeks' these parasites were the same as imprisonment with hard labour at those wife occupied the blood of the conclusic of the hearing of a
charge of misconduct by domand
that of holding up a wineshop foki in the street and menacing him into takin stops for the raising of sum of $400 which he set as the price of the immunity of the fobi from arrest.
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In vlow of the efforts made locally to deal with malaria in Hongkong, the following lecture
Don't Forget! by Dr. A. R. Wellington, M.B.C.S LEC.P. D.Ph., D.T.M. and H., the
Before going home to-day get a Principal Civil Medical Officer and the Italian patients at Rome:
Similar experiments have been ink money with monaces from a vial of Pinkettes, the dainty little formerly Senior Medical Officer of done in various parts of the world fokt of a native wineshop at Jaxatives that give naturo just the the F.S., is of Interest,
Yaumati. Tho ́lecture. · WIS delivered and it is now universally accept- several years ago and was published by scientific men that malaria A..S. P. Murphy, reviewing the assistance needed to correct con-
enao for the prosecution, said It stipation, diverishness, ed in pamphlet form by the 18.spread from man to man by cor was a serious allegation that had headaches, ill smelling breath.
tain species of anopheline mos-been brought against the accused: Malaria Advisory Board, F.M.S.
1. Mularia in its restricted quitoes.
That malaria often breaks out senso means a disease of humans caused by a microscopic organism after ground has been opened is which invades the corpuscles of frequently cited as a proof that the blood, feeding on them, des- the disease can be spread by troying them and excreting poi- something set free from the earth
by the turning over of the soil. While the necessary machinery sons which cause fever,
2. Malaria in its fullest sense The disturbance of the soil cer- was set in motion by the accused Includes all the factors immediate tainly to frequently followed by at Yaumati to onable the fox to and remote which liave an effect malaria, but the effect is not establish contact with his cm- on the growth and dissemination direct but indirect. Water on ployers: for, the raising of this of the malaria parasite.
new earth somehow has an attrac money, another get of machinery 3. At one time thought to be tion for the female, anopheline, was put into motion. on this side a simple subject, investigation has What that attraction is has not of the harbour, where, unknown to proved it to be very involved. yet been worked out. I believe it the accused, the master of the Professor Kunen, the celebrated to bp of a chemical nature for it wineshop got into: communication Dutch Investigator, said recently disappeara on weathering. Per-with the authorities, with the re- "ten years ago we knew all about haps it is'n 'chemical in solution sult that a trap was set into which malarin-now the only thing we which has home influence on the the accused walked. are sure of is that we only know food supply of the larvae. Per- The decused; through his lawyer the fringe of the subject. You haps it is that anopheline finde (Mr. F. H. Loseby), ploaded an will get some idea of the magni- the pool first and that the eggs alibi, saying that he was at the Jarvae reach time in the shop of a clansman: tude of the problem when I tell hatch and the
natural waiting for a man with a nickname you that what we already know maturity, before the fills, books.
enemics have found out they are corresponding to "Long John." 4. In a lecture like this I can there. Whatever it is the fact re- On hearing the sound of a police only sketch out briefly the evolu- maine that moro larvae are likely whistle being blown in the street, tion of our knowledge of the to be found on water in connexion his, policeman's instincts were aetiology of the disease, the life with new earth than in pools ad-aroused, and it was natural that, history of the parasite, its effecta jacent but in contact with old when he saw three men running earth. After a month or more along, apparently in pursuit of on human progress.
some change takes place, and in somebody, he should join in the History.
the water which was formerly chase. It was his misfortuno that. few or none thickly populated with larvae, ale should be adstaken for the man
to be found. whom they were chasing." This is one reason why earth Major Willeen, at the end of the works are so often followed by a case, said he believed the prosecu- Antion had made out a very strong temporary wave of malaria. For centuries the disease has other reason is the tapping of un-case against the accused. After been known to be in some way "derground reservoirs, the water being informed that the accused connected with swamps and that from which forms springs which possessed a "fair" record of ser- people who live near swamps, ca flow until the reservoir is empti- vice, his Worship passed sentence pecially those who spend the nighted when they dry up. in the vicinity, are particularly liable to contract the disease. Nothing was known of germs or microbes in the old days and dis- eases were often attributed to the inhalation of poisonous guses.
The big cyclo-man to masquito- It was noticed that mists form-
and mosquito to man-after ed over swamps during the night and that these mists had a chill- The small cycle, the parasite in time the resistance of the body. ing effect on the body. What was man. The parasite is a living or- becomes so great that the para- more natural than to attribute theganism so minute that it can only nite finds it difficult to carry on. shivering attack of malaria to this be seen through microscope When this happens the intra eor mist or bag air, the malaria of the magnifying hundreds of times. puscular parasites change their For the benefit of those who do imbits. They refuse to divido swamp.
Laveran,. French
not know, I will explain that our when they have reached maturi- surgeon,
blood is a colourless fluid in which ly. Their internal arrangement while examining the blood of malarin patients under the micro- are floating innumerable little changes somewhat and they be scope noticed moving bodies in discs called red corpuscles. To come more resistant to outside in- some of the red corpuscles. He the presence of these corpuscles thiences. Two forms can now be in due the redness of the blood. listinguished, one is male and the concluded that these were the
other female,
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5. The term malaria is a com- bination of two Italian words mal, meaning bad, and aria BIT bad air.
-
cause of the disease, the parasites
are
ag stated above.",
The Life History of the Parasite.cles and the liberation of the suc
The life history of the parasite may be described as a cycle with- in a cycle. The little cycle takes place in rian, the big eyele partly in man partly in the mosquito.
