THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH.
HONGKONG'S WATER SUPPLY.
HARBOUR PIPE LINE
ABERDEEN, SCHEME.
AND
SALT WATER PROJECT.
An interesting document has been published by the Govern- ment. It contains three reports by engineers upon the problem of the Hongkong Water Supply, and what can be done to remedy the shortage. There is also a covering report by the Director of Public Works."
..
THURSDAY, JUNE 28,
1928.
BANKS.
HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI
い
BANKING CORPORATION.
Authorised. Capital
Issued and Faily Paid-up
Sterling
trer...
Reserva forw
Liabil
Taking all circumstances into from this Reservoir would requiro fint piece of land from the public, consideration I consider the fol to be pumped nearly 400 feet.. but this site would appear to offer lowing a modest estimate of the Reservoir Sito (d) is situated the greatest and almost, the last daily full supply water require-directly below the exlating Pok-possibility of large increase on monté of the City for the next five fulam Reservoir, the dam site the Island. The Dam Sites have years;
being at the road bridge over the never been investigated and it is 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 stream. Laking, the overflow, from not known therefore if they offer 10 10.4 10.811.2 11.8 the Pokfulam Valley and outfall-economic possibilities. As how mil. mill mill. mill. milling at Waterfall Bay. Best ever, oven if feasible, the darns serve Funda galls. galls. galla. gulls, galle. The reservoir is amall, having owing to their length would be an estimated capacity of 78 million costly, and heavy contingent worke Kowloon.
gallons while its construction in the shape of pumps and paa- During the decade 1911 to 1921 would mean the resumption of
sibly a tunnel to the North side the population in Kowloon showed Pokfulam Village,
of the Island would be necessary, Dairy. Jan average annual Increase of Farm and other buildings and the ment of this alte, at least till'all! I would not suggest the develop- about 84%.
realignment and reconstruction of in 1921 was 760 rallion gallons sumptions which would greatly in As Tytam Tuk Reservoir is at The actual water consumption about half a mile of the main cheaper water either on the Island
or Mainland has been obtained. Pokfulam Island Road. These re and in 1927 it was 1,249 million crease the cost of the reservoir are present, short of Catchment Area, gallons, showing an average an-considered undesirable for other would propose the construction C. 9. &. nual increase of 10.7%.
of the Mt. Pottinger, Mt. Parker," Tytam Tuk (East) and Dragon's Back (East) Catchwaters, all of which woult drain into that re-
supply in Kewloon is inrgely by When it is remembered that the street fountains but that a very large number of metres for inter-
reasons.
the
servoir.
The reporta show that the Colony has been fortunate in enjoy Ing abnormal rainfall for some years. On the falarid, the normal supply falls short of requirements by 2.75 million gallons per day, and the discrepancy is likely to increase in 1932 to 4.86 million gallons a day-a serious prospect.
The verdict is that the carrying out of the Aberdeen scheme during the past few years, it is to Hongkong and bounded on the Back (West) Catchwater owing to
The Only One.
nal services bave been granted on the South side of the Island I would not propose the con-
Reservoir Site (0) is the basin containing the village of Littlestruction of either the Dragon's
and
of the problem. Economy by utilising salt water. for flushing purposes is discussed, but it is hold that the benefit would not justify expenditure, even if refuse were used for fuel. ¡
In his covering report the Direc«f tor of Public Works says:
neer.
A. D. P. W.
Distillation Scheme.
1932.
Cameron and on the South by Brick Hill, two dams being neces- say, one across Stanton Creek near Aberdeen and the other at the Brickworks close to Deep Water Bay.
cal area length ratio, or D'Aguilar Peak Catchwater owing to the un- favourable nature of the ground, cost and length of carry,
The preceding proposals would to the extent of 3.62 million gal lons per day, which would still augment the supply on the Island
for its aize, but the overflows leave a deficiency of 0.63 million from the Aberdeen and Wongael-gallons per day in 1982, chong Reservoirs could be divert ed into it, considerably increasing Its productive capacity.
