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SATURDAY, MAY 21, 1927.
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* VANISHING CRAFTS.
DECLINE OF BRITISH RURAL
INDUSTRY.
INDUSTRY IN AMERICA.
THE BRITISH INQUIRY REVIEWED,
The present volume of the series The Report of the Delegation of studies of rural handicrafts is-sent by the British Government int sued by the Agricultural Econo- the autumn of last year to inves- mles Research Institute, Oxford, tigate industrial conditions and makes no more cheerful reading relations in Canada and the Unit- than its predecessors, commenta ed States is a notable document.
The members of the Mission the Times. They were chiefly con- cerned with the survivals of the submit a review wide in its scope old trades, and told, to anyone net and Interesting in its observation a hard-hitten believer in mechani-of a period of rapid development cal industry, a scarcely believed on the North American continent, tale of decay before the pressure in which the concentration of of economic change and foreign competition." "Decorative Crafts" deals largely with endeavours to rehabilitate or improvise local craft, in various kinds, and with somewhat mixed motives.
Spinning and hand-weaving, lace-making, pottery, lapidary work, glass-blowing, and flint knapping.are the principal sub- jects touched on the moving forces behind the attempt to re- store the businesses comprise all the half-philanthropic, half-com- marcini energies' of the Women's Institutes, the Home and Arts In- dustrial Association, the various county and local arts and crafts guilds and groups.
manufacturers on an acceleration of output combined with the lower- ing of production costs has beent substantially supported and assist- ed by the workers.
The importance of the report is increased by the unanimous en- dorsement of a Delegation whose members could be expected to sur vey the industrial situation from di Terent points of view. Sir Wil- liam Mackenzie, K.C., the, chair- man, was President of the Indus- trial Court of Arbitration from 1910 to 1926 and chairman of the Railway National Wages Board He was ac~ from 1920 to 1925. Companied by Mr. Ernest Bevin. general secretary of the Transport The impression produced by the and General Workers' Union and a member of the General Council description of the latter is that while their intentions are admir- of the Trades Union Congress, Mr. able their methods are not in all J. Kaylor, member of the execu
There tive council of the Amalgamated Cases beyond criticism. seems to be some uncertainty of Engineering Union, Mr. M. B. De- aim which hesitates between the war, managing director of the Wagon, improvement of the 'worker and Metropolitan Carriage, the enlightenment of village life and Finance Company, Mr. C. and the proposal to run a profit- Randolph Smith, a director of the able concern. Some of the new-shipbuilding firm, of Barclay, founded industries strike an un- biased critic as too ornamental in character and too artificial in or ganization, dependent on private rather than on public support, or on the inspiring energy of some
The Report reflects the high de- active spirit, the loss of whom leads to an early collapse of thegree of prosperity which has preg.
venture.
Curle, and Co., and Mr. F. W. Leggett and Mr. 1. Haig Mitchell, of the Ministry of Labour. The secretary was Mr. H. C. Emmerson," of the Ministry of Labour.
Great Prosperity.
vailed in the United States, except In cases where a local workshop for a short set back in 1924, since has been financially successful the 1922 and outlines the dominant result seems frequently due to ad- factors which have made it possi- ventitious circumstances-depen-ble "for capital to be invested in denee en holiday visitors to far-industrial enterprises with confid- ourite neighbourhoods, on touristsence and for the material standard in motor-ears, and, in particular, of life to reach a higher level." on the free-handed citizens of the United States. Sometimes we hear of cases where enthusiastic teachers have started a new vil lage craft, only to find it dropped in a season or two.
Sometimes the work is made too easy: the painting of ready-made wood-ware with colours which will not stand washing is not a serious contribution to the movement, and there have ever been suggestions that factory products have been used in making up "hand-made" | fabrics. At one point there is a hint of economic trespass by the half-elcemosynary energies of handicrafts, It is possible that old-established practitioners such ns the village cobbler or workshops for the blind or disabled soldiers may suffer from unintentional but, effectual compétition.
Revival Doubtful.
It will be judged that the authors, in spite of the attitude of understanding sympathy which has marked all the branches of
|
Success in manufacturing enter.. prise, it is shown, depends largely upon the consuming power of s great domestic market Develop- ment of this market is assisted by complete freedom from tariff re- strictions within the Union of 48 States and by strong tariff protes- tion against competition from out- side.
and
The market for an increasing number and range of articles has
been stimulated further widened by the system of instal- ment buying which has become a marked feature of American life among all classes. Cost of manu- facture, it is shown, has been re- duced by intelligent standardiza- tion and simplification of design, and emphasis is placed in the clearer recognition of management as an executive arm of industry, distinct from ownership.
Attention is also called to the principle of exchanging ideas and experiences between competing firms which has been largely
States.
