WHEN MAN FIRST STOOD UP.
SEPARATION FROM APE LIFE PUT BACK.
THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH.
With all due reservations, the frontal lobe of the Javan man indicates that the brains had pro- greased in its psychle capacity. and that it had expanded in those. portions on which unidexterity, reason, language, and human per sonality depend.
́. ORIGIN OF HUMAN
SPEECH,
GESTURES. FIRST MADE WITH HANDS.
WEDNESDAY,
tongue, unless he preferred to re- present the idea by imitating the action of a badger-which is what the Red Indians actually did in their sign language.
..
Some Examples.
OCTOBER 12, 1927.
THE JUNGLE'S WILD MEN.
IN THE LAND OF THE INCAS.
ever
Natural History, or man's pro- veloped from the apo that he Invention and Research, 1915:10 for himself and see what kind of W. M. McGovern describes in his
the Sunday Times
These fossils represent the relics of men who lived on earth
ideas.
recreations
arc given in "Whos Who" as music, acoustics, arts and crafts, makes this declara tion in propounding a new theory of the orgin of language in the current issue
of Payche, a quarterly Kegan Paul and Co.
27
136
OUR CROSSWORD
PUZZLE.
30
138
#23
HO
"Let us take the first alternative and try to dig with our tongue. I imagine that we start with the The hand as a symbol of ad-
tongue as high as possible, touching DR. MCGOVERN'S VENTURES. vancement is of great importance.
SIR R. PAGET'S THEORY.
the roof of the mouth just behind
"Now that Africa has been- 500,000 YEARS AGO.
In the case of mammals making
"In listening to human speech, the teeth, and then drive it down Scientists" in the United Statca their home on the ground and
are not really interested in vigorously till the tip of the tongue oponed up, and both of the Poles have been looking forward with using the four limbs for locomo-we
sounds of the speaker's is behind the lower teeth; then for discovered, there remain but few we are actually the upthrow, we jerk the tongue up places in the world which are as keen interest to this year's pro-tion, the individual digits in their the
backward till it just untouched and unexplored as the ceedings at the British Associa-paws have not acquired individual voice. What
listening for are indications of alightly
or touches the roof of the mouth again. vast stretches of territory water movements-postures:
the largest tion, and particularly to Sir Ar-movements similar to fingers.
Dr. Tilney realized the jump the thur Keith's survey of the modern.
from ape to man incomparing gestures the speaker is making This series of movements makes ned by the Amazon.
hundreds of thousands of square understanding of Darwinisor
Their interest has been heigh the brain of the Javan man and with his organs of articulation fairly good imitation of a digging of all the rivers. There are stili "Lastly, we will take the idea miles of virgin forest through tened by a report published by the gorilla. In the parietal lobe that is to say, his lips, tongue, gesture. Dr. Frederiek Tilney, Professor of the former he found a develop soft palate, (which opens and
and unknown of Neurology at Columbia Univer-ment, first, in the humanoid foot; closes the passage to his nose) of shaking, like shaking a mat, which no white man has
-up and down inside the many curious shaken sity, and one of the foremost at second, the assumption of the and the other movable parts of That is simple: the tongue is just penetrated, and in which dwell
the erect posture; and third, the his throat."
Sir Richard Paget, Fellow of the mouth so as, lightly to touch the species of animal life, and hordes" thorities on the brain in United States, giving his conclu- emancipation of the hand from sions, after an extensive study of locomotor functions. The hand Institute of Physics, member of the roof of the mouth and the fibor of of savage tribes who know of no This is the country which Dr. the rare prehistoric fossils collect had become freed for acquisitive Royal Institution, Assistant Secre- the mouth bahind, the upper and culture other than their own."
