THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH,
SATURDAY, JUNE 25,
1927.
UNEMPLOYMENT IN FIRE HOSE IN EVERY TELEPHONE SERVICE
GERMANY.
WHAT IT IS. COSTING THE COUNTRY.
"
HOME.
CANNOT BE USED TO WATER GARDEN.
Tho London County Council Germany's most difcult politi- cal, economic and social problem Housing Committee are taking ex- continues to be, in an unchanged traordinary precautions against degree, the enormous amount of fire in their new housing scheme, unemployment prevalling through-which is to provide 2221 houses ou the country. The figures for and flats at Becontree, Essex, at the year 1926 varied between a cost of £1,270,000. 1,800,000 and 2,000,000, and in the opening months of 1927 between 1,600,000 und 1,843,000, writes. Dr. Oskar Wingen.
No fewer than 134 of the houses will be of timber construction and each will contain a coal kitchen range in the living-room. Five hundred timber houses have af ready been built by the LCC, ure planned for the and more Walling Estata at Hendon.
IN EUROPE.
THE PART THAT GERMANY OCCUPIES.
For well-known reasons, there was very little development in tele- phonic communication between the various countries of Europe in the decade following the outbreak of the Great War. In the year 1924, however, things began to mend. of Ü fur-reaching Agreements character were concluded between the telephone departments of the different States-particularly those This terrible unemployment
of Central and Western Europe- means, In the first place, a most
with a view to improving this im- portant sphere of international eovore burden upon industry and
communication; and it is interest- finance. On March 1, 1927, the
One of the precautions to being to note that, during the past. total of the fully unemployed was 1,690,000; and as another 1,088,000 taken on the new section of the twelvemonth, the effects of theso persons were depondent upon them, Becontree estate is the building agreements have made themselves no fewer than 8,670,000 people of the wooden houses in pairs, sur.increasingly evident.
or concrete Owing to her central situation were without any income of their rounded by brick own, and had to be supported by houses. In addition, all the wood-Germany is pre-eminently interested the rest of the population. At en houses will be fitted with a fire in this progress. Even as long ago the present time, the out-of-works hose, long enough to reach to as 1914, the German State Tele- are cared for by the Welfare Un-overy room in the house. To en- phone Department had begun to employment Assistance Scheme, sure that the hose shall be in lay down long-distance cables in which, in 1926, cost the Reich the working condition when required, place of the overhead wires used in sum of 1,200 million and shall not be used for watering inland telephony; in 1921, the work Marks; in other words, Germany the garden and for other unau-Was resumed, 1,000 kilometers be had to provide as much for the thorised purposes, it will be kept ing laid down per year. The Ger support of an unproductive host of in a scaled glass-fronted cupboard man cable system is already very unemployed as she did to meet Re-in the kitchen. Before it can be closely arranged; it has
removed, the glass must be broken, length of 7,000 kilometers, and the paration charges!
The hose is equipped with a proper type of cable generally used con- cable system has now been joined nozzle and is attached to a special tains roughly 110 circuits. This pipe, controlled by a tap.
up with a number of foreign sys- tema, First came, in the summer
enormous
a total
"But the economic loss is much greater on account of the number of man-hours lost and the loss of
It is understood that the fire pre- income on the part of the out-of- works. In the year 1925, the Bercautions are dictuted by insurance lin Institute for Crisis Investiga- considerations. The cost of in-of 1926, u junction with the Swiss tion calculated that, in cense-suring timber houses ranges from quence of unemployment, German 2s. 6d. to 58 per cent, according ndustry lost 5,788 million man to the number of chimneys and hours of which only 10 million hours other considerations, compared were due to industrial struggles. with 14. 6d. per cent. in the case Assuming, for an aggregate of 20 of brick houses.
