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HONGKONG, SATURDAY, MAY 15, 1915,
Austrian diplomney anawered her fairoat Danubian province, to construct a Teutonic empire he Italy that would hereafter and inevitably rival claimants with the second Balkan War, in hera, before the ware, later bad
FROM DOVER STRAITS TO THE GOLDEN HORN which Bulgarin, impelled by
Mr. Simonds' Review of the Great War in Its Eighth
Month.
BY FRANK H. SIMONDS
I, At the Dardanells.
and
hold their colonies.
of
been occupied and annexed by
灯
frontiers of India. More than
from Berlin to Bagdad, to the have to yield.
In August Italy had decided not to follow her allies. To every appeal of Berlin and Vienna she had answered with a cool nega tive, while the calm voice of diplo- many we emphasised by the cries of the mobs which demanded that Italy should co uplete her destiny by annexing the Trentino and Trieste and taking pagsia tus pathway of Vensuan glory along the Dilmatian coat.
Thus it was that the fate of
..would emerge they would прод the dwindling
V. As to the Turk.
In November Germany had sent Prince von Bulow, on ex-Uhan.of cellor of the Empire, to Rome to try again. He had offered (taly
Such were the political and Nice and Savoy, Corsica and Tunis, diplomatic aspects of the Cun- ranes. But to all these poisoned the empire of the western Mediter.stantinople campaign. Such were the circumstances in the M- gifts Italy had remained aurecep- mediate future which were now
"
and the Adriatic.
to the Turkish estate in the Egean
Philo-German Tarks had gam- blad on German success, it was now apparent that German sUCOSES in the north would not save which opposed German influence Turkey, and the strong faction. day by day made head at Stim- boul, while the crowds in the streeta clamoured for bread and
suggestions from Visana, assailed Rumania. The Turk had come frontiera of India. More than Constantinople became an Italian her old allies. But at the Bre back to Adrianople. After all this, the passing of the Turk pro- problem and once more the world Turkey now having elected for galaitza and at Kilkin Serb and her "eaoriaces; she had gained mised to leave to the aged Francis board of new Italian mobilisation, Germany in the world war, it Greek armies completed their next to nothing.
Joseph an undisputed title to the of a fleet of superdreadnoughts was becoming clear that the conquests of Macedonia, and Rossin was held responsible for throne of " the Sick Man of the waiting on the tide, as it were. eands of her empire wore running Ramania, now yielding to Petro all this and against Russia the Ess." For what the little peoples Even Berlin, long hopeful, began out. She had sent her troops to grad advice, entered the liste to Balgar henceforth sung hie of the Balkans had achieved, it at last to give unmistakable signs the Caucasus to relieve the pres Beize from Austria's reorait lands" by mn of hate." Thus when Ser was plain the little peoples of of apprehension, a fresh confes are upon Austrian troops in between the Danube and the bia, impelled by Russia, entered Austria-Hungary would now seaksion that fate and diplomacy were Galicia and they had been routed. Black Sea. Bulgaria now lay in into her unequal conflict with with now determination, the alike against the Kaiser, whose She had thrust at Britain in Egypt ruins, an eloquent reminder of the Austria, every sympathy in Sifa great blessing of liberty, of free splendid armies were still win- and failed. Already east, and impotence of Austria, while Serbia, was against her. Thst Balgirion dom.
ning tremendous but fruitlens west her beaten armies were realize her great ambition of an newly swollen with pride and hope, regiments did not appear at Nish
If the reveille of the guns of victories, while sea power and returning her generale, for the In the whole progress of the avenue to the open sea. Great War no month saw such a London Sir Edward Grey respond. Onca more Austrian and Ger- Ramanian and Greek troops on trance of the Dardanelles was little undermining the whole back to defend Gallipoli and From renamed her campaign for Bosnia, was due solely to the fact that the Queen Elizabeth at the en- Allied diplomacy were little by most part German, were hastening sadden and dramatic change ased with the solemn assurance that man diplomacy sought to bind up the Bulgarian frontiers served heard in the Balkan capitals, it structure of the Central European Constantinople. More than this, March. Woek after week of England and tussin were at one the wounds of Tarkey, to make to weary winter campaigning bad on the question of a warm water the oultan's vasasi of the Kaiser. allies were prepared to fulfil their the Italian capital and once more
demonstrate that Serbia's was even more plainly audible in Alliance.
in her own capital there was heard In the third week of March, the murmuring against the Ger held the gaze of the world fixed gate for the Slav. upon the plans of Flaudere and
In this, thanks to Eaver Bay, they treaty obligations and maintain the approach of the fall of Con- Bucharest and Rome, Sofia and man, which promised to end in Onampagne, upon the marshes of Eastern Question changed its great war, provoked by Rassin's rest.
