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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH,
SATURDAY, JULY 17, 1926
THE PROBLEM OF SEX. ordinary chromosomes and one
IS IT CAPABLE OF CONTROL?
MISS 1926.
larger one in the male, and twelve | ordinary chromosomes and two larger ones in the female. When LADY ASKWITH LIKES HER the spermatozoon, the male germ.. cells, is being formed, the cell set apart for this function evolves contain six ordinary chromosomes four spermatozoa, two of which
[By Dr. E. E. Fournier d'Albe.] A couple of years ago, Mr. F. A. E: Crew, of the Animal Breeding Department of Edinburgh Univer-only, while the other two contain, sity, astonished the grave and The female, egg cell, on the other in addition, a sex chromosome. reverend signiors of the Royal hand, discards three-quarters, of Society by describing the strange its material by several traps- case of a hen which turned into a cock.
formations, and Anally leaves a single germ cell containing seven' chromosoines, the largest of which is a sex chromosome.
It was a Buff Orpington, whose owner, in response to complaints about early cock-erowing, killed the cock, but, found that the nuisance..complained of remained unabated. It was traced to a hen which had laid excellent eggs for two years, but then stopped lay- ing, developed a fine plumage, and took to cock-crowing, A year later "it fought, any and every male in the yard, and was gently courteous to the hens." When mated with a virgin hen it pro- duced two chickens which in their turn had normal offspring.
The due anthentication of this and similar cases brings us face to face with the baffling mystery of sex and the factors which determine it. Mr. Crew himself, in, a broadcast "talk" last week, gave an interesting outline of the latest results of the vast amount of research on this subject carried out in European and American Universities..
Fertilisation.
of
Hore is Lady Askwith's picture
Miss 1026-
"Thoro" is a good "deal" to "be, Bald for the Eton crop and the kace-high skirt that go hand- in-hand with a down-right-frank and clean-minded personality, with a freedom from mincing affectations and false modesty und with a sturdy, striding self- reliance.
Lady Askwith was speaking at an exhibition of modern "signed” furniture by J. Dugald Stark, at the Visaar Galleries, Kensington. Now the point is that, all the Furniture may, I think," she}, eggs are alike, whereas there are said. "be regarded as the feminine two kinds of spermatozon. The counterpart of architecture, and I fertilisation of an egg by a sper-think I shall not be far wrong if i matozoon without a sex chromo- attributo Mr. Dugald Stark'e in- some produces a male, while fer-spiration for these beautiful and tilisation by the more highly original pieces we see around as endowed aparmatozoon pretaces a to the young woman of to-day. female.
"She is a much-criticised and
lians and to man., in the ense of suppose her great-grandmother The same rule applies to mama-much-abused young person, but I birds, the opposite rule applies, was equally abused in her time. the sex of the chick being in the "The young woman of every infertilised egg, and nothing the age as considered too rapid for cock can do makes any difference. her elders to keep pace with What happened in the case of Mr. though I must admit they are Crew's hen-cock was that the Buff making a pretty good shot at it Orpington lost its varies by today." disense, and then developed its dormant
masculinity. finally acquiring the full powers of that overdressed Chantecler who crows but delivers no goods.
Sex Control:
Henceforth no man neeit blame his wife for producing children of the wrong sex. She is outral in the matter. His is the deter- mining factor. Shall he ever "control" It?
Adornment and Courtship.
As we ascend from the lowest organisms to the highest, the sexes tend, on the whole, to differentiate more and more, so much so, in- deed, that French writers have vaunted the more pronounced physical differences between Yesterday came the news that French men and women as a mark, Mr. C. L. Huskins, a young Cana-
of superiority over the Anglo-dian biologist, working in Pro Saxon breed. What are now fessor R. R. Gaten's botanical usually called the secondary sex laboratory at King's College, had characteristics those unconnect- definitely traced the growth of ed with the reproductive system "False" wild oats to the loss of one itself-find, however, their climax in certain birds and insects.. "They are the most astonishing thing that nature has done," says Professor T. H. Morgan, "brilliant colours, plumes, combs, wattles, and spura, acent glands (pleasant and unpleasant); red spots, yellow apots, 'green spots.topknots and tails, horns, lanterns for the dark, songs, howlings, dances and tourneys-a medley of odds and ends."
Darwin's somewhat crude theory of sexual selection, is not now accepted in its original form, especially sincy the graceful evolutions of male humming birds have been shown to fulfil their purpose, not in courtship, but in the catching of insects Yet nobody doubts that the inspiration of sex animates all living things. Gudernatsch produced giant tadpoles by feeding them with extracts of the thymus gland, while he retarded their growth and produced dwarf frogs by feeding young tadpoles with thyroid extract. The internal secretions of the ductless glands and of the" sex organs themselves are' known to have a very powerful influence, oh bodily health and mental vigour, an influence which, direct- ed into appropriate channels, pro- duces the finest fruits of 'human endeavour.
The Hidden Mechanism,
The elucidation of the mechanism of sex determination is an achievement of the last twenty years; for it was only in 1905 that Wilson gave a correct interpreta- tion of the function of the sex chroinosomes. These are thread- like formations on the very border of what is visible in the most powerful microscope.
An idea of their size may be gained by considering a single living cell, a thousandth of an inch across, containing a nucleus ter times smaller. This nucleus, when stained with dyes and mounted under the microscope, is seen to contain a number of darker bodies resembling short, thick threads, the chromosomes."
Those chromosomes vary in number from one plant or animal to another, but are the same throughout the individual, being six in some worms, sixteen in beea, forty-eight in man, and up to 100 in other organiams. When the cell multiplies by division the chromosomes pass through series of pairings, sortings, and | splittings, which gives us an in- sight into the very cauldron of Ifo. But there are always a few of the chromosomes which stand apart from the crowd, and behave differently from the rest.
This behaviour differs profound- ly from one species to another, and no general rules can be quoted. In all the cells of an Insect called Protenor belfragoi there are twelve
constitute the genetic array of out of the 42 chromosomes which
ordinary oats. Mr. Ilusking expresses no opinion on the cause. of this loss, but admits that it may be due to peculiarities of environ- ment, which in this case would produce a true mutation of species.
Hitherto all ultempts to control sex by feeding or the regulation] af temperature, or indeed by any other contrivance have failed. But if once science can storm the very citadel of life any things may huppen. We should gain fuller control of our destiny, "and that," as an amiable pessimist said, "would be the worst of all calamities."
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