million workers, an average of 48,-¦
(via
system; then, followed, one after another,, Holland, England Holland), Austria and France, the two last aystems being recent crea- to be connected up with those of tits. The German system is also Belgium, Cauchoslovalda and Hung- ary, now in course of construction. a modern searable 000 million man-hours, the loss for the discharge of hands resulting Furthermore, 1926 would work out at 12 per from organizatory and technical connexion has recently been estab cent. If the out-of-works and betterments in trade and manu- lished between the German system part-time workers had been nor facture. Hence, the problem of and the Danish overhead system; mally employed throughout the unemployment, which at the time while a similar connexion with yeur 1926, they would have earned the Dawes Report was drawn up. Sweden, will be completed in the at least 4,000 million Marks. Tak-played but a relatively unimport-summer of the present year. ing into account the 1,200 million ant part, has become to-day the Marks expended on unemployment dominating question in German doles, Gorman ceopomy has thus economy. Albeit the system of experienced through unemploy Welfare Unemployment Assistance ment a minimum loss of national is being converted into an Uncm- income aggregating 2,800 million ployment Insurance Schome, the Marks, i.c., 300 million Marks more decisive fact remains that a large than it is required to produce for a portion of the population has to year's payment under the Dawes be supported by the rest. Plan.
Considering further that, for As matters stand at the moment, the support of her war cripples Germany will have to reckon with n and for war pensions, Germany total of about 1,500,000 unemploy-has to spend about 1,300 million ed for several 'yours to come." The Marks annually, these two items alleviation of the labour market alone mean an annual unproduc- in consequence of an improve-tive expenditure of 2,500 million ment in the economic situation is Marka, ie, exactly the normal sum likely to be almost neutralized by total of an annual Dawes payment.
·SWEETHEARTS.
PORTRAIT
OF A
GIRL.
BOW
·AND HER
1927 DY NEA SKAVICE, LYC.
AYS
the
These connexions between German system and those of other countries by means of cables, pos- using a large number of circuits make it possible to replace the over- head wires hitherto used for for- eign, telephonic communication by a cable system which, being inde- pendent of weather conditions, functions with unvarying regular- ity. It also permits fresh circuits to be made use of and thus considerably reduces the time-interval between the call and the trunk connexion. A further effect of this augmentation of the circuits is increased facility in the telephonic communication between other countries via Germany.
The Service.
"
numerous
At the present time, one can tele- phone from Germany to any ad- jacent country, viz. Denmark, Sweden, Danzig, Lithuurin, Po- land, Czechoslvakia, Austria, Swil- zerland, France, Luxembourg, Bel- gium and the Netherlands; further, to Norway (via Sweden), to Latvia (via Lithuania), Hungary (via Czechoslovkia and Austria), Italy (vin Austria and Switzerland) and England (via the Netherlands). In general, the communication with this latter group of countries is effected over direct wires which can be used by the two terminus countries only. i.c., are not acces sible to the intervening countries; such direct communications those between. Berlin and Oslo, Berlin and Budapest, Berlin and London etc. Side by side with these, there exist also indirect com- munications, e.g., besides the dirces line between Frankfort and Milan, it is possible to telephone to Italian towns via the Austrian Innsbruck line or the Swiss Zurich.
are
As consideration for the trans- fer of special lines betonging to their system or for the interlocking via their system, the intervening States receive a shure of the fees for each call, the amount varying with the length of the line used.
Similar conditions prevail for countries telephoning via Germany, For instance, Germany has placed at the disposal of Czechoslvakin and Switzerland, of Holland, and Switzerland, of France and Austria and of France and Czechoslvakia, telephone lines in her cable system which are not necessible to German telephone offices, the lines connect- ing Prague with Zurich, Amster- dam with Basle and Zurich, Paris with Vienna and Prague. In other cases, the communication be- tween the foreign countries is es- tablished by means of the German telephone offices. For example, for communications between Hol- land and Austria, the line between Frankfort and Amsterdam or flot- terdam is connected up with the line between Frankfort and Vienna, or, again, for communication between Sweden and Austria, the line Le tween Berlin: and Stockholm is connected up with the Berlin- Vienna line.
This inter-communication be- tween separated countries via in- tervening ones is still in its in- fancy. With the progress being made in the extension of European telephone cable system, it will, to all appearances, experience a very rapid development; ad that, nt no very distant date, most countries of Europe will be able to telephone to each other.
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