Thus, in a single hour the sacceeded, and the coming of the the terms of the Peace of Buchtantinople aroused the omotions Athens were all the centros of new revolution once the prospect of Eat Prussia, where batiles with whole appearance. Thes England Serbian soldier, saw the Osmanli
of Rome. Nor was there any atlitary asuvities, the sogroes of dien-ter could no longer be con out more stud local importues at stand unmistakably, however, marching to
But, by way of revenge, when mistaking the direction of nation new forecasts all pointing co-coiled. the notes gave tempurity advantage first to guarded the diplomutio phrase," Doussonland ueber Alles."
Russian troops erterad Bakovina 1 sentiment, Here, as elsewhere, mistakably to the entrance of the Allies nad then to the Crer renounced the policy of Beacons Germany had thus placed her and Rumanian armies to join in supreme,
and the Czar back ned to Greek 803 power was making itself Josher nationa into the conflict, and to no one of these nations could MLB. In the monotonous simili-feld, the policy which had mailed fist upon the paphorae, the war sud realize their national tude of the official bulletins even provoked the Urimean War, and Between
Germany look for assistance. Russian hope and aspirations "ia Albania and
Thus, if one could think of the a world war wat appeal a chal-pat the British Host to the Sea realisation stood a Tarkey, in Transylvania, there came from
Central European Alliance as a lenge to an audience become surul Marmora to destroy the Treaty fact, ruled from Berlin. In the fix the eslema warning that
human figure, gigante in proper fented with the reports of of San Stefano. In an hour of same fashion German control of Bulgaria would reserve her right
tions, the head and shoulders decisive engagements.
Russian dejection, Germany had the head of Islam procured the to avenge her injuries, should the
of Germany But with the opening of Marsh sought to draw the great Slav proclamation of the Johad, the opportunity coms, unless her lost
anshaken, but anew horizon was suddenly lifted. state away from "her allies, and Holy War against the British and provinces were restored. This
rest From the Straits of Dover and those allies, through Eagland, the French, that is, the promul warning had sufficed to immo-
Austrian body, itself poised on victory, to be answered only by the bank of the Vistals and answered with the promise of gation of the call to arms to the 'bilize Luminia and Greece for
Tarkish feet of clay. These feet defeat and want. As March pro- Baugate of Constantinople. At of iussian history had been filled Prophet in the center of battle shifted to the me prize for which three cautaties millions of the followers of the months, but for all three nations
of clay the allies had now attack-reneed the situation at the Golden ed with the contemporary Pro Rumours came of the departure of Hora became more desperate. India and North the coming of the allied Artauds the Dardanellon the guns of the with war and effort.
Africa, the sammons to rise and opened a new situation,
poot of achieving the overthrow the Sultan for Bruss, ancient capi greatest armuda in to. history Once more ses power had de-slay their Cristian maaters, Venizelos, the Cavour of the
the giant. of the world awakened the echoesmonstrated its tremendous. ad-which
tal of tbe Osmanli in the hills. of the hills behind the Troad' and [vantage, its suprems power.
