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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH,
BLOOD TESTS.
AS EVIDENCE · OF PATERNITY.
THE GERMAN CASES.
SATURDAY, JANUARY
28, 1928.
LEVERS AND SAMOA.
REPORTED PURCHASE OF
TRADING FIRM.
Wellington (N.Z.), Dec. 81. It is reported that Lever Bro thers have purchased O.F. Nelson,' Limited, the Samon Island traders, The use of blood tests to deter-for $150,000. Although the an- mide patcrulty is illustrated bynouncement of the transaction two legal cases reported from Ger- follows closely on the Govern- many last month..
ment's order for the deportation: of: Mr. O. F. Nelson (for criti- The first was heard in Wurttem-cism of the Administration), it ià berg, where a woman applying for stated that the negotiations havo ah liation order swore that a been in hand for a couple of certain man was the father of her years, illegitimhth child. The defenco countered by producing evidence that. the characteristics of the infant's blood were in compatible with this. .re- fationship. The blood of the man, they said, was of one type, and the woman's was of another; it was impossible that the union of two such persone could have produced offspring whose blood had the characteristics demonstrated. By which reasoning the Court was no for convinced as to sentence the woman to six months' imprison- ment for perjury.
The second case was of the same kind, but the judgment delivered on it by the highest Prussian Court was in a contrary sense. Similar medical evidence was brought to refute a charge of paternity, and the general validity of the blood tests was admitted. Apparently, however, a witness stated that in a series of over 2,000 cases investigated in 1920 there had been one exception to the rules, and the Court accordingly decided that the tests do not provide the absolute proof required by the law.
tious.
Incompatibilities.
to
blood in an emergency without further investigation..
Value of the Tests as Evidence.
One medico-legal application of these testa fa to the examination of blood-stains, for it can sometimes be shown that the blood from a given stain could not have been shed by the person to whom it is attributed. Their use, to refute allegations of paternity is not so simple, since it depends on our knowledge of the way in which the characteristics of the blood are inherited. The available" evidence Indicates that A and B are dominant" characters, whilst a and bare "recessive." On this assump tion A and B can never be found in the blood of a child unless they are present in that of the father or the mother. For instance, a child who belongs to Group 11, can- not have sprung from two Group
IV. parents.
In Austrin the tests have been! accepted in the law-courts for more) than a year, and a number of men who had been paying for the sup- port of their alleged children have Jind their casca reopened and by this kind of evidence have, made good their denial of paternity.
Before commenting on these
Without knowing more about judgments, it is convenient consider the origin and nature of the "exceptional" case which in- the new tests, whose use for legal fluenced the Prussian judges in purposes is no more than advent-their decision, it is impossible to assess its significance. The tests are helleved to. rest on a "sound" They have arisen as a by-pro-foundation and to be reliable with duct of the operation known as in the limits. Indiented; but, as the blood transfusion-that is to any Lancet points out, the British the transference of blood from the courts do not always accept the veins of onu individual to those most definito scientific evidence of another. After sudden without reservation. Even proof haemorrhage, and in many forms of indentity by finger-prints, of disease, such reinforcement is though used by the police for pur- of great value, and has been from poses of detection, is seldom invok time to time attempted by surgeonsed in order to secure the conviction for hundreds of years. But the of a criminal. technical difficulties have always been considérable, and even when they had been overcome it was still found that the operation some- times caused dangerous symptoms --such as shock and unconscious- ness-and even sudden death. Thus it come to be realised that the blood of some human beinga ia in- compatible with that of others, producing a violent and dangerous reaction if injected into the body,
ax
Although blood appears homo- genous it really consists of dis- crete corpuscles floating in an al- most colourless fuld known. serum. It is easy to separate these two constituents, and It waн found that if a drop of serum from one person was added to a drop of blood from another, the con- junction sometimes caused the corpuscles to run together in clumps. To this "ngglutination" the poisonous effects of transfusion were evidently due, and it became the practice, before starting the operation, to make sure that the bloods of the two individuals con- cerned did not show this antagonism to each other under the microscope.
Classification of Blood.
Even simpler means of prevent- ing accidents are now, however, available; for it has been discover- ed that the blood of all human beings falla Into one of four groups. The tests which define these groups depend on a theory that human blood corpuscles may con- tain one or both of two substances, called A and B. Similarly, human Berum may contain one or both of two substances, a and b. It is im possible for A and a lo coexist in one individual, for the result of their meeting is agglutination of the blood corpuscles--a phenomenon which also occurs when b'meets B. Thus there are four possibla types of blood, known as Groups I., I, III, and IV., containing (A plus B), (A plus b), (z plus B), and (a plus b) respectively.
A person's group can be ascer. tained by putting two drops of his blood at opposite ends of a gloss slide and adding a (serum from Group III) to one, and b (serum Group II.) to the other. Within a Low minutes one, both, or neither of the drops will show clumping of the corpuscles, and will thus re- veal the group to which their owner belonga.
of
It may be remarked in passing that the evil effects of transfusion only occur when the corpuscles of the. donor are susceptible agglutination by tho serum of the recipient-ie., tho patient whose blood is being sup plemented. This means that the. blood of people in Group IV. (who comprise some 40 per cent. of the population) can safely be trans- ferred to anyone, of whatever group. A roll of these "universal donors" kept at hospitala so that they can be called on to give their
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