Weir inquiry, are at least doubt-adopted in the U
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Variation in Wages.
to plant anew old crafts in the Wages vary enormously, from countryside. The chapters which the $1.75 an hour of a bricklayer There den with survivals rather or plasterer in New York to the than revivals are, in their plain $12 a week of a cotton worker in' statement of decline, even less the South. The standard of living optimistic. The making of lace of the skilled worker is stated to by pillow and robbins, the authors be higher than in Britain, but it say, "is either a 'sweater industry is pointed out that there is nothing practised only by the most needy, in the United States to compare or a delightful hobby for leisured with the State provision in this people whose time is not reckoned country for unemployment," sick- in terms of the necessities of life."ness, and old age, and that the ab- This being so, it is email wonder sence of outside assistance for the that the numbers of lace-makers unemployed worker makes poverty in Bedfordshire fell from 6,728 in in the United States a matter of 1801 to 1,148 in 1891. Pottery extreme hardship. In comparing made by hand on the prehistoric wages allowance must also be wheel, chiefly in the southern made for differences in the cost counties, though the number of of living.
workers still diminishes, seems, of On the subject of the relations the trades here considered, the between employers and labour likeliest to survive. The hand-general observations brought into made pot is still superior in vital the covering letter sent with the points to the "jollied" or lathe Report to the Minister include the finished article, and in the little following
WAR BIRD OVER THE SHANGHAI RACE COURSE.
An excellent photographic representation of the portion of the Shanghai Public Recreation Ground being used as a landing
place for aeroplanes and a plane photographed while making the descent.
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fact that a satisfactority porous. The werkpeople accept experi- flower-pot cannot be made by ma- ments towards reduced cost of pro- Jehinery perhaps lies the true reduction, as they have always found medy for the plight of the little that the result of lower costs has Industries. Concentration on the been increased consumption and virtues in which the hand beats consequently more employment. the machine and avoidance of any Managements are ready to re
the following doctrine. First of attempt at competition with the cognize the ability of individual results, of mass production may workers by paying higher wages
"I will tell you what would have (Cheers.).
It had become plain that Mr. all that we ought to siterifice all the the genuine craftsman for higher output and in many yet save
happened if the troops had not! cases by grading them according from annihilation.
With due thought and guidance to their skill.
Birkenhead. "The whole of the ity with his own people. It was under the protection of treaties Appointments to executive and LORD BIRKENHEAD ATTACKS been sent to Shanghai," said Lord Ramsay MacDonald had no author- millions of British capital which would to his credit that he had none. have been invested in China it may be possible that trades
international settlement which seem hopelessly moribund administrative posts are deter- can achieve results even economie-mined by ability, and this position
Lord Kirkenhead, speaking last have been rushed by the agents of (Laughter.) A Mr. Wheatley-Why should we? When has ever "any non-certificable caso?" (Loud laughter.) A Good Illustration. ally secure from the rivalry of the arouses keen individual effort and
Lord Birkenhead said he could meeting in connexion with the massacre and murder in Shanghal ged his position. engine. The two workers at Sud- has a marked effect on the moral ronth at Cambridge at a public Moscow. There would have been (laughter) had plainly challen- such a doctrine been laid down by
"And what does Mr. Wheatley bury who weave such velvet as is of the workshop"
annual conference of the Eastern the like of which has not been used for Coronation robes seem
Provincial Division of the Nation- known in English history since al Union of Conservative and the Indian Mutiny, and the Gov- say?" asked Lord Birkenhead. "I discern no argument in favour of to be on the right basis, and the making of dyes for home-apun The prehistoric industry of. flint Unionist Associations, said that crnment of the day and we alone assure you if I were to seek for that course contained in Mr. from lichens, herlis, or berries, knapping at Brandon, in Suffolk, the Labour party had proved them would have been justily arraigned a text in order to establish the pro- Wheatley's speech except that wo the Social party is wholly unfit Russian rovolution. "If this be the little glass-blowing works in
moment, and if the new leader of the Labour Cornwall and Devon, and the sim-which supplies African chiefs selves unfit to form a Government before our fellow countrymen. position with which I started that must not stand in the way of the
with the flint-lock muskets which of a great and resposible Empire. The Government had received a plest forms or pottery all seem to they still demand, can hardly hope Referring to the position in Chins, memorial sent by three thousand to rule at this have hopeful elements. From in for a future. It is sald by good he vigorously condemned the people belonging to twenty-two given power to rule this Empire, I party--perhaps even the new aesthetic point of view it is authorities that, while the modern allen agency which has effected different nations at Shanghai. could not find a better illustration Prime Minister-It does not need haps regrettable that the jet in- dustry at Whitby seems to be the workman surpasses his predecas- this malignant change. The voice We have received the memorial than the speech of Mr. Wheatley any further argument to satisfy Day to reported to have expand-sers in roughing out the flints, he was the voice of China, but the telling us in solemn language that This extraordinary man-(laugh you of the complete and ludicrous does not come near the neolithic agencies which suggested the art in the judgment of the signatories ter) and I am not in the use of incompetence of the Bocialist
alone, has saved their lives." qualities (laughter)-laid down Empire." (Choere.) ed during the last decade; the Cor craftsman in the fine finish of the cainted utterances were the agen- Great Britain, and Great Britain this epithet alluding to any mental party to guide the fortunes of this
cles of Moscow. (Cheers.) chipped surface,
nish taste in serpentine trinkets apparently needs artistic chasten-
ing.
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