was heard is all the New Grases, the grast man of the At bazaare from Benares to Tlem- Balkans, promptly sought to ja
above the Sea of Marmors," for the Anglo-Frauo flot was fol-e-first crists in the relations of con... lowed by tuo transports, come to the Grand Alliance the battleships
Greece to the Allies, but his
Konie, far inland on the Bigdad railroad. land troops on the Gallipoli peain of Britain and France, keeping united France, England, and perhaps influenced by his wife, A common necessity then effort failed. King Constantine, sule where in 1355 the Damnat the seas, while Germany's fleet lay usais. Turkey must be destroy the sister of the Kiser, possibly
Five centuries and a half of Turks under Suleimar had enter-ly in home waters, hud restored ed,the Turkey ruled by the Bulgarian menace, intervened, the S ed Eurapo on
Waile these offers were forced upon the attention of the European power seemed plainly the trainphalt threatened solidarity of the Kiser, that these sations might Boule was dissolved, Greece was being made, another Garibaldi whole world. Taure remained approaching a term for the Tark march that was to lead to the Kaur'e enemies. walls of Vienna over the ruins of
England thus compelled to wait a month bad given his life for France in the question of the Turk, huncs the Allied fleet daily progres- the Empire of the East and the
11: The Russian Aspect,
answered first by the annexation before her public opinion onald the trenches of the Waevis and self. Oddly enough, in the weler sed in its slow march eastward, nascent Slav stat sa of tas Balkans. In an examination vi ine mean- of Egypt. Presently Russia ful express itself, but there was no the whole Italian people approach of world issues, his own fortauss Russian armies entered Armenia, In October the 42-sentimtoring of the nuaok upon the Dar. flowed by the announcement of mistaking the direction of Crooked his bier with an emotion Yet in later history the'p using brates from its mouth towards the
dropped out of sight.
British troops ascended the Eup guns of Germany bad levelled the decelles is necessary first to ano, echoed by Sir Edward national sympathy, Greek desire and a national epirit that warned walls 01 Antwerp, crushed the discuss the Russian aspect, then rey,the momentous un nunce to redeem the million of Hellenes German agents and Italian state of the Osmauli from Europe must great inland valley. From the
ment that attor 462 years the in Asia Minor, about whose heads gallant but impotent Beigtanto oxamine the immediate
men that the Italian people had have a real meaning. More than Egeun coast the Mohammedan state, and carried the legend of rameter effects upon the neighbor-fuck must depart from Stamboul, another Allied feet at Smyrna torgotten Nice is the buraing five centaries and a half had populations flad before the gun of. Teutonic might to the squ.es of log and neutral states. For two that the Cross was to replace the was bringing Ocomin power emory of Austrian tyranny and elapsed since he came more tie Allied warships; along the Black the North Sea, to the very gates
bundred years, from the moment urescent upon St. Sophia, that, down in ruina.
were losing east, not west, to see very straits where Anglo-Frenco Sa Rossion battleshipe also of Calais and Boulogne. Now when the Treaty of Carlowitz with Anglo-French permission, In Sf there was equal agito Italian greatness realised.
candon were now blasting a roid spread inio. No-where in the was the 15-inch gune of the Queen gave the first sign of the decay of aid, and approval, "the bear that tion, and a strong political party Presently German diplomady to Byzantium. When a century whole gigantic picture was there Elizabeth which
look up the the Osmanii, Vienna and Petro-Walke like
to demanded that Bulgaria's armies changed its direction. Where later Constantinople itself full, the smallest evidence of hope for respouse along the shores when grad had openly contested for the descend the Black Sea and occupy should reenter Tamace, should had sought to buy alliagos, it now all Europe had suddenly to can the Omanli. Il Belgium had had seen the busts and fleets of state of the Sick Man of the the heights above the Golden seize the propitious moment to contracted for neatrality, and the elder a new peril, the approach affered, continued to suffer for Xerxes pass forward on their East," From the first opening dura, that the Russian baner retake Adrianople, as the Turks Trentino and a strip of territory from the East of that Islam Charber Allies, the world now believed great adventure, which had wit of the Eastero, Question to the was to be raised on the crumbling had retaken it from the Bulgara, east of the Italian frontier along tes Martel had halted in the West. that Turkey was dying for those eased the crossing of Alexander Jagress of Berita tus atliance of walls, at the very breach tarough should carry their frontier down the Isonzo were aaggested as the Two centuries later, when Wes whose battle she had volunteered the Great us he, carrying back the een powere and of the central which Mohammed I had, four to the Eao-Midia line agreed price of Italy a neutrality. But tern Europe signed the Treaty to fight. the conquering message of the European nations checked By centuries earlier, entered to meet upon at London in 1913. Bus from such a bargain Vienna and of Westphalia, the Tark hau Wost, had set forth ont bumbition, Taree times in the and slay the last and noblest this meant to join the Allies, con- Rome bath ahrunk. Vienna carried his empire beyond Bada- A touch of romance there was tremendous expedition. Ia
last century Byzantium had seem- of the Palaeologi and end the ceivably to reuonace all hops of held the price 100 high, pest and to the gate of Vienna. added to the picture of rain by single day, too, the world turned ed within the grasp of the Byzantine Empire.