This is the only site left on the Island for a reservoir of any con- siderable size, but in the past it inadvisable
।
Kowloon.
.........¡$250,000,000 $10,000,000
6,000,000 $14,900,000 Proprie-
-$20,000,000
HEAD OFFICE HONG KONG,
COURT OF DIRECTORSÍ.
A. I. Commpion, Pat,
LN- Chairman
N. S. Brown, 503. Depatr Chairs.
Hor....
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J. A Plummer, Esq. T. G. Well, Bag
H. P. White: Eng.
Chief Hansrer.
Hon. Mr. A. C. Dynami
il
LONDON
LYONS KALACGA MANILA
BRANCHES :-
ANOT DANGKOK BATAVIA DOARAY
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4
CHEFOO "COLOMBO DAILLEN FOOCHOW
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on
may be
SHANGHAI
TSINGTAO KUALA LUMPUR YOKOHAMA CURRENT ACCOUN S⋅ opened in 100AL. CURRENCY and FIXED DEPOSITS received. for one year or shorter periods in LOCAL CURRENCY AND STERLING which will be quoted on application. Of the possible extensions on -Hongkong, 26th February, 1928, the mainland, Kun Tong and Ren- nie's Farm sites are too small for
HONGKONG BAVINGS BANK. our present needs while Chin Lan has been considered
The Business of the above Bank is ro Chu would involve the removal of docted by the HONGKONG AND SHANGF in the public interests to alienate a very large village, which is un- from the use of the public. For
DANKING CORPORATION. this valuable dat piece of country desirable except as a last resort.
obtained on application.
FOR THE HONGKONG I would propose the 'construc- BANKING CORPORATION. this reason the site has never been tion of the Kowison Byewash Dam, great lengths of the Dams, the regard to existing works, requires investigated, but In view of the which is favourably situated with considerable resumptions and the contingent works in the way heavy contingent works necessary, economically developed in conjunc the reservoir would be costly while tion with the Shing Mun Works.
of filters or pumping and could be
pumped, adding further heavy repletion of the 1st., Section of the all the water would require to be
I would also propose the com- current charges..
Henderson reviews the forth in my report dated 8, 4. 24, Shing Mun Valley Scheme as set private reservoirs and the catch as this would appear to produce waters.
Mr.
Kowloon Reservoirs.
the cheapest water available.
A. C. HYNES,
Chief Manager,
NEDERLANDSCHE HANDEL-
MAATSCHAPPIJ.
(Netherlands Trading Societr.
DANKERS.
ESTABLIRUED 1834. HONGKONG OFFICE; 11, QUEIN'S ROAD, Authorised Capital
Paid-Up Capital
Roserve. Fond
CENTRAL.
Guilders 160,000,000.
1212,500,000.). Guilde 80,000,000,="
(6,686,670.) Guilders $9,000,000,- (46,352,125.)
Head Offer-AMƏTERDAM® Eastern Head Offers—DATAVIA.
BRANCHES-Dandermarin,
THE CHARTERED BANK OF INDIA, AUSTRALIA & CHINA,
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Foreign Exchange and General Bankle-f busineen Ladenoted
Current Account opened and Fixed Deplin received for pane or shorter periods, at vitae Which will be quoted to application.:
J. R. GEORGE -
Manager,
Hongkong, 18th February,- 1927,
THE NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK.
Capital, Surplus
and Undivided " Profits... U.S.$161,000,000 Commercial and Travallers' Let ters of Credit, Travellers' Chequos, Bills of Exchange and Cable Transfers bought and sold. Cur- rent accounts and Savings Bank accounts opened and Fixed De posits in local and foreign curren- cios taken at rates that may be as- certained on application to the Bank
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We are also able to offer our Customers the services of the
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14*, The Hague", Kobe, Kota-
be excepted that the consumption per head will increase and that the daily consumption will there- fore increase in proportion"more rapidly than the population. The above figures support this view.
