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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH,
RADIO NOTES AND NEWS,"
A Chat About Transformers,
SATURDAY, AUGUST 11,′ 1923.
Even the innocent stenographer now finds herself in competition with radio, Dr. George A. Caldwell, Tonkers, N. Y electrical engineer, bas devised a method by which a message typewritten in one city can be duplicated, at the same time, in acother. Radio is the means. Dr. Caldwell, standing, is showing how the machine works.
Same
BASEBALL,
Further Points Made Clear.
QUESTIONS. One-If a folder muffe
foul
fly and the batsman is finally re- tired, is the fielder who made the palpable muff charged with ap error or does the fact that the bateman is retired remove it?
Two-Catcher in attempting to relire runner trying to steal How second, third on the play. is it scored ?
Three If a thrown ball to get] runner at the plate is wide of its mark, the ball striking the wire notting, same being the regulation distance from the plate, and re- mains in the moshes of the screen, how docavit affect the advance- ment of the runners?
Four If catcher drops a third strike that permits.the runner to roach first, the third strike being perfect pitcb, is the pitchor credited with a strikeout and the catcher an error?
C
Five If home and visiting team captains are unable to agree on ground rules governing overflow forowd, baw is such a dispute set-
tled?
r
ANSWERS. One-Fielder is charged with error on palpable muff of a foul fly regardless of whether or not batsman is retired.
Two-Runner is credited with stolen base, and catcher charged with an error for the wild throw that enabled runner to advance and extra base.
To many of us there is an the wire must flow through the element of mystery about a transloop in one direction, while if the former, writes Mr. C. E. Field, B wire is wound into a spiral the So, in Popular Wireless Weekly. Bux will pass through each loop
Thrao-If ball remains in scoop It appears in various paris of our composing it, in the receiving sets, and takes a great direction, and so will flow up the that is regulations distance, it “ia variety of forms, and it isdifficult centre of the spiral from end to considered sans as if ball went Since the flux flowing into the stand. All runners are sometimes to see exactly what end. purpose it serves. Let us see, through the spiral is made up of antitled to advance two passes.
Four-Pitcher oredited "with. first of all, what a transformer is, the sum of the fluxes flowing and how it worke, and then we through the individual loops, the strikeout. Catcher charged with will consider its applications in total flux produced will depend error,
Five-If two captaine are un wireless work.
upon the number of loopi or turns!
able to agree on ground rales it is Most readers will be aware of wire.
up to the umpire to settle the dis- that when an electric current} We see then that when an
pute. flows along a wire, the wire be-electric current is sont round a comes surrounded by what is spiral of wire, a magnetic flux is called
a magnetic field. It is sent along the axis of the spiral, magnetic flux to pase along the rather difficult to get a mental depending for its value upon the axle of both windinge. The alter- picture of a magnetic dald, but size of the electric current and nating flux produces in the we can imagine it to be a current the number of turns of wire. The secondary winding an alternating of magnetiam. flowing in circles amount of dux also depends upon voltage, which bears to the applied round the wire. This "magnetic the. diameter and length of the voltage the ratio of the numbers current" is referred to as "mag-inside of spiral, just as the flow of turna on the two windings. notic flux" in order to distinguish of electricity in a circuit depends This ratio is called the ratio of it from electric current..
a trans- upon the diameter and length of transformation," and As this magnetic flux is "pro-the wira of which the aircuit is former is known as a step-up duced by the electric current in composed. It has been found that or a "step down" transformer, so- the wire, its size and direction of if, by any means, the amount of cording as the secondary (output) flow will depend upon the size flur flowing through a coll of voltage is greater or less than the and direction of the current. wire is changed, a voltage, or primary (iopu') voltage.
+
It, now, we bend the wire into electrical pressure, is produced It must not be thought that the form of a loop, it is easy to in ach turn of wire in the when we, increase voltage by see that all the flux lowing round coll, the value of the voltage means of a transformer we are depending upon the amount of getting something for nothing. fox changing in a given time. We are not, for if we connect the The voltages produced in the in secondary (high-voltage) winding dividual turns of wire all act in of a step-up transformer to an the same directfor, so that the electric circuit, the current which total voltage across the end of flows will be decreased compared the whole coil deponde upon the with the primary current, in number of turns" with which it is exactly the same ratio as the wound.
voltage was increased.
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Now let us see what happens If the windings of a transformer when two coils of wire are placed are wound round an iron core, a end to end, or better still, one very much greater amount of flux inside the other as in a looss is obtained for a given winding, coupler, and an electric current is because iron is a much better sent through one coll. If the cur- conductor of megastic flux than rent is supplied from a battery, and is air. Hence, by using an iron- so flowe always in the same direc- core the dimensions of a trang- tion, a steady magnetic flux will former are very much reduced, flow along the axis of both coils, and for all ordinary purposes iron- but no effect will be produced on core transformers are invariably the coil which is not supplied used.
These may be of two types. with current. If, however, was Bond 10 alternating current known respectively as "open-core" through the first coil, it will and "cloard-core" transformers, produce an alternating flux-that Ia the former type the iron lies is, a flux which, after attaining itaj only along the sxis of the winding, full value in one direction, falls and the flux must completo its to zero, rises to its full value in circuit through the surrounding the opposite direction, and falls to air. In the latter type there is a zero again, repeating this cola complete.frán circuit round the
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at the same frequency as that of windings, so that the fox has an THE HUMAN ZOO the current producing it.
easy path for the whole of its
We saw that when the aux courte.
through a coil changes in
In a wireless receiving circuit transformers are used in conjunc
value, a voltage is set up tion with low-resistance tele- the coil. Thie alternating
between high frequency
flux produced by the first coll, low-frequency valves, or ta coupl phones, as couplinge batween therefore, since it flaws also through the second coll, will inge
valver. produce in the latter an alter nating voltage, which will depend for its valub upon the size of the
Spark Still Holds On. Spark transmitters are still flux and the number of turns of holding out for dear life against wire in the coil. If the number of the invasion of the more efficient turns in the second coil is equal C.W. sets. At present about 10 to the number in the first coil, it or 11 per cent. of the amateur can be shown that the voltage transmiting sets in America are still spark. But this percentage produced is the same as the voltage applied to the first coil infie waning gradually.
Distance Records... order to send the current through
it. If there are twice as many The latest long distance records turns on the second coil as on the for amateurs and broadcasting first, the voltago produced will be stations were these: 10,000 miles twice as Breat as the voltage to Invercargill, New Zealand, appeal; in fact, the voltage will from station WHAZ at Troy, NY; be altered in all cases in the exact 11,000 miles to a ship uear Ceylon, ratio of the numbers of turns on from E. W. Rouse, station 51M,
at Galveston, Tex. the two coils.
Receiving in Europe. These two coils make up A transformer, of which they con- Few residents of Germany Can stituto respectively the primary afford to own a receiving set, bo- and secondary windings, and we causs it costs about #240 (Mex), can summarise the action, briefly for a license, In France, the as followsAlternating voltage cost is 10 france, sud the radio is applied to the primary winding; fan has to promise to keep secret this drives an alternating current all intercepted messages and to through the winding, which, in disconnect his set whenever the turn, causes en alternating government advisor it.
THE NEVER FORGOTTEN. The first time you were called "Mister!"
Copyrighs 1413 by „Pubile Ledger