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MUMMIFIED CITY.
HERCULANEUM TO BE EXCAVATED,
After a lapse of nearly 2,000 years the city of Herculaneum, which was buried in an eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, la to bo excavated by the Italians. Musso- Hini has given the order, and to- day, Rome's birthday, the work is to be started, says a London writer in mail week.
From an archeological point of view Herculaneum is quite unique. It was not by any means an im portant place in the ancient world; nevertheless there is every reason to believe that it contains treasures of art and literature far more valuable than those in any of the great centros which flourished at the same period in history. A single villa excavated at Hercu- laneum in the eighteenth century | yielded greater treasure in origin- al bronzes and ancient manus- cripts than all the excavations at Athens, Rome, or Alexandria.
What are the grounds for the high hopes we have for the exca- vations which are about to begin? First, the manner in which Her- culaneum was buried. The more suddenly a city is buried, the more chance there is for future genera- tions to find the life of it fixed and preserved. The burial of Her- culaneum was sudden and com- plete, and this was not the case with any of the neighbouring cities, not even Pompeli..
How Herculaneum Was Buried.
Pompeil is about 5 miles from the foot of Vesuvius, but Hercu- laneum is only. 4. Pompeil was buried to a depth of about 20ft. under a shower of ashes and pumica-stone which blew out of the crater. The inhabitants had good reason to hope that the city might be saved, and many of them lingerel on in theft cellars and elsewhere. They had plenty of time to remove their valuables, but with Herculaneum it was quito different. The city was suddenly overwhelmed by a mass of liquid mud and ashes mixed with water. The inhabitants fled before the ad- vancing peril, leav.ng their pro- the perty behind them. Unlike Pompeilans they could not dig their way back to ther houses when the oruption was over, be- cause the entire city was submer- ged, in some places to a depth of 80ft.
"
Every ancient city, except those around Vesuvius," has passed. through the dark periods of war- fare and destruction. When we come to think of the seiges, the pillagings, the sackings and burn- ings which great cities like Rome or Byzantium have undergono, we can hardly be surprised that ar- chæologists can scarcely find a trace of their former treasures. And what man spares Nature des- troys on her own account.
An Embalmed City.
By an absolutely unique set of circumstances, Herculaneum has escaped this common fate. Struck down in the full beauty and vig- our of her youth, she was em- balmed as perfectly and complete. ly as the ancient Eharaohs of Egypt. The tide of liquid mud and ashes which overwhelmed the city advanced slowly, pressing gently through the windows and doors of the houses so as to cause no breakages. It became a sort of matrix round the objects of fur- niture, preserving them from cor- roding moisture and from chemic- al distintegration. So perfect a preservative was it that several. of the Bronzce found in Hercu- laneum might have just left the sculptor's hands. Even the manu- scripts found there were legible after special treatment.
JUNE
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brings us to another point of The presence of these libraries
Perhaps it is the chance of die- covering some of the missing clas- sics in Herculaneum that is the most exciting prospect of all. The whole educated world has been en thusiastic about the remarkable manuscripts found in the tombs of difference between Herculaneum and Pompeii. Pompeil was a Egypt, and no doubt many more thriving provincial town, commer. will come to us from the same source, but Egyptian manuscripts cial in tone and character. Not can only be found in fragments be single manuscript has been cause of the way they were used in found in it, and the only tablets tombs. It is quite different in the Case of Herculaneum. In onc
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GREAT DIAMOND QUESTION.
"WHAT WILL MINE BE WORTH""
"What will my diamonds be worth next year?”
sible to get rid of all the good stones that can be obtained, espe cially to Americana.".
A broker said that the price of diamonda la now 10 per cent. Iowar than three month ago...
"Merchants," he declared, "are" only too anxious to purchase discovered were those of an auc-
stones from people who want to tioneer. But Herculaneum was
sell them. They will hold them not a commercial town at all; villa complete library of 800 was a seaside resort for many of
This question is being put to until this scare is over and then manuscripts was discovered. It was particularly unlucky that the the leaders of the Roman world diamond valuers and jewellers by dispose of them at a profit."
Mr. Solly Jool; a director of De owner happened to be a man who who built their villas at its walls, many people who have invested in
"To excavate Herculaneum will precious stones and are now per-Beers and other mining companies specialised in Epicurean philo- Bophy and in the dullest of the po an immense task, but not an turbed by the prediction by Sir in South Africa, told a newspaper impossible one, as it was long Im- Ernest Oppenheimer, chairman reporter that the public have noth- Epicurean writers at that.
ngined to be. A subsequent erup of the Anglo-American Cor- ing to fear as it is almost certain tion of Vesuvius spread a coating porntion of South Africa, that that a measure of restriction will of lava on top of the mud, which unless the output of alluvial be introducted by the Government burled the city in 79 A.D., and for diamonds is regulated the time of South Africa, He said:
The Government realise that the hundreds of years it was thought may come when it will not pay to that the town was sealed up in produce diamonds in South Africa, output from the alluvial diggin solid rock. Fortunately this is not This news from South Africa must be regulated, and I believe the case. When once the outer is bound to affect the retail marthat before long there will be a crust of fava has been pierced, kot," said a jeweller in London, conference of producers to decide vertical shafts can easily be sunk. "and if the public refuse to buy on the measure of restriction. The Then by tunnolling horizontally diamonds we shall have to bring public' should not be anxious, but the whole of Herculaneum can be down the prices of the lower should be heartened, for prices will now be stabilised and diggers oxcavated bit by bit, while the quality stones. modern town of Resina rests se- "The best quality diamonds will will not be able to exploit tho
market. curely on the lavd above it--Ex. not be affected, as it is always pos.
Hope of Literary Treasures. But not everyone, in Hereu laneum Was such a specialist Who knows what awaits us in the other private libraries of the city? All the Greek tragedies and como- dies may be there in their com pleteness. The missing works of Plato, the lost books of Livy may at last come to light. It is even possible that we may find lettera and records referring to the ear- liest days of Christianity.