retaking Macedonia the Rome, tos small; and German Greek entare had been onecked, the report that old Ablül Hamid, from the contemplation of camp- manoffa and three times it had Taken by the Anglo-French Danubian province stolen by irritation at Austrian obstinacy Whristianity in goutnenstera long a prisoner, had escaped from signs of the Twenneth Century lipped away,
fset, Constantinople would re Rumania. In this stuation Fet- begin to find its way into the Entope conquered; Serb, Balger, his gaolers and was planning & to one more combat in the lands At the Congress of Berlin Bis-main in Allied bands notil the dinund followed the example of German official press for the first Kumanian, Haugurion, Albanian new revolution. What thoughts and Greek had fought an iyielded, must have come to that sovereign and watere forever memorable in marok, after long consideration, end of the war, the gage of Itus-Constantice and Balgarian action time.
decided between Austria and in fidelity to her allies, the was halted. Yet the new spirit In bis situation the attack and it had been lett to Sobieski who had kept Turkey intact for of Poland to save Europe, too many years by matching Nor was the new phase less ap. Kusats as a fature German ally, assurance to Russia of a reward in Sofia and in Athens was an upon Constantinople aroused o pealing in immediate political The Treaty of Berlin, which gave of the steel-encircled German influenos, of this fatal advantage gave new impetus to the forces way for the tall, first of Poland nation, as he baheld his ancient for auob fidelity beyond the gift evidence of the decline of German fresh outburst of Italian feeling rescue Austria, and to open the Christian nation against Christian significance than in historical Macedonis back to the Turk, challenge. Russia, baavity beaten Bosnia to Austria, Cyprus to Eag- Emperor. Meantime, tussian that would come to the Allies it which seemed to be drawing Laly and then of the Ottoman.
defenders and his oldest and most As late as Napoleon's time relentless foe merching against about the Mesurian Lakes, thrown land, was the beginning of the grain Awing out would relieve they should take Constantinople into the war. In deciding not to back upon the defensive from the drama that led inevitably to the the sufferings of the Allies and and gain possession of the attack Franco in 1914, Italy had Turkey was still to be reckoned his capital auited, in the deter Baltic to the ftaminman frontier, tragedy at Jerajevo and the catas reduce the price of breed in Pacis resources with which to feed definitely renounced a struggle with and the grast Emporar mination to destroy bis empire!
for the supremacy of the western
dreamed of establinteg himselt was proclaimed by Garunu re-trophe of the world war. Beaten and Londen. Conversely arms Balkan appetites. ports to be on the point of giving in Manchuria, Russia turned back and ammunition, would flow back, La Rumania the situation was Mediterranean. But the fall of Constantinople, atter having
VI. At the Straits." up the conflict. Sus had to furto Europe in the opening years of the sources of the world in the more amplex. The prospect of Turkey would mean the partition revived the glories of Alexen ter borne the burden of the world the present century. One would be at the service of Russia, was a peril for the Ramanians, Egean Islands. To the conque-new world empire. In the N the Dardanelles is simply descri
manafacture of wor material Russia possession of the Straits of Asia Minor, the division of the the Great and made the East a
The sotaal, naval operation at conflict in a measure beyond the morning after Mukden there was
teenth Century it was the little expectations of tuecivilized world. reuewen in the Balkans the old anchorio blockaded by the Kateer, who unlike the Greeks and the rora would belong the prize. Ballkan, states that bred the bed. About a hundred miles At Tanuunburg, at Lodz, at the battle between Romanoff nad and winter on the north, and the Bulgariaus had no direct and France, England, and Russia
Sultan. in the south. Masarian Likes, she had acrificed spaburg,
open exit to the Mediterranean might expect to divide the Tar. agination of the world by their west of Constantinople the Sea of her hundreds of thousands, while
La 1908, when Austria an- III, Wavering Neutrals.