Taking all eircumstances into The scheme for obtaining fresh consideration I consider the fol- his reservoir which is large The following reports on the in water by the Distillation of Salt lowing a modest estimate of the has very little catchment aron vestigations carried out to ascer-Water has been enquired into and dally full supply water require tain the most feasible and econo-fully reported upon by Mr. Jackman,ments of Kowloon during the mical method of augmenting the A.D.P.W. but the excess of cost next five years: Water Supply to the Colony are of this process as compared with 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 submitted herewith:
the cost of augmenting the exist () Report upon Water Supplying water, supply doca net admit
8,8 4,18 4.45 4.66 *4.9 and extensions by Mr. Hen-
mili. mill. mill mill. mill. Jof its further consideration. derson, Waterworks Engi The question of the utilization
galls. galis. galls. gails, galls. (b) Report upon the utilization destruction for the pumping of
of power obtainable from refuse Comparison of Existing Capacities of Salt Water of flushing salt water for flushing purposes
and Estimated Requirements.. purposes by Mr. Newhouse, has also been considered. Mr. figures that in 1928 Hongkong's It will be scan on comparing Drainage Engineer.
Jackman, during his absence on (c) Reports upon the Distilla- leave, made careful investigations estimated production falls short of tion of Sea water and, the and examined the different types mill, gallons per day, and that by its estimated requirements by 2.75 power obtainable by the in-of Refuse destructors in use in 1932 without further works this troduction of refuse des various towns in England, India shortage will have increased to tructors by Mr. Jackman, and The Straits Settlements with 4.35 mill. gallons per day: figures
a view of ascertaining what power which speak for themselves. Owing to the excessively hilly was obtainable from such pro- formation of the Island of Hong-cesses..
In Kowloon the estimated pro- kong the question of water supply | The report on this subject al-duction this year exceeds the eati- presents greater difficulties than though it shows the unlikelihood of mated consumption by 1.2 mill. are met with in many other parts any such ceonomical use being gallons, but this surplus will of the world. The waterworks in made out of refuse destruction in have practically disappeared by consequence, consist of a collec-Hongkong, suggests the desirabili- tion of scattered reservoirs atlity of introducing an up-to-date Taking the Colony as a whole varying elevations, the water sup-unit of one of the most successful the total shortage during the cur- piles from which are gravitated or plants described as a nucleus of rent year is estimated at 1.55 mill. pumped into the elty along efra Refuse destructor Installation. gallons per day, a figure which cuitous routes, and necessitate a Only after experiments and expert-will increase to 4.25 mill. gallons sories of filter beds and service ence with such a plant can the uti per day in 1932. reservoirs of varying sizes and at lity of the by-products or power
The approximate working capa different levels, making the ques-obtained by refuse destruction bocity of the Hongkong Filter Beds tion of distribution a matter of ascertained, as the calorific value is 9.3 mill. gallons per day, which great intricacy and calling for of the matter to be dealt with a 0.7 mill. gallons less than the very careful manipulation to ob-varica considerably in different current year's estimated average tain the most economic distribu-cities,
daily consumption. An annual tion: (in some casca inyolving After having examined and dally average consumption of pumping) to the localities at again considered the various sug- 10 MIL gallons means 1 which the water supply is requir-gestions and proposals put for daily average during the four ward from time to time for con- hottest months of the year of Investigations show that the serving and augmenting the water at least 11 mill. gallons, so that best method of augmenting the supply of the Island, it is proved
the deficiency in filtering capacity water supply of the Island is by that the most feasible method of on the Island is really 1.7 mili, million gallons is in the basin in both on the Island and the. Main- the construction of a Reservoir at obtaining an increased water sup gallons per day, and will rise to which the village of Chin Lan Aberdeen and thus increasing the ply is by completing the 1st Sec-about 3.7 mill, gallons per day in Chu stands East of Customs Pass. Very considerable resumption of supply to the West of the City tion of the Shing Man Schemo on where it is most needed-other Re- the mainland and by developing The approximate working capa- houses and padi-fields would be
Mr. Henderson estimates the servoir aites have been reported the Aberdeen Scheme on the Is-city of the Kowloon Filter Beds necessary.