"Let the reader try these signs' ed by the American Museum of purposes: the ape-man had so detary of the Admirality, Board of lower teeth alternately. gress down the path of time, an used his hands to get what he whose American correspondent informs wanted and to communicate his
spoken word results when the book, "Jungle Paths and Inca gesture is accompanied by a hum-Ruins," published by Hutchinson ming sound made by his vocal and Co. He has produced a fas- It is impossible to give any ad- chords to act as the carrier wave. cinating and remarkable work, The little mouth now makes a according to the extent to which space, but even the chapter head- word' ee-ce or ii-ii (as in French) equate idea of the book in a short we close our lips. The big mouth ings what the appetite. "The Sign Language.
makes a word like aw-ane or oh-oh, Beast Men of the Jungle," "Vam- "In other words, declares Sir in the same way. The digging pire Bats," and "Cannibalistic homes on the ground. Study of Richard Paget. "It appears that gesture sounds like tah-dee or tah- Orgies" would surely satisfy even later fossil brains amply con- when we talk we are "symbolising ree; while the shaking gesture Jones Minor. These things are
that our thoughts (or such of them as make olly-olly or arry-orry.
all in the day's march for Dr.
19 Pithy, firmed Dr. Tilney's theory
"This interesting fact was McGovern.
20 Semicircular structure found in 33 Religious festival. the development of the hand and we intend for publication) by mak-
churches. He has this interesting story the brain was more lessing a kind of sign language, and brought to my notice by Dr. Neville
or
the on expert that when we listen to another per- Whymant-an
22 Frpit. of Pizarro's warriors 24 Formerly. parallel.
Of "The Dawn Man of Pilt- son talking we are reading his sign Polynesian, Japanese, and Chinese of how the Amazon got its name.
language that in certain early Some "Our method of understanding forms of those languages the word brought back the tale of "frequent 35 Restraint. down, Sussex, who has been de-language by ear
27 Aged. scribed as "a somewhat uncertain
28 Competitor. member of the human family." speech is, therefore exactly the for little is i pronounced code); attacks by women warriors with 25 Hard fat.
same as that of a deaf person who big, o-hodig, tadi (pronounced long, fair hair, and pale, bronzed Dr. Tilney declares:-
has been taught lip-rending, only tah-dee); shake, ore-ore pronounced skins. The Spanish explorer pro- 29" Dates in Roman calendar.
bably mistook for women the male 31 Raised platform. warriors of the Yahua tribe, whose Brazilian coins. he lip-reads by eye, while we do orry-orry). the same thing by an unconscious process of decoding the sounds.of.
to this day dress in capes and 34 College. The brain of this Sussex man speech back into sign language tells of a race of beings who in- of tongue and lips which produced
skirts of grass, and wear their 36
habited England long before his-them. has collected data which makes a
of how theory made its feeblest beginnings. fascinating story manual and mental abilities of Of the Rhodesian brain. reported in "1921, Dr. Tilney agrees that slight with man developed, changes in Instincts. He tells us here, we have "a strangely exotic
cousin."
The Piltdown Man, Thus the only reasonable con- hundreds of thousands of years clusion, that the brain was call-science magngine published by ago, and Dr. Tilney, who made ed on for its supreme development the investigation at the request in this parietal lobe when cer- of the President of the Museum,tain of the great apes ceased their Prof. Henry F. Osborn, has re-tree existence and made their corded views which are challeng- ing in some of their unorthodox leanings.
Aviation and-Evolution, His comparative racial study strongly supports the theory of evolution, and, to quote Dr. Tilney, It also proves: "Our modern brain is as far removed from perfection as were the covered wagons of a
aer
generation ago from the planes of to-day." Incidentally. he thinks that aviation itself may hasten the evolutionary process, whereby mankind will attain more perfect brain.....
Dr. Tilney, in his study of skulls,
why and how man first stood up and walked erect, and how he first made use of his hands.
His brain attests he had come a long distance from that parting of the ways at which the human and anthropoid stacks separated.
A "Brutal Cousin." This "cousin," he states, be He begins with the "ape-man flonged to a race that was Java," known to all scientists as "Pithecanthropus erectus and the
Natural Method.
hair long.".
is
14 Intermediate. 15 Employs.
17 Thona who reveal,
Sooner.
Across.
A council.
5
Local positions,
18
8 Constituent substance.
11
Rivulet.
21
12 Idle.
13 More reports.
16
European capital.
lor.
37 Commence.
It can hardly be supposed that
40 Old Irish language. a million years or more, and really
The Great Cataract.