+
and like all living matter it feeds The parasite is a living body of malaria. He was right,
Manson in China proved the and it excretes and what it ex- mosquita to be the vector of trules is poisonous, flaria, worm which causes ele-) phantiasis in man. He argued that the parasite of malaria might well be carried by the same insect and that the fact that mosquitoes breed in swamps would explain the connexion between swamp
and malaria.
Ronald Ross had the Bante theory. He worked it oul uild proved that malaria is carried from man to man by t certala
species of mosquitoes belonging to the family anophelines. He show ed that the anopheline is not a
mere mechanical tool like a vac- eination lancet, that it does not infect one human with the infect-
mos.
cessive doses of poisons which causes the intermittent rises of temperature which are so charac teristic of malaria.
ค
It is here that the mosquito comes into the field as a host for the parasite.
stomach
The parasites find their way Not all mosquitoes can act us into the corpuscles,, feed on their hosts for the sexual forms, the substance, and destroy them. As stomach juices of the vast major- the parasite grows the substancey are too strong and the para- of the corpuscles disappears but aften are killed. The the corpuscular skin remains juices of any mosquito will kill whole. Inside the skin are the the sexual forms. But the gastric remains of the corpuscle, the juices of some species of anophe- lines Instead of killing the sexual
parasite and its excretions.
When full grown the parasite forms stimulate them to action. breaks up into segments which are The male throws out certain whip- arranged around a contro contain-like processes which break off, ing the excretions. Each of the swim to a female and become ab
sorbed in it. segmenta la a young parasite,.
The corpuscular skin bursts liberating the young parasites and the potsons.
R
The impregnated female now becomes elongated and its an- terior end pointed. It bores its The poisons upset the body and way into the mosquito's stomach wall where it stays and under- bring on an attack of fever.
Some of the young parasites get goes development. It forms into fresh red corpuscles and, com- prickly bodies like chestnut burrs destroyed, some find their way ball. Inside the ball little round form. The prickles which are the mence a new cycle.
and all up, the ball. The ball or young parasites leave the burr tumour bursts, the prickles es cape into the tissues of the insect and" aro distributed all over its body by its blood stream.
ed blood of another, but that the parasite actually invades the ils- sues of the insect and causes a general infection. When the saliva becomes infective which it does after an interval of 10 duysed the asexual cycle because there
The tile cycle lo man is call then and then only, is the quito capable of passing on the le no conjugation between diffe-
ent sexes before multiplication. infection to another human.
The reaction of the human The human body is not a passive agent in discuse. It resents intrusion of any foreign matter and it takes measures to rid itself
Malaria may now be defined as) disease of man and of certain species of anophelines caused by a micro-organism (the malaria paraalte) which passes from mos- quito to man and from man' to mosquito through the sucking pro- boscis of the Insect, The human infects the mosquite, and the mos- quito infects the human, there is no direct infection from man to mun or from mosquito to quíto.
m09-
the
Some enter the salivary glands and find their way into the saliva, When a mosquito biter It In-
of any which may find entry. It Jeets saliva to make the blood run has a factory for the manufac- better. It is this saliva, which ture of anti-toxins or antidotes to cause the Irritation which most foreign polsons. It has a factory of us have experienced.
The enliva of an infected mos- for the manufacture of poisons, Lubstances which have a detri- quito contains the parasites and mental effect on foreign organisme one bite from such may start the but which do no harm to itself, asexual eyelo, It has a factory for the manufac- ture of leucocytes or white cor- puncles, the policemen and scaven- gers of the body..
Incubation periods. After ino- culation into a human, it takes ten days for the parasites to in- crease to such a number that their combined poisons can cause symp! toms of fever. After symptoms
Proof of the Mosquito Theory,
Sambon, Low, and Terzi resided for three months in one of the most malarious districts, in Italy,
The anti-toxin neutralises the They lived in a hut protected from poisons of the parasite and brings fosquitoes by, wire gauze. Thby the temperature back to normal. of fever appear 10 days olapse be wore out all day in all weathers, The opsonins lower the vitality of fore the sexual forms become often did hard manual, work, the organism and prepare the way manifest. After Ingestion by the drunk the water of the place, but for the attack of the loucocytes mosquito of the sexual forms a from sunset to sunrise stayed in or police. The police gobble up further period of 10 days olapses side their mosquito-prooted hut. the parasites and dispose of them. before the young forms appear in They took no quinine or any other It is by the provision of antits saliva. precaution beyond staying in the toxins, opsonina, and leucocytes) Ono infected mosquito may In- mosquta proofed-house from aun- that the body resists any disease. feet any number of humans and set to sunrise, the biting time of The factories work better when one infected man may infect any tho anopheline. Neither of the the body is maintained at'a high number of mosquitoca. Remem- three contracted malaria. Their long and that is the reason why ber that the infected human is a neighbours all around who were malaria relapses occur when the focus for the spread of Malaria not protected from mosqutlo bites, constitution is lowered by chills and that an infected baby is just as dangerous as an infected adult, went down repeatedly with the or other untoward influences.
But neither, the anti-toxins, the Native children are most danger opsonins por the polica can touch ous as they are not screened by anything protected by the cor mosquito curtains from the bites puscular skin. And it is the of susceptible anophélines, periodic bursting of the corpus-
(To be Continued)
THE UNION STORE,disease.
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Anophelines fed in Roms on malaria patients, were sent alive to the London School of Tropical Medicine where they fed on two
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