Aberdeen Schonte, Shing Mun Reservoir Site (d) of 175 million Scheme (harbour, pipe line) and upon but all these have decided land. The frat section of the 8 7.9 mill. gallons per day (on disadvantages or difficulties in Shing Mun Scheme hay already completion of Shing Mun Filters) gallons capacity is situated in the the rest of his suggestions to cost the way of their development, obtained the sanction of the Sec- while the highest average daily valley immediately below the exist-$6,151,000. He says in conclu- ply of Hongkong can be obtained completion, has been delayed for period of one week was 4.16 mill reservoir and the Raw Water Re-existing, Water Supply that the Alzendr Further increase to the Water Sup-retary of State and though its consumption during 1927 over ang Kowloon Reservoir and would slon:
impound the overflows from that When it is remembered by connecting the Island supply various reasons it is hoped that gallons, or, say, 4.5 mill. gallons ception Reservoir in the Lower Colony has cost approx. $14,000,- Boobay Ayres with that of the mainland. This the necessary funds will be made per day in 1928.
London Sheklaipul Valley. This site is a 000 and that a further sum of ap-
Lou Angelor proposal forms part of the 1st Ser-available early this year so that
a surplus favourable one,
Calcutta Lyons tion of the Shing Mun Valley it may not be further postponed. filtoring capacity of 3.40 mill. gal-
prox. $6,000,000 The Shing Mun Valley Scheme bring it up to requirements in Dalren (Dalny) Nagoya
Canton required to
Manila Changchun *Nagroal Water Scheme.
The sanction of the Secretary lons per day, but this surplus has already been dealt with in 1932, a gross return in 1927 of of State for an early commence-gure will dwindle to about 2.8 my report to you dated 8.4.24 and approx. $1,100,000 (nearly half in amb Urgent Works.
mill. gallons in 1932. ment to be made with the Aber-
Taking the Colony as a whole portions of the 1st. Section have tax) cannot be considered Adelanto The report by Mr. Henderson, deen Scheme has already been there is a surplus filtering capa- tions are still under construction.
been completed while other por-quate. Waterworks Engineer, upon the sought so that this scheme also city of 1.70 mill, gallons per day, existing water supply, estimated may be undertaken and proceed-but by 1932 this surplus will have comparatively close to Kowloon date and I would propose rear-
The present Waterworks system Helalu This exhausts the possible works of finance is in my opinion out of requirements and proposed extened with as soon as possible., sions, brings out very forcibly the
which would naturally produce the ganization on the lines suggested urgent need for the programme of
cheapest water, but when neces-in my reports to you on this sub- sary there are Bources
farther ject dated 21. 9. 27 and 13, 12, 27, afield available.
If my suggestions were carried out and my estimates proved even approximately correct then á large proportion of the money
ed.
1
Resources and Requirements
1982.
There is therefore
disappeared and there will be deficiency of filtering capacity of 1.00 mill. gallons per day.
Reservoirs.
A list of possible, waterworks extensions is given.
The preceding proposals both in Hongkong and Kowloon when com- (a) is situated in the lower Kun ply of the Colony up to 18.53 mil- At Kowloon a Reservoir Site pleted would bring the total sup Tong Village opposite Channel lion gallons per day or approx. Rocks and has already been con- equal (16.5) to the estimated re- sidored in connexion with, indus- quirements in 1932. With the ad- trial development. The poor and capacity small and being the Aberdeen Scheme the filtering site is dition of the filters proposed under practically at sen, level involves capacity of the Colony would also pumping Construction costa approx. equal requirements, would be high.