42 Those who fill. these four words have all lasted for
44 Horn. "The method by which the sign represent the first human efforts at
"The formation of the houses 45 British mammals. B very important factor in 46 Notch on edge. cultural 47 Roman deities. language of articulation was origin-mouth pantomime as a means of ex- ally developed can, of course, only pressing human, thought. The more
or trying to establish the gestures with the relations of the various South 43 Ponders. man, in his most primitive state of method of making symbolic be guessed at. Let us imagine that probable explanation is that the civilization, behaved not unlike the pantomimic
American tribes," writes Dr. Mc- higher animals now, and that he human mouth and throat is as expressed his emotions by emotional natural to hearing man as the mak Govern. "There" are tribes with bying of corresponding gestures with no settled abode who wander per- more cries and explained himself
deaf. If that is so, the same sort forests, like the wild beasts upon brutal than that of any known gestures of his face and timbs the hands is to those who are bornpetually hither and thither in the
prey. There of gestures would tend to be invent which they human being, living or extinct.generally.
are bigger exist- The eyebrow ridges
others which 'dwell in houses of ed in succeeding ages.
beehives. "A "As. he became more and more.
large number thatch, shaped like very even than those of the most
English words Can Other tribes again build for them- chale human or the Javan "ape.
traced back to what selves square or rectangular man," and recall all conditions engrossed in the arts and crafts- of our seen in the gorilla. Yet, according chipping flints for knives, axes, and be to Dr. Tilney, "the Rhodesian brain arrows; pursuing the chase; mak-is known as the Aryan or Indo-homes." appears much superior to that of ing bone needles; piercing shells for Germanic family of languages, the use and ornament of his lady from which Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, either the Javan or the Piltdown friends, and so on--his hands would and most of the European
obviously become more and more languages are derived." accupied.
fossil in oldest known ence The Java man has long been a bone of contention, and the title "ape-man" represents the compromise of those who did not care to say for certain whether
this ancient was a human or beast.
2J
38
man.
ar-
And compared with the latter two, the brain of Neanderthal--- the remarkable race of men who
A Challenging Conclusión. But having studied the Java man's brain, Dr. Tilney elevates him, placing him definitely "much higher indeed than any of began to live in Europe from 150 the great apes." This verdict acts 000 to 200,000 years ago, and had back the date of our humanity racial existence of 100.400 years, 500,000 years, and proclaims the about 100 or 15 times longer than modern race has lived- Java man's brain to be the one that separates our first humanity"showed expansion in all its major from jungle life by just a slender divisions," but the skull was low vauted and ape-like in certain respects. Dr. Tilney is convinced that the Neanderthal brain was not yet wholly human.
margin.
To reach this challenging con- elusion, Dr. Tilney placed side by side the brains of a, gorilla and of
any
Primitive Man's Discovery.
"It became inconvenient to be always using his hands to explain' himself; he tended to make his sign language more with his face and "Then he made a great dis- finally with his mouth and throat.
duced his sign language entirely covery! He found that if he pro- with his tongue, lips and throat, and made an emotional cry at the same time, the emotional cry acted
SAFEGUARDING DUTIES.
MR. W. R. MORRIS'S
TESTIMONY TO THEIR VALUE. Sir Henry Page Croft, M.P.; Chairman of the Empire" Indus-
Down.
STORE - LIONSTA PURACH SIEN AREA
1
Giver,
3. Close.
are
4 Singer.
When he passes Ipanore he makes the passage of the great cataract. "It was certainly the most terrible of all we had seen so far. The thundering of the water against the rocks gave rise from time to time to a low musical note. The Indians believed that this was the voice of the Demon of the waters calling for sacrifice. Innumerable lives have been lost in this cataract, and it certainly marks the limit of all navigation." Among his other adventures, Dr. McGovern baptized a number
as a carrier wave for the gesture tries Association, has received of native children, at the request
"From one age to another, and of the mouth and throut, so thut from Mr. W. R. Morris a letter of their parents, dubbing some of the Java man. He studied the from one race to the next," he the gesture itself could be recogized in which he states that "since the boys Plato, Diogenes, and
great lobes of both brains, and found that that of the "ape-man" was developed to just that slight degree beyond the gorilla's which had made possible the impetus into humanity.