But the guns of the fret at the Bulgarian expansion, of Greek kan states such morable as genero- followed in the pathway blazed wide. For furty miles this narrow French and British troops remain counced the annexation of Bos-Dardanelles sounded echoes elee- gains, consequent upon a decisica sity or policy might dictate. For
On the other band the prospect of kish esiste, throwing to the Bal struggles for liberty and Modern Marmora narrows to b channel in Germany and United Italy in fact places little more than a mile
in their local offenei ves. edraly in their trenones or faileda, Russia suffered the greatest where than in Petrograd and by these states to cost their lots Italy there would be no shore, if for them by the Greek and the channel separates the Asiatio
humiliation in her long history. London. Athers, Sofia, Bacha with the Allies, was a new incon Italy bora no part of the burden
Serb.
mainland from the Gallipoli Bat even us the German fore-Following that she began the
Peninsula. A little more thin From the Congress of Vienna half way between the Ses of Cast was proclaimed the guns of rapid and successful diplomatice, even Reme, heard with new tive to Bucharest to join in the of conquest. Admiral Cardon's fleet at the campaign which provoked the interest, with new and deep combat and by nonquering
Onge mule as in the unhappy Eastern Question had weighed channel passes through a throst, to the Peace of Bucharest, too, the Marmors and the Egen the Dardanelles sounded the coming at alkan War. Winning Ser-seemed to forecast the end of an nerve Rumanian influence as the Italian proverb: "The late guest emotion, the Cannonade that Transylvania and Bukovina pro Tanis time, there was quoted the of a new day for Russian hope; bis away from her Viennese lead-empire and the beginning of a greatest of the Balkan stated deres ill" Italy had come to men. French participation with Santiago Harbour in Caba. At heavily upon all European states- reminiscent of the entrance to The dream of Peter the Great, Hs as lies onthe Danubera in tlie Near Eaat. While the bombardment of the late to take her rightful place in lengte er done in 170 is this, point on both sides are a line the enduring purpose of the Ro Russian soldier on the Danube, a manoffa, the deep and potent soldier fired by dreams of the was of immediate meaning and mistaking the effect that Austro estate Tapis, Algeria, Mordcousin watched idly while the village of Nagara, or the site of For Bulgaria the sudden change forts progressed there was no North Africa. O the Roman led to Ler downfall in 1870; for of strong forts. Here, too, in the emotion of every Urthodox rook redemption of Serb lande beyond Bulgaria hold the key of the German unfluence, quito, as much Bad gone to France, Egypt to Faussians approached Paris. The Abydce, where Leander and Lord Catholic, all these were roused to the Danube and the Drana. Tur Balkan situation. In the Second as Tatkish, power, was Ozubohiing Great Britain. For herself she antagonism of Russi and Bug Byron swam the Hellespont. new life, not merely by a frosh at key having become in turn the Balkan Wor her allies, acting in the Near East. A now Salkan had gained only sterile Tripoli. and had provided Germany with West of this point the channel took upon stamwoul, but by the recruit of Vienna and Berlin, under the impulse that was given situation was arising, Greece, Henceforth the control of the the opportunity to develop com widens, but at the entrance to the exchange of assurances between Russia prected that Balkan con in Petrograd, had stripped her of Ramacia, Bulgaria, Srbid their Mediterranean would belong to merosity, while England was Egean it again parrowe and bere Baasis and Britain across the federacy which at Lulo Bargas and most of her conquesta. Have racial integrity restored, promised the Anglo French alliance. To s watching the imaginary rival intervening distance of a contin- Kumanovo shattered, not lurkish donis, from Monastir to the to constiinto a wall of strong lit neutral Italy this aliiance, once behind the Einda-Kash. Ger erected by the Turke. ent at war. In Petrograd Barging empire in Europe, but Austro- Rhodopians, had gone to Serbia tle nations, perhaps presently Germany was conquered and many had laboured and failed too Sazonal announced the approach German aupremacy south of the Kavala, Jeros, Drama, had passed united by common necessities, á Austria overwhelmed, need make ment the Triple Alliance because of the day when Russia would Diabe
from Ferdinand to Constantine; wall against the German ambition no concession. Rather it would Austria and Italy were naturally
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To be Continued
"WOTO,