Reservoir Site (b) is situated in the basin known as Rennie's Farm near Customs Pass. Its capacity is very small and catchment area limited involving catchwaters.
Reservoir Site (c) capacity 200
Proposals.
On completion of these Works consider the 2nd Section of the Shing Mun Valley Scheme should be commenced.
sumption a consistent annual pro- To cope with the increased con-
tribution improvement is necessary gramme of mainlaying and dis- land.
Balance Tanks at North Point and Kowloon City are be coming urgent necessities.
let.
Radja, Makassar, Meds, Banking Corporation in San Fran- Padang, l'alembang, Poku longan, Penang, Pontianak, cieco, Spain and the Philippine Bangoon, Rotterdam", Sam
TANE".
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Lud
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Hongkong, 10th July, 1927.
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THE BANK OF CANTON, LIMITED.
Patablished 1912.
HEAD OFFICE: HONGKONG. Curzemer)
Paid-up Capital
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Canton, Bhanghai, Hankow, Bwatow, Bangkak, New York and Ban Fran claro,
..
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HEAD OFFICE:
additional works, which he submits MR. HENDERSON'S REPORT. to be undertaken and carried out without interruption during the next five years, if the water re- quirements of the Colony are to
Exhaustively Discussed.
Under "Comparisone" I have necessary for the foregoing pro be adequately met-it further
Reservoir Sites (a) and (b), shown that at present the Colony's posed works would he provided Asthorized Capital fllong Kons shows that it is only due to a moati Mr. R. M. Henderson In
estimated capacities 70 and 40 supply is short of estimated re- from new revenue and the waste fortunate series of years of rain-lengthy report first exhaustively situated in the upper Tytam par day and that by 1932 without duced.
a million gallons respectively, are quirements by 1.566 million gallons of water would be considerably re- fall above the average that a seri-Jiscusses existing resources and Valley within the catchment area new works the shortage will have ous water shortage has been pre-estimated requirements. The is of the present Tytam (Upper) risen to 4.25 million gallons per tried to undersbate rather than vented, and as stated these fortland's total storage capacity in Reservoir.
Throughout this report I havo: uitous circumstances cannot be ex-2,118.41 million gallons, and the
day. I would therefore propose a exaggerate the need for large pected to continue.
These dams being at a level of programme of works to wipe out waterworks extensions but it must LONDON BANKERS:---- mainland's 501.76 million gallons. 760 0. D. approximately would be this deficit by 1932, the works to be evident from the figure given The question of conserving "It is difficult," says Mr. Hen-very difficult and costly to develop, be those producing cheapest water that such extensions are an ur- World. the Water Supply by the derson, "to work out with any.would foul Tytam, The Byewash and
The Lloyd's Bank Limited. use of Salt Water for flush-degree of accuracy the exact water and Tythm Tuk Reservoirs during charges in the way of pumping, further delayed.
Correspondents in all principal Cine of the having lowest recurrent gent necessity and should not be ing purposes has been care requirements of Hongkong.
Yotelen exchange and Banking kasides of fully examined and separately during the last twenty years there already under-catchmented, they Island the two small dams in Ty- Colony has only experienced one construction, while Tytam being
Kwever description transacted reported upon by Mr. Newhouse. have only been three years when would not be economical, from a tam are not economical from year with rainfall below the aver
Of the possible extension on the During the last eight years the roarly rental of from 38 to 40.
Safe Deposit Boxer (variona size) ata The cost of the installation of a has been found possible to give water point of view.
