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stituto the original depression of tho zones behind the tropics, van- not be found in the vortex of the typhoon. Only observations bas- ed on aerial soundings exaauted on the stratum of the typhoon could show if the section of the vortex is similar to that of one of tho extra-tropical storms. Those results are wanting, and they will be very difficult to obtain, in view "L'Onde Electrique" (Paris) nor to follow its courag. We of the extreme violence of these has published a most interesting have already said that in the meteors. The fact the cirrl, that and important article from the winter as in the spring we had is to say the high strata of the pen of the Rev. Father E. Gherzi, been able to follow the non-atmosphero do not seem to be Assistant Director of Sicoawei typhoonio.but cyclonic centres, touched by the apex of the typ Observatory, on the subject of in their progress on land and saa hoonic whirl is the only data that "Radiogoinometric Researches In this case, as in the case of the seems to exclude the mingling of on the Progress of Typhoons, depressions, the storms in the the two kinds of air in the typhoon. eto." from which we (says Ship-cast or south-cast sectors of the ping and Engineering) have, vortex are common enough while. translated the following extracts. these electric phenomena aro, on The article provides yet another the contrary, rather unusual in proof (though none such is typhoon's proper. This would needed) of the very high degree already point to a cause of our of efficiency obtaining at Bicca- non-success. On the other hand, wei Observatory and of the un- au remarked by Rothe, the rain' flagging interest, and labour is often accompanied by orack- whichFather Froo. Father ling in the depressions. Why; in Gherzi, and their capable staff typhoons, which bring 'real bring to bear in their voluntary diluvian rains, are theso crack- and unremitting offorts on behalflings, or other parasites absent?! of the navigator in the Far East. Our researches working with a To the staff of Biccawai Obser-frame are corroborated by tho vatory is due a debt of thanks experiences of MM Filippotti which nothing can ever adequate and Poulet, operators of the Koukaza Station at Shanghai. Their wave length extends ho- In this article we are going to tween 600 metres and 1,200 submit the results of a series of metres for the reception of tho rosearches made at the Sicca wel
damped waves. Their reports state Observatory from June to Octo-clearly that receiving is consider- ber, 1923, to the end of studying ably improved by the passage of the connection between the at
A typhoon in the vicinity of the mospherics and the movement of station. We considered then that conclusions of Rothe and Lacoste which had been caught in a confirm these on the subject of the continental
typhoon would depressions and summer storme statements, which might zoom we have applied the same extraordinary to those accus- methods to the cyclonic centres, of typhoons in order to see if tomed to the European regione: they also could be traced and r to the oporators of vessels on
the Atlantic. followed with a frame aerial. We considered this to be of in- torost because we had already, by working with an serial to re
Wo have therefore chosen two cord a remarkable decrease in the atinospheric discharges dur-very clear cases where the ship ing the approach of the typhoon has certainly been in the contre centres. The charts that we have of a typhoon. First the case of been able to draw up, thanks to the Empress of Russia. The chief M. Macari, director of the Shang-Operator of the vessel statos that, hai Wireless Station, had already when 200 miles from the typhoon, demonstrated that a typhoon did the atmospherice made them- not disturb in the least the re-selves felt, though moderately, ceiving of the Croix d'Hins, even and the journal kept by the when the typhoonic contre was operator bears the conventional very near to us. The statemente abbreviation, 2 R. N. However, as
the ship
in of the operators who have been
the receiv- the typhoon zone working on the reduced wave
ing became much improved length of 600 metres were peated also for the full wave and the wireless message that
we sent urgently to the Com length of LY. The setting up.
Study Of Typhoons In Relation To Atmospherics,
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TWO LOCAL CASES.
ав заод
WAB.
in the observatory, of a large mander through the Shanghai frame aerial with powerful re-station was easily received. . At coivers opened a now and safer this time, 815 p.m., the ship was way to completo our research. under the hurricane and follow- It is possible to discover and to ing our message headed towards follow a typhoon in its trajectory the scuth, in order to escape the in finding the region from vortex which was advancing to- whence the greatest number of wards the N.W. The second case. atmospherics seems to come, as concerns the Lloyd-Triestino 5.8. is practised in Europe and here Trieste, in connection with the during the continental depres typhoon that passed near to sions and summer storms? This Shanghai on August 24 and 25, is the problen we have tried to 1923. The boat was coming from Japan to Shanghai, and owing to the presence of a reof on its port side could not head towards the S.E. us the Empress of Asia had First, a few words on our done (she, too, was coming from. method of using the frame aerial. Kobe). After some hours of bat-
Bolve.
THE METHOD EXPLAINED.
We
In order to avoid to be confined thing with the storm, the ship in these experiments to one wave was litorally adrift in the typhoon langtb, we have used, as amplifier and for six long hours it was the well-known apparatus with impossible to ascertain direction. eight lampe, the BR8. This Fortunately, she eventually got apparatus, especially well-suited free and reached port. During to receiving on frame has the the time of distress the wireless advantage of not possessing any operator had not left his post, and "The re- special wave-length, and given he wrote in his report: resulta nearly, uniform from 1,000ceiving has been excellent all the metros to 30,000 motras.
time; no discharge has been re found the perturbating centre by marked." Even supposing that determining the position for the uneasiness and the feeling which there were at the receiving that the safety of the ship was place the minimum of atmospdepending in great part on the horice during an interval of wireless operator, and that ha sevoral finutos; the frame was may, in some
manner, bavor turned several times and the forgotten small difficulties in re- would measuring was repeated in oase it ceiving, which maybe" was not clear enough. The region have referred to on a mero quiet! at right angles to the one of voyage, it is, however, probable extinction was discovered to be that really strong discharge would On this i the region of the maximun. We have been mentioned. must also add that our installa-occasion, we sent the estimated tion is such that on turning the position of the typhoon in a frame it is not possible from the message that was very woll rece
and room to see its position in regard ived by the ship's wireless,i to the geographic north. We encouraged the master to con- wanted to avoid, in so doing, any tinue, during those six long hours, possibility of autosuggestion in the manoeuvre which was com doubtful cases and in successive menced before the receipt of our
noasurements. We have limited telegram. ourselves to research concerning
the position of the typhoon contre These two testimonies, togather following the sixtoon directions with the results obtained fiore in of the compass-card, as it is vory Shanghai, soom then to prova seldom possible to ascertain with enough that the typhoon, con- approximation the point whence trary to the cyclone of con more atmospherice are coming.tinental origin, or, more correctly; Our research includes cloven coming from a zone at the north typhoons of which some passed of the tropics, does not contain a very near to us, and it has been contre producing electric dis possible to follow them on our charges qnabling its prograss to chart with sufficient approxima-bo followed. How can this tion as to leave no doubt regard-difference of electric activity in ing their position on one of the the two atmosphoric regione sixteen principal directions of the equally cyclonic be explained ? The theory of M. Bureau soome During the typhoon season of wall to explain the fasts: The 1923 we were not able to find the mingling of the polar air with the position of the centre of the storm lequatorial air, which sooms to con-
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