concludes, dealing Neanderthal
with
this
the McKenna duties were reim Cicero, He meets, too, the Pogsa, by ear.
posed, production in the part of or beastmen of the jungle. Speech Gestures.
the passenger car motor industry. "But how did our primitive an-which I control has increased by
decide on the appropriate
35% per cent.
brain, "man has shown a steady gain in his power
to control material conditions.cestor Where he has stood still, or per- gesture to make with his mouth and attribute these results, so."Neither man nor woman wore a haps even faller behind, is in throat? The answer, I believe, is beneficial to the industry, to the stitch
that man
own
indica-
"Such a primitive culture I had cever seen before," he writes. of clothing. Both sexes started to speak by "In size and general appear learning to control his
imitating with his tongue and other workers and to the consumers," were as naked as the day on which ances," he writes, "the brain of nature."
vecal organs the gestures which he Mr. Morris proceeds, "as being they were born. Most curious ni Fithecanthropus (the tape-mati
Hand Development.
had previously made with his largely due to the security affordall.in the absence of means, of
ed by the protection of the Mc-personal ornamentation." parallel resembles that of a three-year-old
The doctor draws a
He is initiated by the Wai- "His old, original gesture for Kenna duties, and I should like child." The development of the between the life of this primitive hands, and face together. frontal lobe alone indicated à be- man and our own. He tells us
little' would be to represent some-to place on record my opinion that kano tribes into their great cere- indication of havioral advance far above the that he found no
are present. To the Indians it is the plane of the gorilla, but equally different instincts or ideas when thing amall with his hands. His if similar protection was granted mony, at which no woman may o
corresponding speech gesture would to other industries, which below that of modern man: and the studied the brains of more ad- therefore be to make a small mouth, subjected to unfair foreign com-man who is the creator and the could absorb the life-giver, and it is only the man demonstrated that he must have vanced humans--only an
bringing his tongue. forward near petitions, we possessed greater powers of adaption of greater skill, the result, his lips and party closing his lips whole of the nation's unemployed who can share in the rites."
The latter portions of the book tive association and been capable generally speaking, of the deve go as to make a small cavity. His in productive industry.
"I share your view that national of more advantageous reasoning fopment of the hand.
hand gesture for "big' would be one than the gorilla or other anthro-
And now, through progression which represented something big: prosperity will not be served by tell of the doctors' researches peids.
in the use of the hand, man, who so his speech gesture would be to the reduction of wages in order among the old Inca civilisation. otherwise has not progressed in make a big mouth, with large open- to complete with the lower wage "In spite of earthquakes and cen- Briefly, this far-off man of Ja a instinct from the age-old, warring ing of the jaws and tongue far level of the Continent, and for turies of decay," be writes, "I this reason I am strongly in fa-was unable to slip a safety raz r developed a distinctive individu- Neanderthal, has conquered the back.
"Two other instances may be vour of safeguarding all round, blade between the stones of the I believe we Inca walls; so neatly and closely. ality and created a slight apair. Distance has been eliminated.
is no cited for the sake of the sequel. 43 by such means proach to human personality. He With this conquest there
There was an air of magic had also learned to make reason thing to prevent the annihilation To represent the idea of big or can not only maintain, but in were they placed one upon an-
primitive friendcrease, real wages in all branches other. ing noises with his. tongue and of races of people from the air; digging, our lips, for Dr. Tilney says:-
nothing but better brain.
would no doubt try to dig with his of industry."
Brain Progress.
FRECKLES AND HIS FRIENDS
AERE'S A PICTURE OF
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2 Book.
5 Complete suits.
6 Bodies of soldiers.
7 Milestone.
9 Close.
10 Heart of an object.
20 One peculiarly skilful.
Races...
28 Grow on marsby land.
24 Weird
30 Bristle.
31 Dreadful.
135 Commands.
38 Track.
37 Painful.
38 Love ardently.
39 Run.
41 Makes comfortable.
42
Smaller.
43 Stalk.
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Page 5Page 6