LOOK POON SHAN, sen water flushing system is esti- full supply throughout the mated approximately at $4,148,800,welve months, these years boing gallons
a financial or waterworks stand-age as against an approx, average
Hongkong, 18th February, 1927. Reservoir Sito (c) of 700 million point, while and the quantity of filtered water1919, 1920 and 1921.2
the alte in Ty- of one year below the average in catimated capacity is tam Bay is owing to its enormous every two. The one bad year was
BANQUE DE L'INDO CHINE thus sayed is estimated at only "From the census returns I find situated in Tytam Harbour below cost andesirable,
1922 when approx. 70 inches of 94.5 mill. gals. per annum, which that the population of the City is easily recognizable by the cais-able owing to necessary resump-recorded rainfall of 45.83 inches serv
the existing Tytam Tuk Dam and The Pokfulam Site is undesir-rain fell as against a minimum Fald Cablur Kar
56, Boulevard Haussmano, Farts, makes the cost of the scheme.pro-showed an average increase, he sons protruding above the sand, tions, while the Talkoo Area is in 1895. Such good luck cannot be
ween the years 1911 and 1921, of like round bridge piers. It should be borne in mind that about 4.2% annually.
said to be fully taxed by the hold-expected to continue indefinitely. only in a few unavoidable circum
This site was investigated about era of the water rights, holding "The full supply to the City in 1904, but a rock foundation for aut little or no gain from resump stances is water from the mains at 1921 was 8.11 mil. gallons per the dam was not found until ation. present used for flushing pur day, which taking a percentage depth of 65 feet below 0. D. had. The Aberdeen Valley Area lende
USE OF SEA WATER. poses; in the majority of cases nnual increase in supply equal to been reached. It was again later itself to economical development this water is obtained from inde the annual percentage rise in considered by the late Mr. Jaffe, as only limited water rights are
Would Cost. More Than pendent sources such as wells, population during the previous who ultimately abandoned it for held by the Talabing Paper Manu-
Fresh Water, ete. Mr. Newhouse In his Report Iscade gives an estimated 'con- the alte of the present Tytam Tukfacturing Co. and this area is com Mr. H. T: Jackman reports on deals with the proposal to utilize sumption of 10.14 million gallons Dam which has now cut off à large paratively near the Western end the question of distillation of In; FRANCE-Comptoir National Tacompta water from the various nullahs per day in 1927. now running to waste for Bushing, "The actual consumption during the reservoir. As the site is be-ply I most needed,
portion of the original basin of of the City where, additional sup- Owing to the large consumption purposes, but this scheme though 1927 was 9 million gallons per day low sea level, most difficult and I would therefore propose the "istilled water the cost of running desirable, does not in any way as with restrictions in force for over costly coffer dams above and be complete development of this and a plant is extremely high when I
of fuel to convort seawater into alet in conserving the existing four months in the water supply. It however, makes estimate the full supply without during construction. The cost of forth in Sessional Paper No. 10 of taining a supply of fresh water
low the alte would be recessary adjacent areas as completely set the Introduction of the water car-restrictions would have been 9.5 the Dam, would be in my opinion 1927
compared with other means of ob- ringe sewage system possible to a million gallons per day, which fe out of all proportion to the capply. small area in the mid levels of the somewhat lower than the estimate gained, particularly when it is Site, I understand Government la
Regarding the Little Hongkong for domestic purposes in this
Colony, from a population basis,
remembered that all the water averse to alienating this valuable, (Continued on Page 10.)
hibitive.
year and I
seawater. He says in parta
R. M. McLAY,
Managor.
Hongkong, 7th January, 1927.
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"
date and tour and mech buslar trusseted.
Interest allowed on Current Accounts and Every description of Hanking and Exchange
Safe Deposit Boxes to lat.
Loans granted on approped "wecurities. Spacial faciles for 'Holán - Exchange..
SKOU J. CHEN,"
Минарет.
THE HO HONG BANK, LTD.
(Kotablished 1937,3
CAPITAL
Authorised Caplini'
Pald-Up
Rosarve
holder!
OM KRAD- OFFICE;-SINGAPORE.
· Branehim,'agencias and Correction diata the principal cția of the world.
Erary Sanfyllon of Banking and melisam trabenstad,
m
TO LEUNG MONA
3000